NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Sam Manekshaw

Field Marshal Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw, MC, ("Sam Bahadur") (born April 3, 1914) is a retired Indian Army officer. In a long career spanning nearly four decades, Field Marshal Manekshaw rose to be the Chief of Staff of the Indian Army in 1969 and under his command, Indian forces concluded a victorious campaign during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Only two Army appointments have been made by the Government of India since independence in 1947. ... MasterCard logo Manchaster Town Hall MC can mean: Mini Cooper: Macao: FIPS PUB 10-4 territory code Machine, (also m/c) Manchester, England (also m/c) Mariah Carey, American songstress Marginal cost Marin Catholic Master cylinder Master of Ceremonies Rapper (also emcee), or a prefix for the names of rappers... April 3 is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 272 days remaining. ... 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Indian Army is the largest branch of the Armed Forces of India and has the primary responsibility of conducting land-based military operations. ... The Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army (COAS) is the highest post in the Indian Army. ... The Indian Army is the largest branch of the Armed Forces of India and has the primary responsibility of conducting land-based military operations. ... Combatants India Pakistan Commanders Sam Manekshaw J.S. Aurora A. A. K. Niazi # Strength 500,000+ troops 400,000+ troops Casualties 3,843 killed[1] 9,851 wounded[1] c. ...

Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw is the first of only two Indian military officers to hold the highest rank of Field Marshal of the Indian Army (The other being Field Marshal K M Cariappa). His distinguished military career has spanned four decades and through five wars, including World War II. Note: This article is about the military usage of the word marshal. For other usages, see the end of this article. ... The Indian Army is the largest branch of the Armed Forces of India and has the primary responsibility of conducting land-based military operations. ... Field Marshal Kodandera Madappa Cariappa The first Indian Chief of Staff, Field Marshal Kodandera Madappa Cariappa led the Indian forces on the Western Front during the Indo-Pakistan War of 1947. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Early life and education

Manekshaw was born in Amritsar, Punjab to Indian Parsi parents. After completing his schooling in Amritsar and Sherwood College (Nainital), he joined the first batch of 40 cadets at Indian military academy, Dehra Dun on 1 October 1932. He passed out of the IMA in December 1934 and was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the Indian Army. He held several regimental assignments and was first attached to the Royal Scots and later to the 4/12 Frontier Force Regiment. , Amritsar (Punjabi: , Hindi: ), meaning Pool of the Nectar of Immortality, is the administrative headquarter of the Amritsar District in Punjab, India. ... Punjab, 1903 Punjab Province, 1909 Punjab (Persian: â€Ž, meaning Land of the five Rivers) (c. ... A Parsi (Gujarati: PÄrsÄ«, IPA: ), sometimes spelled Parsee, is a member of the close-knit Zoroastrian community based in the Indian subcontinent. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Dehradun (देहरादून) is a capital city of Uttaranchal state of India nestled between the Himalayas and Shivaliks ranges. ... October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ... Year 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Indian Army is the largest branch of the Armed Forces of India and has the primary responsibility of conducting land-based military operations. ... Official name The Royal Scots (The Royal Regiment) Colonel-in-Chief Honorary-General HRH Mary, Princess Royal (1918) HRH Anne, Princess Royal (1983) Nicknames Pontius Pilates Bodyguard Motto Nemo me impune lacessit (Nobody touches me with impunity) Anniversaries Marches Quick March: Dumbartons Drums Slow March: Garb of Old... // History The Frontier Force Regiment (commonly known as the Piffers) was officially raised on May 18, 1849 by Colonel Henry Lawrence. ...

Military career

Manekshaw's military career spanned four decades, from the British era and World War II, to the three wars against China and Pakistan after India's independence in 1947. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ...

