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Sandia National Laboratories is a major United States Department of Energy research and development national laboratory with two locations, one in Albuquerque, New Mexico and the other in Livermore, California. Its primary mission is to develop, engineer, and test the non-nuclear components of nuclear weapons. Its main secured campus is ~4.4 square miles (11 km²) and is located on Kirtland Air Force Base. Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... Sandia Base was established as a training depot for mechanics in 1943. ... The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety. ... The United States Department of Energy National Laboratories are a system of research facilities and laboratories funded and controlled by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) for the purpose advancing science and aiding in the economic and defensive national interests of the United States of America. ... Downtown Albuquerque Albuquerque is the largest city in the state of New Mexico, United States. ... State nickname: Land of Enchantment Other U.S. States Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Governor Bill Richardson Official languages English and Spanish Area 315,194 km² (5th)  - Land 314,590 km²  - Water 607 km² (0. ... The city of Livermore highlighted within Alameda County Livermore is a city located in Alameda County, California. ... State nickname: The Golden State Other U.S. States Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (R) Official languages English Area 410,000 km² (3rd)  - Land 404,298 km²  - Water 20,047 km² (4. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the epicenter. ... Kirtland Air Force Base is located in the southeast quadrant of Albuquerque, New Mexico, adjacent to the Albuquerque International Sunport. ...

Sandia's primary mission is to implement the nation's nuclear weapon policies through research, development, and testing related to nuclear weapons. This includes maintaining the reliability and surety of nuclear weapon systems, performing research and development in arms control and nonproliferation technologies, and contributing solutions to the problem of hazardous wastes resulting from the nuclear weapons program. Other missions include research and development in energy and environmental programs, as well as the surety of critical national infrastructures. However, Sandia is home to many different kinds of research including psychology such as human factors and cognitive science initiatives which may fall near the tree of the DARPA augcog program. Sandia also hosts ASCI Red, which is still one of the world's fastest supercomputers (and is preparing to host ASCI Thor's Hammer). The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the epicenter. ... Arms control is a broad term alluding to a range of political concepts and aims. ... Nuclear proliferation is the spread from nation to nation of nuclear technology, including nuclear power plants but especially nuclear weapons. ... Psychology (Classical Greek: psyche = soul or mind, logos = study of) is an academic and applied field involving the study of behaviour, mind and thought and the underlying neurological bases of behaviour. ... Human factors is a term used mainly in the United States. ... Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e. ... The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of new technology for use by the military. ... ASCI Red or ASCI Option Red, is a supercomputer installed at Sandia National Laboratories, located in Albuquerque, New Mexico. ... A supercomputer is a computer that leads the world in terms of processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation, at the time of its introduction. ... Thors Hammer is the first supercomputer using the Red Storm architecture. ...

Budget and employment

• FY 1997, total funding ($ millions) = $1,352 and full-time employees = 7,676
• FY 1998, total funding (projected) = $1,358 and full-time employees = 7,500

Breakdown of expenditures

• Defense programs 47%
• Environmental management 8%
• Nonproliferation and national security 9%
• Energy efficiency and renewable energy 4%
• Energy research 3%
• Civilian radioactive waste management 1%
• Fossil energy 1%
• Nuclear energy 1%
• DoD 16%
• Other non-DOE 6%

Lab history

One of Sandia's first permanent buildings (Building 800) was completed in 1949

Sandia National Laboratories' roots go back to World War II and the Manhattan Project. Prior to the United States formally entering the war, the U.S. Army leased land adjacent to an Albuquerque, New Mexico airport known as Oxnard Field, to service transient Army and Navy aircraft. In January 1941 construction began on the Albuquerque Army Air Base, leading to establishment of the Bombardier School-Army Advanced Flying School near the end of the year. Soon thereafter it was renamed Kirtland Field, after early Army military pilot Colonel Roy S. Kirtland, and in mid-1942 the Army acquired Oxnard Field. During the war years facilities were expanded further and Kirtland Field served as a major Army Air Forces training installation. Image File history File links One of Sandia National Laboratories’ first permanent buildings (Building 800) was completed in 1949. ... World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons like the atom bomb. ... Control panels and operators for calutrons at the Y-12 Plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. ... Army (from French armée) can, in some countries, refer to any armed force (for example, the Peoples Liberation Army of China consists of ground force, navy and air force branches). ... U.S. Navy supercarrier USS Nimitz on November 3, 2003. ...

