Samuel de Champlain
Statue symbolizing Samuel de Champlain in Ottawa, Canada
Born	about 1567 unknown
Died	December 25, 1635 Quebec City, New France
Occupation	Sailor, Navigator, and Cartographer
Known for	Exploration of New France, founder of Quebec City, Canada, father of New France

Samuel de Champlain, (c. 1567 ^[1] - 1635) the "father of New France," was born into a Protestant family in the Province of Saintonge, lived when young in the town of Brouage, a seaport on France's west coast and made a journey through Canada before he died in 1635 in Québec. A sailor, he also came to be respected as a talented navigator, a cartographer, and the founder of Quebec City. He was also integral in opening North America to French trade, especially the fur trade. Champlain's pattern was to spend several months or years exploring North America and then head back to France to raise more funds for further explorations. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2272 × 1704 pixel, file size: 1. ... -1... Events The Duke of Alva arrives in the Netherlands with Spanish forces to suppress unrest there. ... is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events February 10 - The Académie française in Paris is expanded to become a national academy for the artistic elite. ... Nickname: Motto: Don de Dieu feray valoir (I shall put Gods gift to good use; the Don de Dieu was Champlains ship) Coordinates: , Country Canada Province Quebec Agglomeration Quebec City Statute of the city Capitale-Nationale Administrative Region Capitale-Nationale Founded 1608 by Samuel de Champlain Constitution date... Capital Quebec Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy King See List of French monarchs Governor See list of Governors Legislature Sovereign Council of New France Historical era Ancien Régime in France  - Royal Control 1655  - Articles of Capitulation of Quebec 1759  - Articles of Capitulation of Montreal 1760  - Treaty... This article is about maritime crew. ... A navigator is the person onboard a ship responsible for the navigation of the vessel. ... Cartography is the study of map making and cartographers are map makers. ... Capital Quebec Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy King See List of French monarchs Governor See list of Governors Legislature Sovereign Council of New France Historical era Ancien Régime in France  - Royal Control 1655  - Articles of Capitulation of Quebec 1759  - Articles of Capitulation of Montreal 1760  - Treaty... Nickname: Motto: Don de Dieu feray valoir (I shall put Gods gift to good use; the Don de Dieu was Champlains ship) Coordinates: , Country Canada Province Quebec Agglomeration Quebec City Statute of the city Capitale-Nationale Administrative Region Capitale-Nationale Founded 1608 by Samuel de Champlain Constitution date... Events The Duke of Alva arrives in the Netherlands with Spanish forces to suppress unrest there. ... Events February 10 - The Académie française in Paris is expanded to become a national academy for the artistic elite. ... Capital Quebec Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy King See List of French monarchs Governor See list of Governors Legislature Sovereign Council of New France Historical era Ancien Régime in France  - Royal Control 1655  - Articles of Capitulation of Quebec 1759  - Articles of Capitulation of Montreal 1760  - Treaty... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... Saintonge is a small region on the atlantic coast of France in the region of Poitou-Charentes (17- Charente-Maritime). ... Hiers-Brouage is a small commune in France located in the Charente-Maritime département in the Poitou-Charentes région. ... Nickname: Motto: Don de Dieu feray valoir (I shall put Gods gift to good use; the Don de Dieu was Champlains ship) Coordinates: , Country Canada Province Quebec Agglomeration Quebec City Statute of the city Capitale-Nationale Administrative Region Capitale-Nationale Founded 1608 by Samuel de Champlain Constitution date... North American redirects here. ... An Alberta fur trader in the 1890s. ...