World War II

During World War II, Manekshaw saw action in the Burma campaign on Sittang River as a Captain with the 4/12 Frontier Force Regiment ^[1] and has the rare distinction of being honoured for his bravery on the battle front itself. During World War II, he was leading a counter-offensive against the invading Japanese Army in Burma. During the course of the offensive he was hit by a burst of LMG bullets and was severely wounded in the stomach. Major General D.T. Cowan spotted Manekshaw holding on to life and was aware of his valour in face of stiff resistance from the Japanese. Fearing the worst, Major General Cowan quickly pinned his own Military Cross ribbon on to Manekshaw saying, "A dead person cannot be awarded a Military Cross." Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Sittang is a river in Myanmar. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Imperial Japanese Army (: å¤§æ—¥æœ¬å¸åœ‹é™¸è» Shinjitai: å¤§æ—¥æœ¬å¸å›½é™¸è» Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun) was the official ground based armed force of Japan from 1867 to 1945 when it was Imperial Japan. ... David Tennent Cowan (1896 - 1983), also known as Punch Cowan, was an officer in the British Indian Army, who was distinguished for leading the Indian 17th Infantry Division during almost the entire Burma Campaign. ... The Military Cross (MC) is the third level military decoration awarded to officers and (since 1993) other ranks of the British Army and formerly also to officers of other Commonwealth countries. ...

Higher Commands and Offices

Having recovered from those near-fatal wounds in Burma, Manekshaw went for a course at Staff College, Quetta and later also served there as an instructor before being sent to join 12 Frontier Force Rifles in Burma under General (later Field Marshal) Slim's 14th Army. He was once again involved in a fierce battle with the Japanese, and was wounded for a second time. Towards the close of World War II, Manekshaw was sent as Staff Officer to General Daisy in Indo-China where, after the Japanese surrender, he helped rehabilitate over 10,000 POWs. He, then, went on a six-month lecture tour to Australia in 1946, and after his return served as a First Grade Staff Officer in the Military Operations Directorate. The Indian Army is the largest branch of the Armed Forces of India and has the primary responsibility of conducting land-based military operations. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Indian_Army. ... , This article is about the urban region that is the capital of India. ... India has a long military history dating back several millennia. ... A group of native Indian muslim soldiers posing for volley firing orders. ... The Indian National Army (I.N.A) or Azad Hind Fauj was the army of the Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind (The Provisional Government of Free India ) which fought along with the Japanese 15th Army during the Japanese Campaign in Burma, and in the Battle of Imphal, during the Second... Army Day is celebrated on January 15 every year in India, in recognition of Lieutenant General (later Field Marshal) K. M. Cariappas becoming the first Indian Commander-in-Chief in 1948. ... Regiments of the Indian Army: // Brigade of the Guards The Parachute Regiment Mechanised Infantry Regiment Punjab Regiment Madras Regiment The Grenadiers Maratha Light Infantry Rajputana Rifles Rajput Regiment Jat Regiment Sikh Regiment Sikh Light Infantry Dogra Regiment Garhwal Rifles Kumaon Regiment Assam Regiment Bihar Regiment Mahar Regiment Jammu & Kashmir Rifles... The Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army (COAS) is the highest post in the Indian Army. ... The following graphs presents the officer ranks of the Indian army. ... Quetta (Urdu: Ú©ÙˆØ¦Ù¹Û) is the capital of the province Balochistan in Pakistan. ... Field Marshal William Joseph Slim, 1st Viscount Slim, KG, GCB, GCMG, GCVO, GBE, DSO, MC (6 August 1891 â€“ 14 December 1970) was a British military commander and the 13th Governor-General of Australia. ... The British Fourteenth Army was a multinational force comprising units from Commonwealth countries during World War II. Many of its units were from the Indian Army as well as British units and there were also significant contributions from East African divisions within the British Army. ... Indochina, or French Indochina, was a federation of French colonies and protectorates in south-east Asia, part of the French colonial empire. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

