sheets of sandpaper

Sandpaper is a form of paper where an abrasive material has been fixed to its surface; it is part of the "coated abrasives" family of abrasive products. It is used to remove small amounts of material from surfaces, either to make them smoother (painting and wood finishing), to remove a layer of material (e.g. old paint), or sometimes to make the surface rougher (e.g. as a preparation to gluing). Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A blank sheet of paper Paper is a commodity of thin material produced by the amalgamation of fibers, typically vegetable fibers composed of cellulose, which are subsequently held together by hydrogen bonding. ... Abrasives are extremely commonplace and are used very extensively in a wide variety of industrial, domestic, and technological applications. ... Coated abrasives are made of abrasive grains adhered to the surface of flexible or semi-flexible backings such as paper, cloth, vulcanized fiber, plastic films. ... An open surface with X-, Y-, and Z-contours shown. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Wood finishing refers to the process of embellishing and/or protecting the surface. ... An adhesive is a compound that adheres or bonds two items together. ...

Types of sandpaper

There are countless varieties of sandpaper, with variations in the paper or backing, the material used for the grit, grit size, and the bond.

Backing

In addition to paper, backing for sandpaper includes cloth (cotton, polyester, rayon), PET film, and "Fibre". Cloth backing is used for sanding discs and belts, while mylar is used with extremely fine grits. Fibre or vulcanized fibre is a strong backing material consisting of many layers of impregnated paper made from rags. The weight of the backing is usually designated by a letter. For paper, the letters range from A to F, with A being the lightest and F the heaviest. Letter nomenclature is different for cloth, with the weight of the backing being, from lightest to heaviest: J, X, Y , T and M. Flexible backing is used if it is necessary to follow irregular rounded contours of the workpiece, otherwise relatively inflexible backing should be used for regular rounded or plane surfaces. Backing of sandpaper may be either glued to the paper or form a separate support for the moving sandpaper as in a belt sander. Cotton ready for harvest. ... SEM picture of a bend in a high surface area polyester fiber with a seven-lobed cross section Polyester is a category of polymers, or, more specifically condensation polymers, which contain the ester functional group in their main chain. ... Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber. ... Biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate (boPET) polyester film is used for its high tensile strength, chemical and dimensional stability, transparency, gas and aroma barrier properties and electrical insulation. ...

Material

Materials used for the abrading particles are:

• flint — no longer commonly used
• garnet — commonly used in woodworking
• emery — commonly used to abrade or polish metal
• aluminium oxide — perhaps most common in widest variety of grits; can be used on metal (i.e. body shops) or wood
• silicon carbide — available in very coarse grits all the way through to microgrits, common in wet applications
• alumina-zirconia — (an aluminium oxide - zirconium oxide alloy), used for machine grinding applications
• chromium oxide — used in extremely fine micron grit (micrometre level) papers
• ceramic aluminum oxide — used in high pressure applications, commonly known as CubitronTM a 3M Corp. Trademark who invented sol gel ceramic grains. Used in both coated abrasives, as well as in bonded abrasives.

As well, sandpaper may be "stearated" where a dry lubricant is loaded to the abrasive. Stearated papers are useful in sanding coats of finish and paint as the stearate "soap" prevents clogging and increases the useful life of the sandpaper. Aluminium Oxide with stearate is also known as PS33. A flint nodule from the Onondaga limestone layer, Buffalo, New York. ... Garnet is a group of minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives. ... Artists can use woodworking to create delicate sculptures. ... Emery is a very hard rock type used to make abrasive powder. ... Aluminium oxide is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula Al2O3. ... Silicon carbide (SiC) is a ceramic compound of silicon and carbon that is manufactured on a large scale for use mainly as an abrasive but also occurs in nature as the extremely rare mineral moissanite. ... Aluminium oxide is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula Al2O3. ... Zirconia (ZrO2) is a white crystalline oxide of zirconium that is used as a refractory, in insulation, abrasives, enamels and glazes. ... In chemistry, chromic acid (or Jones reagent) is a chromium (Cr) compound, yet to be isolated, that would have the formula H2CrO4. ... A micrometre (American spelling: micrometer, symbol µm) is an SI unit of length equal to one millionth of a metre, or about a tenth of the diameter of a droplet of mist or fog. ... Stearic acid also called octadecanoic acid is one of the many useful types of saturated fatty acids that comes from many animal and vegetable fats and oils. ... This article is about the computer protocol. ...

Bonds

Different adhesives are used to bond the abrasive to the paper. Hide glue is still used, but this paper often cannot withstand the heat generated when machine sanding and is not waterproof. Waterproof or wet/dry sandpapers use a resin bond and a waterproof backiyoyoyo ng. An animal glue is an adhesive that is created by prolonged boiling of animal connective tissue. ...