In the months leading up to successful detonation of the first atomic bomb, the Trinity Project, and delivery of the first airborne atomic weapon, the Alberta Project, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Director of Los Alamos Laboratory, and his technical advisor, Hartly Rowe, began looking for a new site convenient to Los Alamos for the continuation of weapons development - especially its non-nuclear aspects. They felt a separate division would be best to perform these functions. Kirtland had fulfilled Los Alamos' transportation needs for both the Trinity and Alberta projects, thus, Oxnard Field was transferred from the jurisdiction of the Army Air Corps to the U.S. Army Service Forces Chief of Engineer District, and thereafter, assigned to the Manhattan Engineer District. In July 1945, the forerunner of Sandia Laboratory, known as 'Z' Division, was established at Oxnard Field to handle future weapons development, testing, and bomb assembly for the Manhattan Engineer District. The District- directive calling for establishing a secure area and construction of 'Z' Division facilities referred to this as 'Sandia Base' - apparently the first official recognition of the 'Sandia' name. The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the epicenter. ... An early stage in the Trinity fireball. ... J. Robert Oppenheimer, father of the atomic bomb, served as the first director of Los Alamos National Laboratory, beginning in 1943. ... Los Alamos National Laboratory, aerial view from 1995. ... Sandia Base was established as a training depot for mechanics in 1943. ...

Staff test the payload for the first Vela satellite

Sandia Laboratory was operated by the University of California until 1949, when President Truman asked Western Electric, a subsidiary of American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T), to assume the operation as an 'opportunity to render an exceptional service in the national interest.' Sandia Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of AT&T Corporation, managed and operated the laboratory until October of 1993. Congress designated Sandia Laboratories as a National laboratory in 1979. Today, Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) is managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, and includes government-owned facilities in Albuquerque, New Mexico (SNL/NM); Livermore, California (SNL/CA); Tonopah, Nevada; and Kauai, Hawaii. SNL/NM is headquarters and the largest laboratory, employing more than 6,600 employees, while SNL/CA is a smaller laboratory, with about 850 employees. Tonopah and Kauai are occupied on a 'campaign' basis, as test schedules dictate. Image File history File links Sandia National Laboratories staff Robert House and Simon Steely test the payload for the first Vela satellite in the late 1950s or early 1960s. ... Vela was the name of a group of satellites developed as the Vela Hotel element of Project Vela by the United States to monitor compliance with the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty by the Soviet Union, and other nuclear-capable states. ... The University of California (UC) is a public university system within the State of California. ... 1949 is a common year starting on Saturday. ... For the victim of Mt. ... Western Electric (sometimes abbreviated WECo) was a US electrical engineering company, the manufacturing arm of the Bell Telephone Company from 1881 to 1984 . ... AT&T (formerly an abbreviation for American Telephone and Telegraph) Corporation (NYSE: T) is an American telecommunications company. ... A congress is a gathering of people, especially a gathering for a political purpose. ... This page refers to the year 1979. ... Lockheed/BAE/Northrop F-35 Lockheed Trident missile C-130 Hercules; in production since the 1950s, now as the C-130J Lockheed Martin (NYSE: LMT) is an aerospace manufacturer formed in 1995 by the merger of Lockheed Corporation with Martin Marietta. ... The city of Livermore highlighted within Alameda County Livermore is a city located in Alameda County, California. ... Tonopah is a census-designated place located in Nye County, Nevada. ... Kauai from space (NASA image) Kaua‘i (usually called Kauai outside the Hawaiian Islands) is the oldest and fourth largest of the main Hawaiian Islands. ...

Technical areas

SNL/NM consists of five technical areas (TA) and several additional test areas. Each TA has its own distinctive operations, however the operations of some groups at Sandia may span more than one TA, with one part of a team working on a problem from one angle, and another subset of the same team located in a different building or area working with other specialized equipment. A description of each area is given below.

TA-I operations are dedicated primarily to three activities - the design, research, and development of weapon systems; limited production of weapon system components; and energy programs. TA-I facilities include the main library and offices, laboratories, and shops used by administrative and technical staff. The bayonet, still used in war as both knife and spearpoint. ... Modern-style library In its traditional sense, a library is a collection of books and periodicals. ... Biochemistry laboratory at the University of Cologne. ...

TA-II is a 45 acre (180,000 m²) facility that was established in 1948 for the assembly of chemical high explosive main charges for nuclear weapons and later for production scale assembly of nuclear weapons. Activities in TA-II include the decontamination, decommissioning, and remediation of facilities and landfills used in past research and development activities. Remediation of the Classified Waste Landfill which started in March of 1998, neared completion in FY2000. A testing facility, the Explosive Component Facility, integrates many of the previous TA-II test activities as well as some testing activities previously performed in other remote test areas. The Access Delay Technology Test Facility is also located in TA-II. This article is concerned solely with chemical explosives. ... Charge is a word with many different meanings. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the epicenter. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Remediation is the removal of pollution or contaminants from land (including sediments in waterways) for the general protection of the environment or, quite commonly, from a brownfield site so that it can be reused. ... Landfill can also refer to Land reclamation. ...

TA-III is adjacent to and south of TA-V [both are approximately 7 miles (8 km) south of TA-I]. TA-III facilities include extensive design-test facilities such as rocket sled tracks, centrifuges and a radiant heat facility. Other facilities in TA-III include a paper destructor, the Melting and Solidification Laboratory and the Radioactive and Mixed Waste Management Facility (RMWMF). RMWMF serves as central processing facility for packaging and storage of low-level and mixed waste. The remediation of the Chemical Waste Landfill, which started in September of 1998, is an ongoing activity in TA-III. A rocket sled is essentially a small railroad car with rockets attached. ... A laboratory centrifuge tabletop centrifuge A centrifuge is a piece of equipment that puts a substance in circular motion in order for the centrifugal force to separate a fluid from a fluid or from a solid substance. ... A red-hot iron rod cooling after being worked by a blacksmith. ...