Manekshaw showed acumen for planning and administration while handling the issues related to Partition in 1947, and later put to use his battle skills during the 1947-48 Jammu & Kashmir Operations. After command of an Infantry Brigade, he was posted as the Commandant of the Infantry School and also became the Colonel of 8 Gorkha Rifles (which became his new regimental home, since his original parent regiment The 12th Frontier Force Regiment went on to join the new Pakistan Army at partition ) and 61 Cavalry. He commanded a Division in Jammu & Kashmir and a Corps in the North East, with a tenure as Commandant of Defence Services Staff College (DSSC) in between. As GOC-in-C Eastern Command, he handled the tricky problem of insurgency in Nagaland and the grateful nation honoured him with a Padma Bhushan in 1968. This article is under construction. ... Jammu and Kashmir is a historic state in Asia which is currently disputed between India, Pakistan, and to a lesser extent, China. ... Nagaland (Hindi: à¤¨à¤¾à¤—à¤¾à¤²à¥ˆà¤‚à¤¡) Nagaland is a vibrant hill state located in the far northeastern part of India. ... The Padma Bhushan is an Indian civilian decoration established on January 2, 1954 by the President of India. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the 1968 Gregorian calendar. ...

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The word jawan is used to refer to soldiers in several South Asian countries. ...

Army Chief: The War of 1971

Manekshaw became the 8th Chief of Army Staff when he succeeded General Kumaramangalam on 7 June 1969. His years of military experience were soon put to the test as thousands of refugees from the erstwhile East Pakistan started crossing over to India as a result of oppression from West Pakistan. The volatile situation erupted into a full-scale war in December 1971. June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining. ... For the Stargate SG-1 episode, see 1969 (Stargate SG-1). ... East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ... West Pakistan was the popular and sometimes official (1955â€“1970) name of the western wing of Pakistan until 1971, when the eastern wing (East Pakistan) became independent as Bangladesh. ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday. ...

During this Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Manekshaw showed uncommon ability to motivate the forces, coupling it with a mature war strategy. The war ended with Pakistan's unconditional surrender, and the formation of Bangladesh. More than 45,000 Pakistani soldiers and 45,000 civilian personnel were taken as POWs. He masterminded the rout of the Pakistan Army in one of the quickest victories in the recent military history. This led to the Shimla Agreement which opened the door to the creation of the nation of Bangladesh as separate from Pakistan. Combatants India Pakistan Commanders Sam Manekshaw J.S. Aurora A. A. K. Niazi # Strength 500,000+ troops 400,000+ troops Casualties 3,843 killed[1] 9,851 wounded[1] c. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... Pakistan Army Flag The Pakistan Army (Urdu: Ù¾Ø§Ú© ÙÙˆØ¬) is the largest branch of the Pakistan military, and is responsible for protection of the state borders, the security of interests of Pakistan within the framework of its international obligations. ... The Shimla Agreement on bilateral relations between India and Pakistan was signed by Prime Minister of India, Mrs. ...

Honour and Retirement

For his distinguished service to the country, the President of India awarded him a Padma Vibhushan in 1972 and conferred upon him the rank of Field Marshal on 1 January 1973. Manekshaw became the first of the only two Indian Army Generals to be awarded this prestigious honorary rank other being the late Field Marshal Kodandera Madappa Cariappa. Manekshaw retired a fortnight later (although technically Field Marshals of the Indian Army never retire because the rank is conferred for life), on 15 January 1973, after completing nearly four decades of military service. The President of India is the head of state and first citizen of India and the Supreme Commander of the Indian armed forces. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Field Marshal Kodandera Madappa Cariappa The first Indian Chief of Staff, Field Marshal Kodandera Madappa Cariappa led the Indian forces on the Western Front during the Indo-Pakistan War of 1947. ... January 15 is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ...

