E. Coli bacteria under magnification

Sanitation is the hygienic disposal or recycling of waste, as well as the policy and practice of protecting health through hygienic measures. [1] The term sanitation is sometimes understood in a narrow sense as the collection and treatment of wastewater. In a somewhat broader sense the term also includes on-site sanitation, for example through septic tanks and latrines. In the broadest sense of the term, sanitation also includes the collection and disposal of municipal solid waste (see below). In addition, the term sanitation is also used in the food industry as the adequate treatment of food-surface areas (see below). Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x861, 165 KB)Escherichia coli: Scanning electron micrograph of Escherichia coli, grown in culture and adhered to a cover slip. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x861, 165 KB)Escherichia coli: Scanning electron micrograph of Escherichia coli, grown in culture and adhered to a cover slip. ... Binomial name Escherichia coli T. Escherich, 1885 Escherichia coli (usually abbreviated to E. coli) is one of the main species of bacteria that live in the lower intestines of warm-blooded animals (including birds and mammals) and are necessary for the proper digestion of food. ... Phyla Actinobacteria Aquificae Chlamydiae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Lentisphaerae Nitrospirae Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Verrucomicrobia Bacteria (singular: bacterium) are unicellular microorganisms. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Wastewater is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. ... A septic tank also known as a septic system is a small scale sewage treatment system common in areas with no connection to main sewerage pipes. ... A latrine is a structure (usually small; holding a single person) for defecation. ... Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) includes commercial and residential wastes generated in a municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but it includes treated Bio Medical Wastes (BMW). ...

Sanitation and water supply

Wastewater collection

For more details on this topic, see Wastewater.

The standard sanitation technology in urban areas is the collection of wastewater in sewers, its treatment in wastewater treatment plants for reuse or disposal in rivers, lakes or the sea. Sewers are either combined with storm drains or separated from them as sanitary sewers. Combined sewers are usually found in the central, older parts or urban areas. Heavy rainfall and inadequate maintenance can lead to combined sewer overflows or sanitary sewer overflow)s, i.e. more or less diluted raw sewage being discharged into the environment. Industries often discharge wastewater into municipal sewers, which can complicate wastewater treatment unless industries pre-treat their discharges.^[1] Wastewater is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. ... Wastewater is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. ... A sewer is an artificial conduit or system of conduits used to remove sewage (human liquid waste) and to provide drainage. ... Also called Wastewater treatment works Sewage treatment – treatment and disposal of human waste. ... Reuse is using an item more than once. ... A storm drain, storm sewer, or stormwater drain (in Australia) system is designed to drain excess rain and ground water from an area. ... A sanitary sewer (also called, especially in the UK, a foul sewer) is a type of underground carriage system for transporting sewage from houses or industry to treatment or disposal. ... Decentralized wet weather overflow event Sanitary sewer overflow (SSO} is a condition whereby untreated sewage is discharged into the environment, escaping wastewater treatment. ...

The high investment cost of conventional wastewater collection systems are difficult to afford for many developing countries. Some countries have therefore promoted alternative wastewater collection systems such as condominial sewerage, which uses smaller diameter pipes at lower depth with different network layouts from conventional sewerage. A developing country is a country with low average income compared to the world average. ...

Wastewater treatment

For more details on this topic, see Sewage treatment.

Sewage treatment plant, Australia.

In developed countries treatment of municipal wastewater is now widespread,^[2] but not yet universal (for an overview of technologies see wastewater treatment). In developing countries most wastewater is still discharge untreated into the environment. For example, in Latin America only about 15% of collected sewerage is being treated (see water and sanitation in Latin America) Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater, both runoff and domestic. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 470 KB) Wonga Wetlands Sewage Plant File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sewage treatment Categories: ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 470 KB) Wonga Wetlands Sewage Plant File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sewage treatment Categories: ... Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater, both runoff and domestic. ... Sewage treatment is the process that removes the majority of the contaminants from waste-water or sewage and produces both a liquid effluent suitable for disposal to the natural environment and a sludge. ... A developing country is a country with low average income compared to the world average. ... Water supply and sanitation in Latin America is characterized by insufficient access and in many cases by poor service quality, with detrimental impacts on public health. ...