Early travels

He lived ^[2] in Brouage, France before the end of the 16th century, as was reported in the title of his 1603 book. He belonged to either a Protestant family, or a tolerant one, in a Protestant region, as his Biblical first name (Samuel) was not usually given to Catholic children.^[3] Year 1603 (MDCIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Champlain arrived on board the Bonne-Renommée on his first trip to North America on March 15, 1603, as an observer, with members of a fur-trading expedition. Although he had no official assignment on the voyage commanded by François Gravé Du Pont, he created a map of the St. Lawrence River and after his return to France on September 20th, wrote an account published as Des Sauvages: ou voyage de Samuel Champlain, de Brouages, faite en la France nouvelle l'an 1603 ("Concerning the Savages: or travels of Samuel Champlain, of Brouages, made in New France the year 1603").^[4] Asked by Henry IV to make a report on his further discoveries, Champlain joined another expedition to New France in the spring of 1604 led by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts, a Protestant merchant given fur trade monopoly in new France by Henry IV. Champlain helped found the Saint Croix Island settlement in the Bay of Fundy. However, after enduring a harsh winter on the island, the settlement was abandoned the following spring when Champlain relocated the settlers to the Fundy coast of Nova Scotia at Port Royal. Champlain remained at the site until 1607, while he explored the Atlantic coast. is the 74th day of the year (75th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1603 (MDCIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Saint Lawrence River (French fleuve Saint-Laurent) is a large west-to-east flowing river in the middle latitudes of North America, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. ... Capital Quebec Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy King See List of French monarchs Governor See list of Governors Legislature Sovereign Council of New France Historical era Ancien Régime in France  - Royal Control 1655  - Articles of Capitulation of Quebec 1759  - Articles of Capitulation of Montreal 1760  - Treaty... Henry IV of France, also Henry III of Navarre (13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and King of Navarre from 1572 to 1610. ... Pierre Dugua, the Sieur de Monts, (c. ... By Frans Pourbus the younger. ... See also Saint Croix an island in the United States Virgin Islands Saint Croix Island, or Dochet Island as it is called today, is a small uninhabited island in Maine located at 45º 07 42 N latitude, 067º 08 02 W longitude, near the mouth of the Saint Croix River... The Bay of Fundy (French: ) is a bay located on the Atlantic coast of North America, on the northeast end of the Gulf of Maine between the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, with a small portion touching the U.S. state of Maine. ... The Habitation at Port-Royal is a National Historic Site located at Port Royal in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. ...

In 1605 and 1606, Champlain explored the land that is now Chatham, Cape Cod as a prospective settlement but small skirmishes with the resident Monomoyick Indians dissuaded him from the idea. He named the area Port Fortune.^[5] Seal of Chatham, MA Chatham is a town located in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, Barnstable County being coextensive with Cape Cod. ... This article is about the area of Massachusetts known as Cape Cod. For other uses, see Cape Cod (disambiguation). ...

Founding of Quebec City

In the spring of 1607, three ships left the French port of Honfleur, one of them the Don-de-Dieu commanded by Champlain. In June, the small group of settlers arrived at Tadoussac. There, they left the ships and continued to Québec in small boats. On July 3, 1608, Champlain landed at the "point of Quebec" and set about fortifying the area by building three main buildings (each two stories tall), to which he referred collectively as "l'Abitation", and also a moat 12 feet (4 m) wide. This was to become the city of Quebec. Fortifying Quebec City became one of his passions, which he embarked on periodically for the rest of his life.

Relations and war with natives

During the summer of 1609, Champlain attempted to form better relations with the local First Nations. He made alliances with the Wendat that the French called Huron and with the Algonquin, the Montagnais and the Etchemin, who lived in the area of the St. Lawrence River and who demanded that Champlain helped them in their war against the Iroquois, who were much more to the south. Champlain set off with 9 French soldiers and 300 natives in order to explore the Rivière des Iroquois (now Richelieu River) when he subsequently mapped Lake Champlain. Having had no encounters with the Iroquois at this point many of the men headed back, leaving Champlain with only 2 Frenchmen and 60 natives. This article is about the First Nations people, the Wyandot, also known as the Huron. ... This article is about the First Nations people, the Wyandot, also known as the Huron. ... This article is about the Native American tribe. ... The Saint Lawrence River (French fleuve Saint-Laurent) is a large west-to-east flowing river in the middle latitudes of North America, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. ... For other uses, see Iroquois (disambiguation). ... The Richelieu River in Quebec, Canada flows about 130 km north to drain Lake Champlain into the St. ... For ships named after the lake, see USS Lake Champlain. ...

