This article outlines economic, trade, scientific and military Sanctions against Iran, which has been put forward by the U.S. government, or under U.S. pressure. All of the current sanctions were imposed after the Iranian Revolution, however the United States along with the U.K. had previously imposed a worldwide boycott of Iranian oil in early 1950s. The boycott was a response to the election of Prime Minister Mohammed Mosaddeq, who had promised to nationalize Iran's oil industry. The incident submerged the country into a financial crisis.^[1] As a result of Operation Ajax, Mosaddeq was deposed, and the exiled Shah was re-installed. ... Protestors take to the street in support of Ayatollah Khomeini. ... The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and a member of the European Union. ... // Recovering from World War II and its aftermath, the economic miracle emerged in West Germany and Italy. ... Soldiers surround the Parliament building in Tehran on August 19, 1953. ... Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran (Persian: ‎ Moḥammad Rez̤ā Pahlavī) (October 26, 1919, Tehran – July 27, 1980, Cairo), styled His Imperial Majesty, and holding the imperial titles of Shāhanshāh (King of Kings), and Aryamehr (Light of the Aryans), was the monarchial ruler of Iran from September 16...

Hostage crisis

The first U.S. economic sanctions against Iran after the revolution, was in 1979. In response to rumors of another U.S. backed coup and re-installation of the Shah, a group of radical students seized the American Embassy.^[2] The United States responded by freezing about $12 billion in Iranian assets, including bank deposits, gold and other properties. Some assets —Iranian officials say $10 billion, U.S. officials say much less— still remain frozen pending resolution of legal claims arising from the revolution. For the song by The Smashing Pumpkins, see 1979 (song). ... Muslim student followers of the Imams line (fa:دانشجویان مسلمان پیرو خط امام) were the students (from science and technology universities) of some of the major universities of Tehran including University of Tehran, Sharif University of Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology(polythechnic of Tehran), Iran University of Science and Technology gathered. ... The Iran hostage crisis was a diplomatic crisis that lasted from November 4, 1979, through January 20, 1981. ...

Iran-Iraq war

After invasion of Iran by Iraq, the United States intensified Iran's sanctions. In 1984, sanctions were approved to oppose all loans to Iran from international financial institutions, prohibit weapons sales, and prohibit all assistance to Iran. In 1987, the U.S. further prohibited the importation of any goods or services from Iran, and U.S. naval and air forces struck Iranian naval units and a civilian airplane, in response to Iranian efforts to disrupt the flow of Iraqi oil from the Persian Gulf with naval mines and missile attacks. Combatants  Iran Iraq Commanders Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini Abolhassan Banisadr Ali Shamkhani Mostafa Chamran† Saddam Hussein Ali Hassan al-Majid Strength 305,000 soldiers 500,000 Passdaran and Baseej militia 1,000 tanks 1,000 armored vehicles 3,000 artillery pieces 65 aircraft 720 helicopters[1] 190,000 soldiers 4,500... 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Iran Air Flight 655 (IR655) was a commercial flight operated by Iran Air that flew from Bandar Abbas, Iran to Dubai. ... Map of the Persian Gulf. ... A naval mine is a stationary self-contained explosive device placed in water, to destroy ships and/or submarines. ...

Rafsanjani and Khatami governments

Although former pragmatist President Rafsanjani, a critic of President Ahmadinejad, claims that he has tried to reduce tensions between Iran and the West, some of the toughest sanctions against Iran were imposed during his administration. In April 1995, President Bill Clinton issued a total embargo on dealings with Iran, prohibiting all commercial and financial transactions with Iran. Trade with the U.S., which had been growing following the end of the Iran-Iraq war ended abruptly.^[3] Pragmatism is a school of philosophy which originated in the United States in the late 1800s. ... President Rafsanjani Akbar Hashemi Bahramani (Persian: اکبر هاشمی بهرمانی), famously known as Hashemi Rafsanjani (هاشمی رفسنجانی) (born August 25, 1934) is one of the most influential... , sometimes also transcribed into English as Mahmud, Mahmood, Ahmadinezhad, Ahmadi-Nejad, Ahmadi Nejad (Persian: ; born October 28, 1956), is the sixth president of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ... April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four with the length of 30 days. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ...