Reuse of wastewater

The reuse of untreated wastewater in irrigated agriculture is common in developing countries. The reuse of treated wastewater in landscaping (esp. on golf courses), irrigated agriculture and for industrial use is becoming increasingly widespread.

In many peri-urban and rural areas households are not connected to sewers. They discharge their wastewater into septic tanks or other types of on-site sanitation.

Ecological sanitation

For more details on this topic, see Ecological sanitation.

Ecological sanitation is sometimes presented as a radical alternative to conventional sanitation systems. Ecological sanitation is based on the separation of urine and feces at the source for sanitization and recycling. It thus eliminates fecal pathogens from the wastewater flow. If ecological sanitation is practiced municipal wastewater consists of greywater, which can be recycled for gardening. However, in most cases greywater continues to be discharged to sewers. Ecological Sanitation One person produces about 500 litres of urine and only 50 litres of faeces per year. ... Ecological Sanitation One person produces about 500 litres of urine and only 50 litres of faeces per year. ... Greywater, sometimes spelled graywater, grey water or gray water and also known as sullage, is non-industrial wastewater generated from domestic processes such as washing dishes, laundry and bathing. ...

Sanitation and public health

The importance of waste isolation lies in an effort to prevent water-borne diseases, which afflicts both developed countries as well as developing countries to differing degrees. Approximately 14,000 people die each day from preventable water-borne disease^[3], as a result of inadequate sanitation and hygiene practices. Disease that arises from infected water and is transmitted when the water is used for drinking or cooking (for example, cholera or typhoid). ... A developed country is a country that has achieved (currently or historically) a high degree of industrialization, and which enjoys the higher standards of living which wealth and technology make possible. ... A developing country is a country with low average income compared to the world average. ...

Global access to improved sanitation

The Joint Monitoring Program for water and sanitation of WHO and UNICEF has defined improved sanitation as Who can refer to: WHO, World Health Organization The Who, a British rock band The Guess Who, a Canadian rock band who (pronoun), an English language interrogative pronoun. ... UNICEF Logo The United Nations Childrens Fund or UNICEF (Arabic: ; French: ; Spanish: ) was established by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946. ...

• connection to a public sewer
• connection to a septic system
• pour-flush latrine
• simple pit latrine
• ventilated improved pit latrine

According to that definition, 59% of the world population had access to improved sanitation in 2004. [2] Only slightly more than half of them or 31% of the world population lived in houses connected to a sewer. Overall, 2.6 billion people lacked access to improved sanitation and thus had to resort to open defecation or other unsanitary forms of defecation, such as public latrines or open pit latrines. This outcome presents substantial public health risks as the waste could contaminate drinking water and cause life threatening forms of diarrhea to infants. A sewer is an artificial conduit or system of conduits used to remove sewage (human liquid waste) and to provide drainage. ... On-site septic disposal systems are common in rural areas where public sewage treatment systems do not exist. ... A latrine is a structure (usually small; holding a single person) for defecation. ... Drinking water Mineral Water Drinking water is water that is intended to be ingested by humans. ... Types 5-7 on the Bristol Stool Chart are often associated with diarrhea Diarrhea (in American English) or diarrhoea (in British English) is a generally unpleasant condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the Greek word διάρροια; literally meaning through-flowing). Acute infectious diarrhea is a...

In developed countries, where less than 20% of the world population lives, 99% of the population has access to improved sanitation and 81% were connected to sewers.

Solid waste disposal

Hiriya Landfill, Israel.

