Samuel Morland

Sir Samuel Morland (1625 – 30 December 1695) was a notable English academic, diplomat, spy, inventor and mathematician of the 17th century, a polymath credited with early developments in relation to computing, hydraulics and steam power. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Events March 27 - Prince Charles Stuart becomes King Charles I of England, Ireland. ... December 30 is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 1 day remaining. ... Events July 17- The Bank of Scotland is founded by an Act of Parliament of the old Scottish Parliament. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area  - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 1st UK 49,138,831 377/km² Religion... This page is about negotiations; for the board game, see Diplomacy (game). ... Spy and secret agent redirect here; for alternate use, see Spy (disambiguation) and Secret agent (disambiguation). ... An inventor is a person who creates new inventions, typically technical devices such as mechanical, electrical or software devices or methods. ... A mathematician is a person whose area of study and research is mathematics. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Categories: Renaissance | Stub ... Originally, the word computing was synonymous with counting and calculating, and a computer was a person who computes. ... Hydraulics is a branch of science and engineering concerned with the use of liquids to perform mechanical tasks. ...

Education

The son of Thomas Morland, the rector of Sulhamstead Bannister parish church in Berkshire, he was educated at Winchester School and Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he became a Fellow in 1649 and devoted much time to the study of mathematics. He also became an accomplished Latinist and was proficient in Greek, Hebrew and French – then the language of culture and diplomacy. While a tutor at Cambridge, he first encountered Samuel Pepys who became a lifelong acquaintance. For other places named Berkshire, see: Berkshire (disambiguation) Berkshire (pronounced Barkshe(e)r; sometimes abbreviated to Berks) is a county in the south of England, to the west of London and also bordering on Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Greater London, Surrey, Wiltshire and Hampshire. ... Winchester refers to the following places: Winchester, Hampshire, in England Towns in the United States: Winchester, Arkansas Winchester, California Winchester, Connecticut Winchester, Georgia Winchester, Idaho Winchester, Illinois Winchester, Indiana Winchester, Iowa Winchester, Kansas Winchester, Kentucky Winchester, Maryland Winchester, Massachusetts Winchester, Mississippi Winchester, Missouri Winchester, Nevada Winchester, New Hampshire Winchester, New... Full name The College of St Mary Magdalene Motto Garde ta Foy Keep your Faith Named after Mary Magdalene Previous names - Established 1428 Sister College Magdalen College Master Duncan Robinson Location Magdalene Street Undergraduates 335 Graduates 169 Homepage Boatclub Magdalene College (pronounced Maudlin) was founded in 1428 as a Benedictine... Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... Mathematics, often abbreviated maths in Commonwealth English and math in American English, is the study of abstraction. ... Latin - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... The word Greek has a number of meanings relating to Greece, including: Architecture of Ancient Greece Art in Ancient Greece Greek alphabet Greek colonies Cuisine of Greece Greek salad Ethnic Greek Greco-Turkish relations Greece The Greek People Greek-Americans History of Greece History of Mycenaean Greece History of Ancient... The word Hebrew can variously mean: The Hebrew language or Hebrew languages The ancient Hebrew people, or their descendants the Jews The New Testament book Hebrews The term Hebrew is sometimes used by certain Christian groups to distinguish the Jews in ancient times (before the birth of Jesus) from Jews... Wiktionary has a definition of: French Wikipedia en français French in its formal sense and used in its capitalized form, denotes: Something from or related to France. ... The city of Cambridge is an old English university town and the regional centre of the county of Cambridgeshire. ... Samuel Pepys Samuel Pepys (23 February 1633 - 26 May 1703) was a leading 17th century English civil servant, latterly famous for his diary. ...

Diplomat

A keen follower of public affairs, he left Cambridge and entered public service. He undertook a trip to Sweden in 1653, and in 1655 was sent by Oliver Cromwell on a mission to Italy to protest at actions taken against the Waldensians by the Duke of Savoy. He remained in Geneva for some time in an ambassadorial role, and also wrote a book: The History of the Evangelical Churches of the Valleys of Piemont (1658). The Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige  listen) is a Nordic country in Scandinavia, in Northern Europe. ... Events February 2 - New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) is incorporated. ... Events New Sweden (Delaware) attacked and captured by Dutch forces. ... Unfinished portrait miniature of Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper, 1657. ... The Italian Republic or Italy (Italian: Repubblica Italiana or Italia) is a country in southern Europe. ... The Waldensians were followers of Peter Waldo (or Valdes or Vaudes); they called themselves the Poor men of Lyon, the Poor of Lombardy, or the Poor. ... Coat of arms of the Canton of Geneva Coat of arms of the City of Geneva Geneva (French: Genève, German: Genf, Italian: Ginevra, Romansh Genevra, Spanish: Ginebra) is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zurich), located where Lake Geneva (French: Lac de Genève or Lac L...