The next year, the American Congress passed the Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996 (ILSA) which threatened even non-U.S. countries making certain investments in Iran. Under ILSA, all foreign companies that provide investments over $20 million for the development of petroleum resources in Iran will be imposed two out of seven possible sanctions, by the U.S.: Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate Dick Cheney, R, since January 20, 2001 Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert, R, since January 6, 1999 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups (as of January 4, 2005 elections) Democratic Party Republican Party... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ...

• denial of Export-Import Bank assistance;
• denial of export licenses for exports to the violating company;
• prohibition on loans or credits from U.S. financial institutions of over $10 million in any 12-month period;
• prohibition on designation as a primary dealer for U.S. government debt instruments;
• prohibition on serving as an agent of the United States or as a repository for U.S. government funds;
• denial of U.S. government procurement opportunities (consistent with WTO obligations); and
• a ban on all or some imports of the violating company.

Although Iranian reformists claim to have worked for better relations with the U.S., the election of reformist President Khatami not only stopped ILSA, but intensified some enforcements of sanctions against Iran.^[4] In August 5, 2001, ILSA was renewed by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President George W. Bush. Furthermore, in January 2002, IEEE stripped Iranian members from full membership privileges and support of activities, and without notice, blocked Iranian members from accessing their e-mail accounts.^[5] In February 2004, during the final year of the reformist era, the U.S. Department of the Treasury ruled against editing or publishing scientific manuscripts from Iran, and stated that U.S. scientists collaborating with Iranians could be prosecuted.^[6] Khatami government could only manage to reduce the sanctions for some items like pharmaceuticals, medical equipment, caviar or Persian rugs, in 2000. Iranian reformists, or the Reforms Front (Persian: جبههٔ اصلاحات) also known as 2nd of Khordad Front (Persian: جبهه دوم خرداد which refers to the date of Khatamis landslide election victory in the Iranian Calendar) are a group of political parties and organizations in Iran who supported Mohammad Khatami in his run for presidency in... Iranian reformists, or the Reforms Front (Persian: جبههٔ اصلاحات) also known as 2nd of Khordad Front (Persian: جبهه دوم خرداد which refers to the date of Khatamis landslide election victory in the Iranian Calendar) are a group of political parties and organizations in Iran who supported Mohammad Khatami in his run for presidency in... Khatami may refer to either of three Iranian reformist politicians: Mohammad Khatami, President of Iran 1997-2005 Mohammad Reza Khatami, Vice Speaker of Iranian Parliament from 2001 to 2004 and brother of Mohammad Khatami, Ali Khatami, Iranian Vice President and Chief of Staff and brother of Mohammad and Mohammad Reza... August 5 is the 217th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (218th in leap years), with 148 days remaining. ... 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Congress of the United States is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States of America. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (pronounced as eye-triple-ee) is an international non-profit, professional organization incorporated in the State of New York, United States. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The United States Department of the Treasury is a Cabinet department, a treasury, of the United States government established by an Act of U.S. Congress in 1789 to manage the revenue of the United States government. ... A can of black Iranian caviar Russian salmon caviar on buttered bread Caviar is the processed salted roe of various species of fish, most notably sturgeon. ... Introduction A traditional rug weaver in Isfahan. ... This article is about the year 2000. ...

Ahmadinejad government

See also: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1737

After election of President Ahmadinejad in 2005, he stopped the retroactive nuclear policy and the suspension of uranium enrichment, which was put in place by the reformists. This angered the United States, and is currently pushing for international sanctions against Iran over its atomic ambitions.^[7] The U.S. government imposed sanctions on an Iranian bank on September 8, 2006, barring it from dealing with U.S. financial institutions, even indirectly. The move against Bank Saderat Iran was announced by Stuart Levey, the undersecretary for treasury, who accused the major state-owned bank in Iran of transferring funds for certain groups, including Hezbollah. While Iranian financial institutions are barred from directly accessing the U.S. financial system, they are permitted to do so indirectly through banks in other countries. But the latest move severs that access for Bank Saderat and Levey said the action does not apply to other Iranian banks. It was the Bush administration's latest effort against Iran and Hezbollah. Levey said since 2001 a Hezbollah-controlled organization had received 50 million U.S. dollars directly from Iran through Bank Saderat. He said the U.S. government will also persuade European banks and financial institutions not to deal with Iran.^[8] United Nations Security Council Resolution 1737 was unanimously passed by the United Nations Security Council on 23 December 2006. ... The Iranian presidential election of 2005, the ninth presidential election in Iranian history, took place in two rounds, first on June 17, 2005, and then as a run-off on June 24. ... , sometimes also transcribed into English as Mahmud, Mahmood, Ahmadinezhad, Ahmadi-Nejad, Ahmadi Nejad (Persian: ; born October 28, 1956), is the sixth president of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Enriched uranium is uranium whose uranium-235 content has been increased through the process of isotope separation. ... Iranian reformists, or the Reforms Front (Persian: جبههٔ اصلاحات) also known as 2nd of Khordad Front (Persian: جبهه دوم خرداد which refers to the date of Khatamis landslide election victory in the Iranian Calendar) are a group of political parties and organizations in Iran who supported Mohammad Khatami in his run for presidency in... This article is about Irans nuclear power programme. ... Banker redirects here; see wiktionary:banker for more meanings. ... September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Bank Saderat Iran is an Iranian Bank. ... For other uses, see Hezbollah (disambiguation). ... 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ...