Disposal of solid waste is most commonly conducted in landfills, but incineration, recycling, composting and conversion to biofuels are also avenues. In the case of landfills, advanced countries typically have rigid protocols for daily cover with topsoil, where underdeveloped countries customarily rely upon less stringent proocols^[4]. The importance of daily cover lies in the reduction of vector contact and spreading of pathogens. Daily cover also minimises odour emissions and reduces windblown litter. Likewise, developed countries typically have requirements for perimeter sealing of the landfill with clay-type soils to minimize migration of leachate that could contaminate groundwater (and hence jeopardize some drinking water supplies). Image File history File linksMetadata Israel_hiriya. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Israel_hiriya. ... Hiriya (Hebrew: ) is a former waste dump located outside Tel-Aviv in Israel. ... Mixed municipal waste, Hiriya, Tel Aviv Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a waste type that includes predominantly household waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial wastes collected by a municipality within a given area. ... Albury landfill, Surrey, England A landfill, also known as a dump, is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste treatment. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... A handful of compost Compost is the aerobically decomposed remnants of organic materials (those with plant and animal origins). ... For articles on specific fuels used in vehicles, see Biogas, Bioethanol, Biobutanol, Biodiesel, and Straight vegetable oil Sugar cane can be used as a biofuel. ... Coloured world map indicating Human Development Index (as of 2003). ... Daily cover is the name given to the layer of compressed soil or earth which is laid on top of a days deposition of waste on an operational landfill site. ... Coloured world map indicating Human Development Index (as of 2003). ... A pathogen or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host. ... Leachate is the liquid produced when water percolates through any permeable material. ... Groundwater is water located beneath the ground surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of geologic formations. ... Drinking water Mineral Water Drinking water is water that is intended to be ingested by humans. ...

For incineration options, the release of air pollutants, including certain toxic components is an attendant adverse outcome. Recycling and biofuel conversion are the sustainable options that generally have superior life cycle costs, particularly when total ecological consequences are considered^[5]. Composting value will ultimately be limited by the market demand for compost product. This power plant in New Mexico releases sulfur dioxide and particulate matter into the air. ... Toxic redirects here, but this is also the name of a song by Britney Spears; see Toxic (song) Look up toxic and toxicity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Sustainable - the ability to maintain into perpetuity. ... Ecology is the branch of science that studies the distribution and abundance of living organisms, and the interactions between organisms and their environment. ...

Sanitation in the food industry

Modern restaurant food preparation area.

Sanititation within the food industry means to the adequate treatment of food-contact surfaces by a process that is effective in destroying vegetative cells of microorganisms of public health significance, and in substantially reducing numbers of other undesirable microorganisms, but without adversely affecting the product or its safety for the consumer (FDA, Code of Federal Regulations, 21CFR110, USA). from [1]. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... from [1]. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Toms Restaurant, a restaurant in New York made familiar by Suzanne Vega and the television sitcom Seinfeld A restaurant is an establishment that serves prepared food and beverages to order, to be consumed on the premises. ... A cluster of Escherichia coli bacteria magnified 10,000 times. ... Public health is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. ... The United States Food and Drug Administration is the government agency responsible for regulating food, dietary supplements, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, biologics and blood products in the United States. ... The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government of the United States. ...

Additionally, in the food and Biopharmaceutical industries, the term sanitary equipment means equipment that is fully cleanable using Clean-in-place (CIP), and Sterilization in place (SIP) procedures: that is fully drainable from cleaning solutions and other liquids. The design should have a minimum amount of deadleg^[6] or areas where the turbulence during cleaning is not enough to remove product deposits. In general, to improve cleanability, this equipment is made from Stainless Steel 316L, (an alloy containing small amounts of molybdenum). The surface is usually electropolished to an effective surface roughness of less than 0.5 micrometre, to reduce the possibility of bacterial adhesion to the surface. Biopharmaceuticals are medical drugs (see pharmacology) produced by biotechnology. ... Deposits on walls and microbiological growth take place in any pharmaceutical and food plant. ... The three letter abbreviation SIP can refer to the following: Soft Input Panel, the main input method on Pocket PC Session Initiation Protocol, an IETF standard, one of the leading signaling protocols for Voice over IP (VoIP), along with H.323 Server Interface Pod, a Dell proprietary hardware unit that... A liquid will usually assume the shape of its container A liquid is one of the main states of matter. ... In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic, stochastic property changes. ... The 630 foot high, stainless-clad (type 304L) Gateway Arch defines St. ... An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. ... General Name, Symbol, Number molybdenum, Mo, 42 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 6, 5, d Appearance gray metallic Standard atomic weight 95. ... Electropolishing, sometimes called reverse electroplating, is an electrochemical process which polishes a metal surface by removing a microscopic amount of material from the work piece. ... A micrometre (American spelling: micrometer, symbol µm) is an SI unit of length equal to one millionth of a metre, or about a tenth of the diameter of a droplet of mist or fog. ... Phyla Actinobacteria Aquificae Chlamydiae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Lentisphaerae Nitrospirae Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Verrucomicrobia Bacteria (singular: bacterium) are unicellular microorganisms. ...