Sandpapers can also be open coat, where the particles are separated from each other and the sandpaper is more flexible. This helps prevent clogging of the sandpaper. The wet and dry sandpaper is best used when wet and when using material like acrylic where it leaves a nice smooth feel afterwards. so all the people think you are right aye well no you are so wrong

Shapes

Sandpaper comes in a number of different shapes and sizes.

• sheet — usually 9 by 11 inches, but other sizes may be available
• belt — usually cloth backed, comes in different sizes to fit different belt sanders.
• disk — made to fit different models of disc and random orbit sanders. May be perforated for some models of sanders. Attachment includes Pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) and "hook-and-loop" (similar to velcro).
• rolls

Mid-19th century tool for converting between different standards of the inch An inch is an Imperial unit of length. ... Bosch belt sander Stationary belt sander. ... Velcro: hooks (left) and loops (right). ...

Grit sizes

Grit size refers to the size of the particles of abrading materials embedded in the sandpaper. A number of different standards have been established for grit size. These standards establish not only the average grit size, but also the allowable variation from the average. The two most common are the United States CAMI (Coated Abrasive Manufacturers Institute, now part of the Unified Abrasives Manufacturers' Association) and the European FEPA (Federation of European Producers of Abrasives) "P" grade. The FEPA system is the same as the ISO 6344 standard. Other systems used in sandpaper include the Japan Industrial Standards Committee (JIS), the micron grade (generally used for very fine grits). The "ought" system was used in the past in the United States. Also, cheaper sandpapers sometimes are sold with nomenclature such as "Coarse", "Medium" and "Fine", but it is not clear what standards these names refer to. ISO has many meanings: Iso is the stem of the Latin transliteration of the Greek word ίσος (ísos, meaning equal). The iso- prefix in English derives from this and means equality or similarity. ... ISO 6344 is an international standard covering the materials sizes and tests regarding sandpaper and other similar coated abrasives. ...

Grit size table

The following table, compiled from the references at the bottom, compares the CAMI and "P" designations with the average grit size in micrometres (µm). A micrometre (American spelling: micrometer, symbol µm) is an SI unit of length equal to one millionth of a metre, or about a tenth of the diameter of a droplet of mist or fog. ...

History

The first recorded instance of sandpaper was in 13th century China when crushed shells, seeds, and sand were bonded to parchment using natural gum. Shark skin was used as a sandpaper. Sandpaper was originally known as glass paper, as it used particles of glass. (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Orders Carcharhiniformes Heterodontiformes Hexanchiformes Lamniformes Orectolobiformes Pristiophoriformes Squaliformes Squatiniformes Symmoriida(extinct) Sharks (superorder Selachimorpha) are fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton[1] and a streamlined body. ...

The rough scales of the living fossil Coelacanth are used by the natives of Comoros as sandpaper. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Glass paper was being manufactured by John Oakey's company in London by 1833, who had developed new adhesive techniques and processes that could be mass-produced. A process for making sandpaper was patented in the United States on June 14, 1834 by Isaac Fischer, Jr., of Springfield, Vermont. John Oakey (1813 – 1877) founder of John Oakey & Sons Ltd, manufacturer of sandpaper and polishing materials. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... 1833 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to a patentee (the inventor or assignee) for a fixed period of time in exchange for the regulated, public disclosure of certain details of a device, method, process or composition of matter (substance) (known as an invention) which... June 14 is the 165th day of the year (166th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1834 (MDCCCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Springfield is a town in Windsor County, Vermont, United States. ...

In 1916 3M invented a type of waterproof sandpaper, known as Wetordry™, and its first application was for automotive paint refinishing. 3M Company (NYSE: MMM; formerly Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company until 2002) is an American corporation with a worldwide presence that produces over 55,000 products, including adhesives, abrasives, laminates, passive fire protection, dental products, electrical materials, electronic circuits, optical films and supply chain management software. ...

Sandpaper has occasionally been used as a surface for painting, as by Joan Miro. Sandpaper was even used as a musical instrument, in Leroy Anderson's Sandpaper Ballet. For building painting, see painter and decorator. ... Joan Miró (April 20, 1893 - December 25, 1983) was a painter, sculptor and ceramist born in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. ... The Best of Leroy Anderson: Sleigh Ride Leroy Anderson (June 29, 1908 – May 18, 1975) was best known as an American composer of short, light concert music pieces, many of which were introduced by the Boston Pops Orchestra under the direction of Arthur Fiedler. ...

References

• Michael Dresdner (1992). The Woodfinishing Book. Taunton Press. ISBN 1-56158-037-6
• Federation of European Producers of Abrasives
• Klingspor reference pages
• sizes.com on sandpaper
• 3M Abrasives
• Vauxhall society John Oakey
• Sandpaper