On July 29 at Ticonderoga (now Crown Point, New York), Champlain and his party encountered a group of Iroquois. A battle began the next day. 200 Iroquois advanced on Champlain's position as a native guide pointed out the 3 Iroquois chiefs. Champlain fired his arquebus and killed 2 of them with one shot. One of his men killed the third. The Iroquois turned and fled. This was to set the tone for French-Iroquois relations for the next one hundred years. Ticonderoga is a town located in Essex County, New York, USA. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 5,167. ... Crown Point is a town located in Essex County, New York. ... Japanese arquebus of the Edo era (teppō) Example of an arquebus The arquebus (sometimes spelled harquebus, harkbus[1] or hackbut; from Dutch haakbus, meaning hook gun[2]) was a primitive firearm used in the 15th to 17th centuries. ...

After this expedition, he returned to France in an unsuccessful attempt, with the Sieur de Monts, to renew their fur trade monopoly. They did, however, form a society with some Rouen merchants, in which Quebec would become an exclusive warehouse for their fur trade and, in return, the Rouen merchants would support the settlement. Pierre Dugua, the Sieur de Monts, (c. ... , Rouen (pronounced in French) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital of the Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy) région. ...

Exploration of New France

On March 29, 1613, he arrived back in New France and proclaimed his new royal commission. Champlain set out on May 27 to continue his exploration of the Huron country and in hopes of finding the "northern sea" he had heard about (probably Hudson Bay). He traveled the Ottawa River, later giving the first description of this area (In 1953, a rock was found at a location now known as the Champlain lookout, which bore the inscription Champlain juin 2, 1613). It was in June that he met with Tessouat, the Algonquin chief of Allumettes Island, and offered to build the tribe a fort if they were to move from the area they occupied, with its poor soil, to the locality of the Lachine Rapids. New York Harbor, the outflow for Hudson River, is sometimes called Hudsons Bay. Hudson Bay, Canada. ... This is about the river in Canada. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Storyland is a theme park located north west of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, near the town of Renfrew, Ontario. ... Tessouat (c. ...

By August 26 Champlain was back in Saint-Malo. There he wrote an account of his life from 1604 to 1612 and his journey up the Ottawa river, his Voyages^[6] and published another map of New France. In 1614 he formed the "Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint-Malo" and "Compagnie de Champlain", which bound the Rouen and Saint-Malo merchants for eleven years. He returned to New France in the spring of 1615 with four Recollects in order to further religious life in the new colony. The Roman Catholic Church would be given en seigneurie large and valuable tracts of land estimated at nearly 30% of all the lands granted by the French Crown in New France. ^[7] Categories: France geography stubs | Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine ... The Récollets (English: Recollects) were a French branch of the Roman Catholic order, the Franciscans (Latin: Ordo Fratrum Minorum), first established in France about 1570. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... The seigneurial system of New France was the semi-feudal system of land distribution used in the colonies of New France. ... Kings ruled in France from the Middle Ages to 1848. ... Capital Quebec Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy King See List of French monarchs Governor See list of Governors Legislature Sovereign Council of New France Historical era Ancien Régime in France  - Royal Control 1655  - Articles of Capitulation of Quebec 1759  - Articles of Capitulation of Montreal 1760  - Treaty...

Champlain continued to work to improve relations with the natives promising to help them in their struggles against the Iroquois. With his native guides he explored further up the Ottawa River and reached Lake Nipissing. He then followed the French River until he reached the fresh-water sea he called Lac Attigouautau (now Lake Huron). This is about the river in Canada. ... Ominous storm approaching the south of Lake Nipissing Lake Nipissing (French: lac Nipissing) is a lake in the Canadian province of Ontario. ... The French River (or Rivière des Français) is a river in central Ontario, Canada. ... Ipperwash Beach, Lake Huron. ...