Spy

However, while serving as secretary to John Thurloe, a Commonwealth official in charge of espionage, Morland became disillusioned with the Government of the Commonwealth (allegedly after learning of a plot by Sir Richard Willis, Thurloe and Richard Cromwell to assassinate the future King Charles II). As a double agent, Morland began to work towards the Restoration, engaging in espionage and cryptography – activities that later helped him enter the King's service. John Thurloe (1616-1668) was a secretary to the council of state in Protectorate England and spymaster for Oliver Cromwell. ... The Commonwealth was the republican government which ruled first England and then the whole of Britain, Ireland, the colonies and other Crown possessions during the periods from 1649 (the monarch Charles I being beheaded on January 30 and An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth being passed by the... Spy and secret agent redirect here; for alternate use, see Spy (disambiguation) and Secret agent (disambiguation). ... The English noun Commonwealth dates originally from the fifteenth century and in different contexts indicates one of: a nation, state or political unit a state founded on law by agreement of the people for the common good a republic a federated union of constituent states. ... Richard Gardiner Willis (February 10, 1865-February 1929) was a Manitoba farmer, and was briefly the leader of the Manitoba Conservative Party (1919-1920). ... For the American actor of the 1930s and 1940s, please see Richard Cromwell (actor) Richard Cromwell (October 4, 1626- July 12, 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and was Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, for little over eight months, from September 3, 1658 until May 25... Charles II King of England, Scotland and Ireland Charles II (29 May 1630–6 February 1685) was the King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 30 January 1649 (de jure) or 29 May 1660 (de facto) until his death. ... A double agent pretends to spy on a target organization on behalf of a controlling organization, but in fact is loyal to the target organization. ... Restoration can be one of several things, depending on context: In criminal justice, restoration is another term for restorative justice. ... Cryptography portal Cryptography (from Greek kryptós, hidden, and gráphein, to write) is, traditionally, the study of means of converting information from its normal, comprehensible form into an incomprehensible format, rendering it unreadable without secret knowledge — the art of encryption. ...

Inventor

On 18 July 1660 he was created a baronet and given a minor role at court, but his principal source of income came from applying his knowledge of mathematics and hydraulics to construct and maintain various machines – most notably “water-engines”, an early kind of water pump. He was, for example, engaged on projects to improve the water supply to Windsor Castle, during which time he patented (c. 1675) a 'plunger pump' capable of "raising great quantities of water with far less proportion of strength than can be performed by a Chain or other Pump." He also experimented with using gunpowder to make a vacuum that would suck in water (in effect the first internal combustion engine) and worked on ideas for a steam engine. Morland's pumps were developed for numerous domestic, marine and industrial applications, such as wells, draining ponds or mines, and fire fighting. July 18 is the 199th day (200th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 166 days remaining. ... Events January 1 - colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins advance towards London in support of English Restoration February 2 – George Monck and his regiment arrive in London February 23 - Charles XI becomes king of Sweden. ... A baronet (traditional abbreviation Bart, modern abbreviation Bt) is the holder of a title, similar to a knighthood except that it is hereditary, known as a baronetcy. ... Hydraulics is a branch of science and engineering concerned with the use of liquids to perform mechanical tasks. ... A pump is a mechanical device used to move liquids or gases. ... Windsor Castle is (along with Buckingham Palace in London and Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh) one of the principal official residences of the British monarch, who always stays there at Easter and during Royal Ascot week (in June) at the nearby Ascot Racecourse; as well as for various weekend retreats throughout... Events January 5 - The Battle of Turckeim August 10 - Building of the Royal Greenwich Observatory began November 11 - Guru Gobind Singh becomes the Tenth Guru of the Sikhs. ... Gunpowder is a substance which burns very rapidly and is used as a propellant in firearms. ... The article on the vacuum cleaner is located elsewhere. ... A colorized automobile engine An internal combustion engine is an engine that is powered by the expansion of hot combustion products of fuel directly acting within an engine. ... A steam engine is a heat engine that makes use of the potential energy that exists as pressure in steam, converting it to mechanical work. ...

Simultaneously, he busied himself with other mechanical pursuits. He invented a non-decimal adding machine (working with English pounds, shillings and pence), a machine that made trigonometric calculations, and an 'arithmetical machine' by which the four fundamental rules of arithmetic were readily worked "without charging the memory, disturbing the mind, or exposing the operations to any uncertainty" (regarded by some as the world's first multiplying machine, an example is in the Science Museum in South Kensington). Trigonometry (from the Greek trigonon = three angles and metro = measure) is a branch of mathematics dealing with angles, triangles and trigonometric functions such as sine and cosine. ... A science museum, as its title says, is primarily a museum of science. ... South Kensington is an area in West London - it straddles the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and the City of Westminster. ...

In 1666, he also obtained a patent for making metal fire-hearths, and in 1671 he claimed credit for inventing the speaking trumpet, an early form of megaphone. He later won a contract to provide mirrors to the King and to erect and maintain the King’s printing press. In 1681, he was appointed magister mechanicorum (master of mechanics) to the King for his work on the water system at Windsor. He also corresponded with Pepys about naval gun-carriages, designed a machine to weigh ship's anchors, developed new forms of barometers, and designed a cryptographic machine. Events May 9 - Thomas Blood, disguised as a clergyman, attempts to steal the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London. ... Categories: Technology stubs ... Events March 4 - Charles II of England grants a land charter to William Penn for the area that will later become Pennsylvania. ... Schematic drawing of a simple mercury barometer with vertical mercury column and reservoir at base A barometer is an instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. ...

From 1677, lived in the Vauxhall area of central London, moving to a house in Hammersmith in 1684. He began to go blind, losing his sight in about 1692. Three years later, he died and was buried on 6 January 1696 in Hammersmith Church. Events First performance of Racines tragedy, Phèdre Sarah Churchill marries John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough Battle of Cassel, Philippe I of Orléans defeats William of Orange Mary II of England marries William of Orange English Statute of frauds is passed into law Battle of Landskrona Elias... This article is about the town of Vauxhall, for Vauxhall the vehicle manufacturer, see Vauxhall Motors. ... Hammersmith is a town in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in west London. ... Events France under Louis XIV makes Truce of Ratisbon separately with the Empire and Spain. ... Events February 13 - Massacre of Glencoe March 1 - The Salem witch trials begin in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony with the charging of three women with witchcraft. ... January 6 is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... The year 1696 had the earliest equinoxes and solstices for 400 years in the Gregorian calendar, because this year is a leap year and the Gregorian calendar would have behaved like the Julian calendar since March 1500 had it have been in use that long. ...