History

The earliest evidence of urban sanitation was seen in Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and the recently discovered Rakhigarhi of Indus Valley civilisation. This urban plan included the world's first urban sanitation systems. Within the city, individual homes or groups of homes obtained water from wells. From a room that appears to have been set aside for bathing, waste water was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Houses opened only to inner courtyards and smaller lanes. Harappa (Urdu: ہڑپا) is a city in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about 35km (22 miles) southwest of Sahiwal. ... Mohenjo-daro (literally, mound of the dead), like Harappa, was a city of the Indus Valley civilization. ... Rakhigarhi, or Rakhi Garhi, is a village in Hissar district in the northwest Indian state of Haryana, around 150 kilometers from Delhi. ... The Indus Valley Civilization existed along the Indus River and the Vedic Sarasvati River in present-day Pakistan. ...

Although the Romans had some elements of sanitation systems, especially related to wastewater collection and transport away from populated areas, there is little record of sanitation in Europe until the High Middle Ages. Unsanitary conditions were widespread throughout Europe and Asia throughout the Middle Ages, but there were no cataclysmic results until the 1300s when overpopulation of some regions created overcrowding and magnified the impacts of lack of sanitation.^[7] Between 1348 and 1351 the plague killed 25 million Europeans or almost one third of the entire population. Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... Wastewater is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. ... The cathedral Notre Dame de Paris, a significant architectural contribution of the High Middle Ages. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Map of countries by population density (See List of countries by population density. ... Map of countries by population —showing the population of the China and India in the billions. ...

Very high infant and child mortality prevailed in Europe throughout medieval times, due not only to deficiencies in sanitation but to insufficient food for the population that had expanded faster than agriculture^[8]. Thus sanitation and food supply are looked upon as the balances of rapidly population in the period 1300 to 1600 in most of Europe, especially for the towns. The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ...

References

Sanitation vehicle in New York City.

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2580x1932, 796 KB)A New York City Department of Sanitation automobile fueled by clean burning ethanol. Photograph taken July 11, 2005. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2580x1932, 796 KB)A New York City Department of Sanitation automobile fueled by clean burning ethanol. Photograph taken July 11, 2005. ... The Trikke is a Human Powered Vehicle (HPV) This article is about the means of transport. ... Nickname: Location in the state of New York Coordinates: Country United States State New York Boroughs The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Settled 1625 Government  - Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area  - City  468. ... This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ... A handbook is a small manual, reference work, or other collection of instructions, intended to provide ready reference. ... A Watt steam engine. ...

See also

Look up sanitation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Ecological sanitation
• Sanitary sewer overflow
• Sewage collection and disposal
• Sewerage
• Trap (plumbing)
• Water crisis
• Water supply
• Wastewater treatment
• Water supply and sanitation in France
• Public water supply and sanitation in Germany
• Water and sanitation in Latin America
• Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom
• Water supply and sanitation in the United States

Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 150 languages. ... Ecological Sanitation One person produces about 500 litres of urine and only 50 litres of faeces per year. ... Decentralized wet weather overflow event Sanitary sewer overflow (SSO} is a condition whereby untreated sewage is discharged into the environment, escaping wastewater treatment. ... Urban areas require some methods for collection and disposal of sewage. ... The word sewerage means the provision of pipes etc to collect and dispose of sewage. ... Examples of traps In plumbing, a U-, S-, or J-shaped pipe located below or within a plumbing fixture, in its drain is called a trap. ... Deforestation of the Madagascar Highland Plateau has led to extensive siltation and unstable flows of western rivers. ... A water supply system provides water to the locations that need it. ... Sewage treatment is the process that removes the majority of the contaminants from waste-water or sewage and produces both a liquid effluent suitable for disposal to the natural environment and a sludge. ... Water supply and sanitation in France is universal and of good quality. ... Public water supply and sanitation in Germany is universal and of good quality. ... Water supply and sanitation in Latin America is characterized by insufficient access and in many cases by poor service quality, with detrimental impacts on public health. ... // For more details on this topic, see United Kingdom water companies. ... Water supply and sanitation in the United States is provided by towns and cities, public utilities that span several jurisdictions and rural cooperatives. ...

External links

• Daily cover in landfills
• Water Supply and Sanitation, World Bank
• Early urban sanitation in ancient India