In 1615, Champlain was escorted through the Peterborough area by a group of Hurons. He used the ancient portage between Chemong Lake and Little Lake (now Chemong Road); stayed for a short period of time in Bridgenorth area.

Military expedition

On September 1, at Cahiagué (on Lake Simcoe), he started a military expedition. The party passed Lake Ontario at its eastern tip where they hid their canoes and continued their journey by land. They followed the Oneida River until they found themselves at an Onondaga fort. Pressured by the Hurons to attack prematurely, the assault failed. Champlain was wounded twice in the leg by arrows, one in his knee. The attack lasted three hours until they were forced to flee. Lake Simcoe is a lake in southern Ontario, Canada, the fourth largest lake in the province. ... Lake Ontario, bounded on the north by the Canadian province of Ontario and on the south by Ontarios Niagara Peninsula and by New York State, USA, is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. ... The Oneida River in Central New York State flows from Oneida Lake to its confluence with the Seneca and Oswego Rivers. ...

Although he did not want to, the Hurons insisted that Champlain spend the winter with them. During his stay he set off with them in their great deer hunt, during which he became lost and was forced to wander for three days living off game and sleeping under trees until he met up with a band of Indians by chance. He spent the rest of the winter learning "their country, their manners, customs, modes of life". On May 22, 1616, he left the Huron country and was back in Quebec on July 11 before heading back to France on July 2.

Improving administration in New France

Map of New France.

Champlain returned to New France in 1620 and was to spend the rest of his life focusing on administration of the country rather than exploration. Download high resolution version (2512x1544, 847 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2512x1544, 847 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

Champlain spent the winter building Fort Saint-Louis on top of Cap Diamant. By mid-May he learned that the fur trade had been handed over to another company led by the Caen brothers. After some tense negotiations, it was decided to merge the two companies under the direction of the Caens. Champlain continued to work on relations with the Indians and managed to impose on them a chief of his choice. He also managed to create a peace treaty with the Iroquois tribes.

Champlain continued to work on improving his fortification around what became Quebec City, laying the first stone on May 6, 1624. On August 15 he once again returned to France where he was encouraged to continue his work as well as to continue to look for a passage to China. At the time, most of the European powers believed that North America included a passage on land to China. By July 5th he was back at Quebec and continued expanding the city.

Things were not to continue well for Champlain and his small village. Supplies were low during the summer of 1628 and English merchants had pillaged Cap Tourmente in early July. On July 10, Champlain received a summons from the Kirke brothers, English merchants. Champlain refused to deal with them and, in response, the English cut off supplies from going to the city. By the spring of 1629 supplies were dangerously low and Champlain was forced to send people to Gaspé to conserve rations. On July 19, the Kirke brothers arrived and Champlain was forced to negotiate the terms of the cities' capitulation. By October 29, Champlain found himself in London. This article is about the area of Quebec. ... Sir David Kirke (ca. ... The Gaspé Peninsula or just the Gaspé (la Gaspésie in French) is a North American peninsula on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River, in Quebec. ...

A member of the Compagnie des Cent-Associés, from 1629 to 1635 Champlain was commander in New France "in the absence of my Lord the Cardinal de Richelieu". [2] During the next several years Champlain wrote Voyages de la Nouvelle France dedicated to Cardinal Richelieu as well as Traitté de la marine et du devoir d’un bon marinier. It wasn't until the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1632 that Quebec was given back to France and on March 1, 1633, Champlain reclaimed his role as commander of New France on behalf of Richelieu. The Company of One Hundred Associates was a business enterprise created at a time when all territories explored by the French and seized as a part of the French colonial empire were the property of the King of France. ... Cardinal Richelieu was the French chief minister from 1624 until his death in 1642. ... The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye was signed on March 29, 1632. ...

Champlain returned to Quebec on May 22, 1633, after an absence of four years. On August 18, 1634, he sent a report to Richelieu stating that he had rebuilt on the ruins of Quebec, enlarged its fortifications, constructed another habitation 15 leagues upstream, as well as another one at Trois-Rivières. He had also begun an offensive against the Iroquois Indians stating he wanted them wiped out or "brought to reason". Location City Information Established: January 1, 2002 Area: 228. ...