Following his retirement from the Indian Army, Manekshaw has successfully served as a director of numerous companies.^{[citation needed]}

Controversy

Gohar Ayub Khan, son of former Pakistani President Ayub Khan, in an interview with Karan Thapar on CNN IBN on May 8, 2007, made allegations that a very high ranking general of the Indian Army had sold War Plans to Pakistan during the 1965 War. Refusing to name the person, Khan described him to Thapar as^[2] b. ... This article is about a Pakistani military officer. ... Karan Thapar (Hindi: à¤•à¤°à¤£ à¤¥à¤¾à¤ªà¤°), born in November 1955 in Srinagar, India, is perhaps Indias best known television commentator and interviewer. ... An Indian TV news channel lauched in 2005 by TV-18 in tie-up with CNN. Rajdeep Sardesai is the chief editor. ... Combatants India Pakistan Commanders Gen J N Chaudhuri, Lt Gen Harbakhsh Singh Field Marshal Ayub Khan, Gen Mohd Musa Casualties 3,264 killed[1] 8,623 wounded[1] (From July to ceasefire) 3,800[2] - 6,917 killed[3] (17 day period alone) 4,000 - 7,000 killed/ captured[4...

On being asked by Thapar whether he was talking about Manekshaw, Gohar Khan replied, "I can’t name him. I have given hints... you fit the cap". This news came one week after the release of Ayub's father's memoirs.^[3]

However, the allegations have drawn strong criticisms and skepticism from within the Indian Military establishment.^[4] It has been pointed out that Indian Military doctrine underwent considerable change after the 1962 Sino-Indian War. Moreover, it was also pointed out that the Pakistani Military should have been in a better position to win the 1965 war if they were indeed in possession of the Indian Army's battle plans, as opposed to the war situation that forced Ayub Khan to sign the Tashkent Agreement. Defense Analysts have also noted that Gohar Ayub Khan has in the past been known to make statement without credibility^[4]. Other sources also note that fake plans may have planted by Indian Intelligence Agencies, in order to fool the Pakistan Army.^[5] Combatants Peoples Republic of China India Commanders Zhang Guohua[4] B.M. Kaul Strength 80,000[5][6] Casualties Killed 1,460 (Chinese sources)[7] None captured[8][9][10][11] Wounded 1,697[7] Killed 3,128 (Indian sources)[12] Captured 3,968[2] Wounded 1,047[13... Combatants India Pakistan Commanders Gen J N Chaudhuri, Lt Gen Harbakhsh Singh Field Marshal Ayub Khan, Gen Mohd Musa Casualties 3,264 killed[1] 8,623 wounded[1] (From July to ceasefire) 3,800[2] - 6,917 killed[3] (17 day period alone) 4,000 - 7,000 killed/ captured[4... This article is about a Pakistani military officer. ... (Left) Shastri, (center) Ayub Khan, (Extreme right) Soviet Premier Alexi Kosygin The Tashkent Declaration of January 10, 1966 was a peace agreement between India and Pakistan. ...