Criticism of trade sanctions

The U.S. denies aircraft manufacturers such as Boeing and Airbus, to sell aircraft to Iranian aviation companies, and provide them with the needed spare parts for their aging fleets. The aging aircrafts are blamed for several catastrophic plane crashes in Iran. As a result, the International Civil Aviation Organization warned that U.S. sanctions against Iran were placing civilian lives in danger by denying Iranian aviation necessary spare parts and aircraft repair. In a report the organization states that the refusal by U.S. companies to provide spare parts, confiscation of engines sent to other countries for repair, withholding of navigation information, and even threats to stop providing parts to European airlines for their own planes if they did maintenance work for Iran, are detrimental to international aviation safety. The report stated: "The lack of concern for aviation safety is surprising in intensity and vigor".^[9] The Boeing Company (NYSE: BA, TYO: 7661 ) is an aerospace and defense corporation headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. ... This article is about the airliner manufacturer. ... The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), an agency of the United Nations, codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth. ...

European Union has been critical of the most of the U.S. trade sanctions against Iran. Some EU states have criticized ILSA as a “double standard” in U.S. foreign policy, in which the United States fiercely worked against the Arab League boycott of Israel while at the same time promoted a worldwide boycott of Iran. The EU countries threatened formal counter-action in the World Trade Organization. ^[4] The Arab League or League of Arab States (Arabic: ‎), is an organization of predominately Arab states (compare Arab world). ... WTO redirects here. ...

References

1. ^ A Very British Coup (English) (radio show). Document. British Broadcasting Corporation (2005). Retrieved on 2006-06-14.
2. ^ Moin Khomeini, (2000), p.220
3. ^ Keddie, Modern Iran (2003), p.265
4. ^ ^{a b} [1]
5. ^ [2] [3]
6. ^ [4]
7. ^ "Iraq prime minister to visit Iran", Al Jazeera, Sep 9 2006.
8. ^ [5]
9. ^ http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/12/13/news/safety.php

For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... June 14 is the 165th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (166th in leap years), with 200 days remaining. ... Al Jazeera logo Al Jazeera (الجزيرة), meaning The Island or The (Arabian) Peninsula (whence also Algiers) is an Arabic television channel based in Qatar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

See also

• Current international tensions with Iran
• Economy of Iran
• United States-Iran relations
• Sanctions against Iranian scientists
• Anti-Iranian sentiments
• Chicago's Persian heritage crisis

This article is about the current international tensions between Iran and other countries, especially the United States and Israel. ... The Iranian economy has been improving steadily over the past two decades but a continuing strong labour force growth unmatched by commensurate real economic growth is driving up unemployment to a level considerably higher than the official estimate of 11%. According to experts, growth annual economic growth above five per... Political relations between Iran (Persia) and the United States began when the Shah of Persia, Nassereddin Shah Qajar, officially dispatched Persias first ambassador, Mirza Abolhasan Shirazi (ميرزا ابولحسن شيرازی), to Washington D.C. in the mid to late 1800s. ... Scientific sanctions against Iranians include all actions taken to directly or indirectly suppress Iranian scientific community. ... Chicagos Persian heritage crisis (تاراج سرمايه باستانی ايران در شيکاگو in Persian) refers to a threat to seize invaluable Persian antiquities kept at the University of Chicago by the United States federal courts and also a threat to numerous other Persian antiquities kept in the Field museum in Chicago. ...

External Links

• ILSA - CRS Report for Congress
• Global Energy Sanctions
• US Treasury - Iran Sanctions