A Sioux in traditional dress including war bonnet, circa 1908.

The Sioux (also Dakota) are a Native American tribe. They form one of three groups of seven tribes (the Great Sioux Nation or Seven Council Fires) that speak three different varieties of the Sioux language, including the Lakota, Santee, and Yankton-Yanktonai. Download high resolution version (818x1024, 125 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (818x1024, 125 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Blackfoot war bonnet. ... 1908 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Assiniboin Boy, an Atsina Native Americans in the United States (also Indians, American Indians, First Americans, Indigenous Peoples, Aboriginal Peoples, Aboriginal Americans, Amerindians, Amerinds, or Original Americans) are those indigenous peoples within the territory which is now encompassed by the continental United States, and their descendants in modern times. ... The Great Sioux Nation is a general term sometimes applied to the Sioux generally or the Lakota specifically. ... A variety of a language is a form that differs from other forms of the language systematically and coherently. ... Lakota or Lakhota (as it is also commonly spelled) is the largest of the five major dialects of the Sioux language. ... Image:Portrait of Matt. ... Santee can refer to: Several towns in the United States Santee, California Santee, Nebraska Santee, South Carolina Two different ships The USS Santee (1855) The USS Santee (CVE-29) The Santee River This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same... Yankton is the name of: A county in South Dakota, or The county seat of Yankton County. ... A Sioux in traditional dress including war bonnet, circa 1908. ...

Synonymy

The name Sioux is an abbreviated form of Nadouessioux borrowed into French Canadian as Nadoüessioüak from the early Ottawa exonym: na·towe·ssiwak "Sioux". The Proto-Algonquian form *nātowēwa meaning "Northern Iroquoian" has reflexes in several daughter languages that refer to a small rattlesnake (massasauga, Sistrurus). This information was interpreted by some that the Ottawa borrowing was an insult. However, this proto-Algonquian term most likely is ultimately derived from a form *-ātowē meaning simply "speak foreign language", which was later extended in meaning in some Algonquian languages to refer to the massasauga. Thus, contrary to many accounts, the Ottawa word na·towe·ssiwak never equated the Sioux with snakes. French Canadian is a term that has several different connotations. ... The Ottawa (also Odawa or Odaawa) are a Native American and First Nations people. ... An exonym is an ethnonym assigned to one set of people by a different set of people, which the first set do not use to refer to themselves. ... Proto-Algonquian is the name given to the posited proto-language of the languages of the Algonquian family. ... The massasauga (Sistrurus catetanus) is a venomous rattlesnake of North America. ...

Today many of the tribes continue to officially call themselves Sioux which the Federal Government of the United States applied to all Yankton/Yanktonai/Santee/Lakota people in the 19th and 20th centuries. However, some of the tribes have formally or informally adopted traditional names: the Rosebud Sioux Tribe is also known as the Sicangu Oyate (Brule Nation), and the Oglala often use the name Oglala Lakota Oyate, rather than the English "Oglala Sioux Tribe" or OST. (The alternate English spelling of Ogallala is not considered proper.)

The earlier linguistic 3-way division of the Dakotan branch of the Siouan family identified Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota as dialects of a single language, where Lakota = Teton, Dakota = Santee & Yankton, Nakota = Yanktonai & Assiniboine. This classification was based in large part on the each group's particular pronunciation of the autonym Dak^hóta-Lak^hóta-Nak^hóta. However, more recent research has shown that Assiniboine (and also Stoney) are not mutually intelligible with the Sioux groups, while the Yankton-Yanktonai, Santee, and Teton groups all spoke mutually intelligible varieties of a Sioux idiom. This more recent classification identifies Assiniboine and Stoney as two separate languages with Sioux being the third language that has three similar dialects: Teton, Santee-Sisseton, Yankton-Yanktonai. Furthermore, The Yankton-Yanktonai never referred to themselves with the using the pronunciation Nak^hóta but rather pronounced it the same as the Santee (i.e. Dak^hóta). (Assiniboine and Stoney speakers use the pronunciation Nak^hóta or Nak^hóda.) The Siouan languages are a Native American language family of North America. ... The Assiniboine, also known as the Assnipwan or sometimes the Stone Sioux, are a Native American people, originally from the Northern Great Plains area of North America, specifically in present-day Montana and parts of Canada around the US/Canadian border. ... Mark Stoney is a British musician, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist. ... Lakota or Lakhota (as it is also commonly spelled) is the largest of the five major dialects of the Sioux language. ...