References

External links

See Also

Categories: Articles with unsourced statements since April 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | Chiefs of Army Staff (India) | Field Marshals | Padma Bhushan recipients | Padma Vibhushan recipients | Recipients of the Military Cross | Frontier Force Regiment | Generals of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 | Generals of the Bangladesh Liberation War | Parsis | 1914 births | Living people | People from Amritsar | People from Dehradun This article is under construction. ... K.P. Candeth (October 23, 1916 â€“ May 19, 2003) was a senior Indian army officer who led operations to liberate Goa from Portugese control and served briefly as the military governor of the place. ... Lt-Gen Jagjit Singh Aurora (February 13, 1916 - May 3, 2005) was the Indian commander whose comprehensive defeat of Pakistan in 1971 led to the creation of Bangladesh. ... JFR Jacob (Jacob-Farj-Rafael Jacob) was born in 1923. ... Sagat Singh (1918 - 2001) was a General in the Indian Army who played a stellar role in many of Indias Post Independent military Operations. ... Sartaj Singh (born 26 May 1940) is a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. ... Maj Kuldip Singh Chandpuri, who along with his company held an entire Pakistani Armoured Regiment at bay at Longewala // Brigadier (retired) Kuldip Singh Chandpuri, was born as a Sikh in the Chandpur Rurki village in the state of Punjab(India). ... Lt Col Kulwant Singh Pannu was an officer of the Indian Army and a recepient of the Maha Vir Chakra. ... Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Urdu: Ø°ÙˆØ§Ù„ÙÙ‚Ø§Ø± Ø¹Ù„ÛŒ Ø¨Ú¾Ù¹Ùˆ, Sindhi: Ø°ÙˆØ§Ù„ÙÙ‚Ø§Ø± Ø¹Ù„ÙŠ Ú€ÙÙ½Ùˆ) (January 5, 1928 â€“ April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as the President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and as the Prime Minister from 1973 to 1977. ... Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan (February 4, 1917 â€“ August 10, 1980) was the President of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971, following the resignation of Ayub Khan. ... Lt. ... Major General Abu Bakr Osman Mitha (1923â€“December 1999) was the pioneer of the stay behind concept and founder of Pakistans Special Services Group (SSG), an independent Commando Brigade of the Pakistan Army. ... General Gul Hassan Khan was the Chief of Army Staff, Pakistan. ... Major General (R) Rao Farman Ali Maj Gen Rao Farman Ali Khan (1923 - January 21, 2004). ... Sahabzada Yaqub Ali Khan Sahabzada Yaqub Khan (born 1920) was the International Face of Pakistan for many years. ... Tikka Khan (Urdu: Ù¹Ú©Ø§ Ø®Ø§Ù†) (b. ... Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Bangla: à¦¶à§‡à¦– à¦®à§à¦œà¦¿à¦¬à¦° à¦°à¦¹à¦®à¦¾à¦¨ Shekh Mujibur RÃ´hman) (March 17, 1920 â€“ August 15, 1975) was a Bengali political leader in East Pakistan and the founding leader of Bangladesh. ... Tajuddin Ahmed was the first prime minister of Bangladesh from 11 April 1971 until 13 January 1972. ... Muhammad Mansur Ali (b. ... Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman was a Bangladeshi politician, a senior leader of the Awami League and a close confidante of the countrys founding leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. ... Muhammad Ataul Gani Osmani, better known by General M.A.G. Osmani (1 September 1918-16 February 1984) was the supreme commander of Mukti Bahini and Bangladesh Armed Forces during the Bangladesh Liberation War. ... Ziaur Rahman (Bengali: Ziaur RÃ´hman) (January 19, 1936 â€” May 30, 1981) was the 6th President of Bangladesh and the founder of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. ... Khaled Mosharraf Bir Uttom, was a Bangladeshi army officer and war hero. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Albert Ekka,(born 27 December 1942-died 3 December 1971), Zari village, Ranchi district, Jharkhand State, India, was enrolled in the 14 Guards of the Indian army on 27 December 1962. ... Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon, PVC Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon was born on July 17, 1943. ... 2nd Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal, PVC (1950-1971) 2nd Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal (14 October 1950 - 16 December 1971) born in Pune, Maharashtra joined the 17 Poona Horse of the Indian Army on 13 June 1971. ... Category: ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Muhammad Akram (Urdu: Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø§Ú©Ø±Ù… ) was born: 1938 in Dingha Village, District of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. ... Rashid Minhas Rashid Minhas or Rashid Minhas Shaheed (Urdu: Ø±Ø§Ø´Ø¯ Ù…Ù†ÛØ§Ø³) (February 17, 1951â€“August 20, 1971) was a Pilot Officer in the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. ... Major Shabbir Sharif Shaheed was born in Kunjah, Gujrat District, on April 28, 1943. ... Jawan Sawar Muhammad Hussain Shaheed of the Janjua tribe was born in Dhok Pir Bakhsh (now Dhok Muhammad Hussain Janjua) in Gujar Khan on June 18, 1949. ... 1. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Matiur Rahman Matiur Rahman or Shaheed M. Matiur Rahman (born February 21, 1945 in Dhaka - died August 20, 1971) was a Flight Lieutenant in the Pakistan Air Force when the Liberation War broke out. ...

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