Illness and death

Posthumous portrait of Champlain by E. Ronjat (19th C). No period portrait of Champlain exists.^[8]

By October 1635, Champlain was stricken with a stroke. He died on December 25, 1635 leaving no immediate heirs. He was buried temporarily in the church while construction was finished on the chapel of Monsieur le Gouverneur. Unfortunately, it was destroyed by fire in 1640 and immediately rebuilt but nothing is known of it after 1640, although after 1674 it no longer existed. As such the exact burial site of Champlain is unknown. is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events February 10 - The Académie française in Paris is expanded to become a national academy for the artistic elite. ...

However, Jesuit records tell us he died in the hands of his friend Charles Lallemant who also heard his last confession, a reassuring point for a Catholic of the period. The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... // Birth & Death timeline Born at Paris, 17 November, 1587; died there, 18 November, 1674. ...

Honours

Many sites and landmarks were named to honour Champlain, who remains, to this day, a prominent historical figure in many parts of Acadia, Ontario, Quebec, New York, and Vermont. They include: Flag History  - Established 1604  - English conquest 1713 Acadia (1754) Acadia (in the French language lAcadie) was the name given to a colonial territory in northeastern North America that included parts of eastern Quebec, the Maritime provinces, and modern-day New England, stretching as far south as Philadelphia. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... This article is about the state. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ...

• Lake Champlain, Champlain Valley, The Champlain Trail Lakes, and Champlain Sea, a glacial sea which disappeared 6000 years before Champlain was born;
• Two communities in New York named Champlain, as well as a township in Ontario and a municipality in Québec;
• Fort Champlain at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario was named in his honour in 1965. This dormitory houses 8, 9 and 10 Squadrons;
• The provincial electoral district of Champlain, Quebec;
• Champlain Bridge, which connects the island of Montreal to the mainland;
• A French school, located in Saint John, New Brunswick; Champlain College, in Burlington, Vermont, as well as a CEGEP in Quebec;
• Streets named Champlain in numerous cities, including Québec and Shawinigan;
• Marriott Château Champlain hotel, in Montréal.
• Samuel de Champlain Provincial Park, a provincial park in northern Ontario near the town of Mattawa.

For ships named after the lake, see USS Lake Champlain. ... Champlain Valley is a region of the United States around Lake Champlain in Vermont and New York. ... The Champlain Trail Lakes are a group of lakes on the southern point of Whitewater Region in Ontario. ... The Champlain Sea was a temporary inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, created by the retreating glaciers during the close of the last ice age. ... Champlain can refer to a number of things named after explorer Samuel de Champlain Champlain (village), New York Champlain (town), New York Champlain, Ontario Champlain, Quebec Lake Champlain Champlain Valley Champlain Sea Champlain College, Vermont school Champlain Regional College, Quebec CEGEP Samuel de Champlain, the explorer Category: ... The Royal Military College of Canada (RMC), is the military academy of the Canadian Forces and is a full degree-granting university. ... Murney Tower, Kingston The Fort Henry Guard performing an historical demonstration The Prince George Hotel Kingston, Ontario, the first capital[1] of Canada, is located at the eastern end of Lake Ontario, where the lake runs into the St. ... A typical American college dorm room Another typical not-so-clean college dorm room Watterson Towers, Illinois State University Potomac Hall, second-largest dormitory at James Madison University in Harrisonburg, Virginia. ... Champlain is a provincial electoral riding in the province of Quebec, Canada. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... Nickname: Motto: O Fortunati Quorum Jam Moenia Surgunt (Latin for, O Fortunate Ones Whose Walls Are Now Rising. ... Champlain College is a private college located in Burlington, Vermont. ... Burlington is the largest city in the U.S. state of Vermont and is the shire town of Chittenden County, Vermont. ... Shawinigan is a city in the Province of Quebec, Canada on the Saint-Maurice River. ... Samuel de Champlain Provincial Park is a 2550 hectares park spanning both sides of the Mattawa River, about 14 km west of Mattawa, Ontario, Canada. ... // Alberta Aspen Beach Provincial Park Beauvais Lake Provincial Park Big Hill Springs Provincial Park Big Knife Provincial Park Bow Valley Provincial Park Calling Lake Provincial Park Carson-Pagasus Provincial Park Chain Lakes Provincial Park Cold Lake Provincial Park Crimson Lake Provincial Park Cross Lake Provincial Park Cypress Hills Provincial Park... Downtown Mattawa on Highway 533. ...