The term Dakota has also been applied by anthropologists and governmental departments to refer to all Sioux groups, resulting in names such as Teton Dakota, Santee Dakota, etc. This was due in large part to the misrepresented translation of the Ottawa word from which Sioux is derived (supposedly meaning "snake", see above).

The Yankton, Yanktonai, Santee, and Lakota have names for their own subdivisions. The "Yankton" received this name which meant people from the villages of far away. The "Santee" received this name from camping for long periods in a place where they collected stone for making knives. The "Tetonwan" were known as people who moved west with the coming of the horse to live and hunt buffalo on the prairie. From these three principal groups, came seven sub-tribes.

Social divisions

The Yankton-Yanktonai, the smallest division, reside on the Yankton reservation in South Dakota and the Northern portion of Standing Rock Reservation, while the Santee live mostly in Minnesota and Nebraska, but include bands in the Sisseton-Wahpeton, Flandreau, and Crow Creek Reservations in South Dakota. The Lakota are the westernmost of the three groups, occupying lands in both North and South Dakota. Santee can refer to: Several towns in the United States Santee, California Santee, Nebraska Santee, South Carolina Two different ships The USS Santee (1855) The USS Santee (CVE-29) The Santee River This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same... Image:Portrait of Matt. ... State nickname: Peace Garden State, Roughrider State, Flickertail State Other U.S. States Capital Bismarck Largest city Fargo Governor John Hoeven (R) Senators Kent Conrad (D) Byron Dorgan (D) Official languages English Area 183 272 km² (19th)  - Land 178 839 km²  - Water 4 432 km² (2. ... State nickname: The Mount Rushmore State Other U.S. States Capital Pierre Largest city Sioux Falls Governor Mike Rounds (R) Senators Tim Johnson (D) John Thune (R) Official language(s) English Area 199,905 km² (17th)  - Land 196,735 km²  - Water 3,173 km² (1. ...

Yankton-Yanktonai

The Yankton-Yanktonai are a branch of Sioux peoples who moved into northern Minnesota. They originally constituted two main tribes: the Yankton ("campers at the end") and Yanktonai ("lesser campers at the end"). Economically, they were involved in quarrying pipestone. State nickname: North Star State, Land of 10,000 Lakes, The Gopher State Other U.S. States Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Governor Tim Pawlenty (R) Senators Mark Dayton (D) Norm Coleman (R) Official language(s) None Area 225,365 km² (12th)  - Land 206,375 km²  - Water 18,990... Pipestone can refer to: Pipestone, Minnesota, a town in the state of Minnesota, USA. Pipestone County, Minnesota, the county in which the town of Pipestone is located. ...

During the 19th Century, these people migrated or were forced west into Santee Territory, and today, the Yankton Sioux Tribe occupies a reservation "without boundaries" on the east bank of the Missouri in south-central South Dakota. The Yanktonai are scattered in a number of reservations in North and South Dakota.