TA-IV, located approximately 1/2 mile (1 km) south of TA-I, consists of several inertial-confinement fusion research and pulsed power research facilities, including the High Energy Radiation Megavolt Electron Source (Hermes-III), the Z Facility, the Short Pulsed High Intensity Nanosecond X-Radiator (SPHINX) Facility, and the Saturn Accelerator. TA-IV also hosts some computer science and cognition research. Fusion may refer to: the merging of two or more entities into a single one For the combining of two atomic nuclei into a single nucleus (with possible emission of radioactivity), see nuclear fusion cold fusion refers to a controversial form of nuclear fusion which has recently (April/May 2005...

TA-V contains two research reactor facilities, an intense gamma irradiation facility (using cobalt-60 and caesium-137 sources), and the Hot Cell Facility. Reactor may relate to the folowing: A chemical reactor: a device for containing and controlling a chemical reaction. ... This article is about electromagnetic radiation. ... This article is on the periodic element. ... General Name, Symbol, Number caesium, Cs, 55 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 6, s Appearance silvery gold Atomic mass 132. ...

SNL/NM also has test areas outside of the five technical areas listed above. These test areas, collectively known as Coyote Test Field, are located southeast of TA-III and/or in the canyons on the west side of the Manzanita Mountains. Facilities in the Coyote Canyon Test Field include the Solar Tower Facility, the Lurance Canyon Burn Site and the Aerial Cable Facility.

See also

• Z machine

The Z machine at Sandia National Laboratory. ...

External links

• Sandia National Laboratories
• ASCI Red
• US Department of Energy
• US DOE Office of Environmental Management Website
• DOE Laboratory Fact Sheet
• Maps and aerial photos
  • Street map from Mapquest or Google
  • Topographic map from Topozone
  • Aerial photograph from Terraserver or Google
  • Closeup aerial from Terraserver or Google

U.S. Department of Energy  National Laboratory System	Albany | Ames | Argonne | Berkeley | Brookhaven Fermilab | Idaho | Livermore | Los Alamos | NBL | NETL NREL | Oak Ridge | Pacific Northwest | Princeton Plasma RESL | Sandia | SLAC | SNS | TJNAF The United States Department of Energy National Laboratories are a system of research facilities and laboratories funded and controlled by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) for the purpose advancing science and aiding in the economic and defensive national interests of the United States of America. ... The United States Department of Energy National Laboratories are a system of research facilities and laboratories funded and controlled by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) for the purpose advancing science and aiding in the economic and defensive national interests of the United States of America. ... The Albany Research Center is a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory staffed by Federal employees specializing in life cycle research starting with the formulation, characterization, and/or melting of most metals, alloys, and ceramics; casting and fabrication, prototype development; and the recycle and remediation of waste streams associated with... Ames Laboratory is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory located in Ames, Iowa. ... Argonne National Laboratory is one of the United States governments oldest and largest science and engineering research national laboratories and is the largest in the Midwest. ... The Berkeley Lab is perched on a hill overlooking the Berkeley central campus and San Francisco Bay. ... Aerial view of Brookhaven National Laboratory. ... Fermilab Robert Rathbun Wilson Hall Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), located in Batavia near Chicago, Illinois, is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory specializing in high-energy particle physics, operated for the Department of Energy by the Universities Research Association (URA). ... The Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) is an 890 square mile (2,300 km²) complex located in the Idaho desert between the towns of Arco and Idaho Falls. ... Aerial view of the lab and surrounding area. ... Los Alamos National Laboratory, aerial view from 1995. ... The New Brunswick Laboratory (NBL), as a part of the U.S. Department of Energy, is a government-owned, government-operated center in the measurement science of nuclear materials. ... The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) is a science, technology, and energy laboratory owned and operated by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). ... The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), located in Golden, Colorado, as part of the U.S. Department of Energy, is the United Statess primary laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development. ... Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is a multiprogram science and technology national laboratory managed for the United States Department of Energy by UT-Battelle, LLC. ORNL is located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, near Knoxville. ... The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is a one of nine United States Department of Energy multiprogram national laboratories. ... Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory for plasma physics and nuclear fusion science. ... The Radiological and Environmental Sciences Laboratory (RESL) is a federally-owned and operated laboratory by the United States Department of Energy (DOE). ... The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) is a U.S. national laboratory operated by Stanford University for the U.S. Department of Energy. ... April 2005 aerial photo of the SNS site, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is an accelerator-based neutron source being built in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). ... Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), commonly called Jefferson Lab (JLAB), is a U.S. national laboratory operated by Southeastern Universities Research Association (SURA) for the U.S. Department of Energy. ...