Anecdote

Example of a fictional "portrait of Champlain", by Théophile Hamel (1870), after a portrait of Particelli d'Émery by Moncornet. No authentic portrait of Champlain exists.^[9]

There is no authentic portrait of Champlain. The only surviving picture we have of him is a drawing illustrating the battle at Lake Champlain in 1609, in which the facial features are too vague to make out. Some much-reproduced fictional "portraits of Champlain" have been shown to be actually made after a portrait of Michel Particelli d'Émery, by Balthasar Moncornet. /* Anecdote */ Samuel de Champlain, portrait 1870, public domain. ... Samuel de Champlain, portrait 1870, public domain. ...

Notes

10. Nobody knew what Samuel really looked like. But people needed a picture of him when he got famous. All people knew was that he had a goatee. Someone went into the newspaper and cut out a picture of someone with a goatee. Turns out that that picture was the picture of the man who was a murder that was going to get hung the next day. Nickname: Motto: Don de Dieu feray valoir (I shall put Gods gift to good use; the Don de Dieu was Champlains ship) Coordinates: , Country Canada Province Quebec Agglomeration Quebec City Statute of the city Capitale-Nationale Administrative Region Capitale-Nationale Founded 1608 by Samuel de Champlain Constitution date... Laval University (Université Laval) is one of Canadas leading universities. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... CBC may refer to: Claw Boys Claw, the Dutch rock band. ... Sounds Like Canada is a Canadian radio program, which airs weekday mornings on CBC Radio One. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... This article describes the Canadian province. ... The University of Toronto Press is a publishing house and a division of the University of Toronto that engages in academic publishing. ...

References

• Samuel Eliot Morison, Samuel de Champlain: Father of New France (Little Brown, 1972) ISBN 0-316-58399-5
• Champlain : the birth of French America / edited by Raymonde LItalien and Denis Vaugeois. (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2004) ISBN 0-7735-2850-4
• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

RAdm Samuel Eliot Morison (1887-1976), USN historian Samuel Eliot Morison, RAdm, USNR (July 9, 1887 – May 15, 1976) was an American historian, notable for producing scholarly works that were both authoritative and highly readable, an ability recognized with two Pulitzer Prizes. ... Henry II of Bourbon (September 1, 1588 – December 26, 1646) became Prince of Condé shortly after his birth, following the death of his father Henry I in battle. ... Lieutenant General of New France was the military post that governed early New France (and Acadia) from 1603 until 1627. ... The Governor of New France was the head of state representing the King of France in North America. ... Charles Jacques Huault de Montmagny (c. ...

External links

• The Canadian Museum of Civilization - Face-to-Face - The Canadian Personalities Hall
• The Samuel de Champlain Portal
• Full text http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/6825 Vol. 3
• Samuel de Champlain Biography by Appleton and Klos
• Works by Samuel de Champlain at Project Gutenberg
• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
• Description of Champlain's voyage to Chatham, Cape Cod in 1605 and 1606.'
• Champlain's tomb: State of the Art Report. (in French, translation with Alta-Vista available
• Biography at the Museum of Civilization
• Champlain in Acadia (A Historica project from 7th Floor Media)
• Champlain, Samuel de (From The Canadian Encyclopedia)
• Biography at the Museum of Civilization
• Les Voyages de la Nouvelle France... 1632, from Rare Book Room
• Champlain College (Vermont) site celebrates 400th anniversary of Samuel de Champlain’s arrival on Lake Champlain

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