Santee (Dakota)

The Santee (a.k.a. Dakota) people migrated north and westward from the south and east into Ohio then to Minnesota. The Santee were a woodland people who thrived on hunting, fishing and subsistence farming. Migrations of Anishinaabe/Chippewa people from the east in the 17th and 18th centuries, with rifles supplied by the French and English, pushed the Santee further into Minnesota and west and southward, giving the name "Dakota Territory" to the northern expanse west of the Mississippi and up to its headwaters. The western Santee obtained horses, probably in the 17th century (although some historians date the arrival of horses in South Dakota to 1720), and moved further west, onto the Great Plains, becoming the Titonwan tribe, subsisting on the buffalo herds and corn-trade with their linguistic cousins, the Mandan and Hidatsa along the Missouri. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x1346, 163 KB) Description description: dakota warrior artist: M. Bodmer Licence File links The following pages link to this file: Sioux ... State nickname: The Buckeye State Other U.S. States Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus (largest metropolitan area is Cleveland) Governor Bob Taft (R) Senators Mike DeWine (R) George V. Voinovich (R) Official language(s) None Area 116,096 km² (34th)  - Land 106,154 km²  - Water 10,044 km² (8. ... State nickname: North Star State, Land of 10,000 Lakes, The Gopher State Other U.S. States Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Governor Tim Pawlenty (R) Senators Mark Dayton (D) Norm Coleman (R) Official language(s) None Area 225,365 km² (12th)  - Land 206,375 km²  - Water 18,990... Anishinaabe is a self-description often used by people belonging to the indigenous Odawa, Ojibwe, and Algonkin peoples of North America, who share closely related Algonkian languages. ... For other uses of Chippewa, see Chippewa (disambiguation). ... The Great Plains states. ... Binomial name Bison bison Linnaeus, 1758 Subspecies B. b. ... A Mandan man in a buffalo robe overlooking the Missouri River. ... Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation, also known as the Three Affiliated Tribes, are a Native American group comprised of a union of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara peoples, whose native lands ranged across the Missouri River basin in the Dakotas. ... The Missouri River and its tributaries N.P. Dodge Park, Omaha, Nebraska High silt content makes the Missouri (left) noticeably lighter than the Mississipi here at their confluence above St. ...

In the 19th century, as the railroads hired hunters to exterminate the buffalo herds, the Indians' primary food supply, in order to force all tribes into sedentary habitations, the Santee and Lakota were forced to accept white-defined reservations in exchange for the rest of their lands, and domestic cattle and corn in exchange for buffalo, becoming dependent upon annual federal payments guaranteed by treaty.

In 1862, after a failed crop the year before and a winter starvation, the federal payment was late to arrive. The local traders would not issue any more credit to the Santee and the local federal agent told the Santee that they were free to eat grass. As a result on August 17, 1862, the Sioux Uprising began when a few Santee men attacked a white farmer, igniting further attacks on white settlements along the Minnesota River. Some 450 farmers, mostly German immigrants, were massacred until state and federal forces put the revolt down. Courts-martial tried and condemned 303 Santee for war crimes. On November 5, 1862 in Minnesota, in court martials, 303 Santee Sioux were found guilty of rape and murder of hundreds of white farmers and were sentenced to hang. President Abraham Lincoln remanded the death sentence of 285 of the warriors, signing off on the execution of 38 Santee men by hanging on December 29, 1862 in Mankato, Minnesota, the largest mass execution in US history. August 17 is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Chief Taoyateduta, known as Little Crow The Sioux Uprising, also known as the Dakota Conflict or the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862, was an armed conflict between the United States and several eastern bands of the Dakota people (often referred to as the Santee Sioux) that began on August... The Minnesota River is a tributary of the Mississippi River, approximately 332 miles (534 km) long, in the state of Minnesota in the United States. ... A court-martial (plural courts-martial) is a military court that determines punishments for members of the military subject to military law. ... November 5 is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 56 days remaining. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... A court-martial (plural courts-martial) is a military court that determines punishments for members of the military subject to military law. ... Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865), sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed Honest Abe, the Rail Splitter, and the Great Emancipator, was the 16th President of the United States (1861 to 1865), and the first president from the Republican Party. ...

During and after the revolt, many Santee and their kin fled Minnesota and Eastern Dakota, joining their relatives in the West, or settling in the James River Valley in a short-lived reservation before being forced to move to Crow Creek Reservation on the east bank of the Missouri. Others were able to remain in Minnesota and the east, in small reservations existing into the 21st Century, including Sisseton-Wahpeton, Flandreau, and Devils Lake (Spirit Lake or Fort Totten) Reservations in the Dakotas. Some ended up eventually in Nebraska, where the Santee Sioux Tribe today has a reservation on the south bank of the Missouri.

Lakota (Teton)

See: Lakota.

Image:Portrait of Matt. ...

Sioux Nation

The Sioux Nation consists of divisions, each of which may have distinct bands, the larger of which are divided into sub-bands.

• Santee division
  • Mdewakantonwan
  • Sisitonwan
  • Wahpekute
  • Wahpetonwan

• Yankton-Yanktonai
  • Ihanktonwan (Yankton)
  • Ihanktonwana (Yanktonai or Little Yankton)
  • Stoney (Canada)
  • Assiniboine (Canada)

• Lakota (Teton)
  • Hunkpapa

    notable persons: Tatanka Iyotake

  • Oglala

    notable persons: Tasunka witko, Makhpyia-luta, Hehaka Sapa and Billy Mills (Olympian)

    • Payabya
    • Tapisleca
    • Kiyaksa
    • Wajaje
    • Itesica
    • Oyuhpe
    • Wagluhe
  • Sihasapa (Blackfoot Sioux)
  • Sichangu (French: Brulé) ("burnt thighs")
    • Upper Sichangu
    • Lower Sichangu
  • Miniconjou
  • Itazipacola (French: Sans Arcs "No Bows")
  • Oohenonpa (Two-Kettle or Two Boilings)

The Assiniboine, also known as the Assnipwan or sometimes the Stone Sioux, are a Native American people, originally from the Northern Great Plains area of North America, specifically in present-day Montana and parts of Canada around the US/Canadian border. ... The Hunkpapas were a Native American group, one of the seven branches of the Sioux tribe. ... Sitting Bull Sitting Bull (Sioux: Tatanka Iyotake or Tatanka Iyotanka orTa-Tanka I-Yotank, born Jumping Badger, later named Hunkesni, Slow), (c. ... Crazy Horse (Sioux: Tasunka witko, pronounced tashúnka uitko), (December 4, 1849 - September 5, 1877) was a respected member of the Oglala Sioux Native American tribe and is noted for his courage in battle. ... Red Cloud Red Cloud (Sioux: Makhpyia-luta), (1822 – December 10, 1909) was a chief of the Oglala Sioux. ... Black Elk (Hehaka Sapa) (c. ... William Billy Mills (born June 30, 1938) is the only American ever to win a Olympic gold medal in the 10,000 m run which he did at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. ...

Reservations

Today, one half of all Enrolled Sioux live off the Reservation. In the United States an Indian reservation is land which is managed by a Native American tribe under the United States Department of the Interiors Bureau of Indian Affairs. ...

Lakota reservations recognized by the US government include:

• Oglala (Pine Ridge Indian Reservation)
• Brulé (Rosebud Indian Reservation)
• Hunkpapa (Standing Rock/Cheyenne River)
• Miniconju (Cheyenne River)
• Sans Arc (Cheyenne River)
• Two-Kettle (Cheyenne River)
• Santee
• Yanktonai (Yankton)
• Flandreau
• Sisseton-Wahpehton
• Lower Sioux
• Upper Sioux
• Shakopee
• Prairie Island

Alternative meaning: Lakota, Côte dIvoire is a département of Côte dIvoire. ... Pine Ridge Indian Reservation is an Oglala, Lakota Native American reservation located in the U.S. state of South Dakota. ... Part of indian genealogy tree (more informations at http://www. ... The Rosebud Indian Reservation is home of the Sicangu Oyate, also known as the Sicangu Lakota, the Upper Brule Sioux Nation, and the Rosebud Sioux Tribe. ... The Hunkpapas were a Native American group, one of the seven branches of the Sioux tribe. ... The Cheyenne River The Cheyenne River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 295 mi (475 km) long, in the U.S. states of Wyoming and South Dakota. ... The Cheyenne River The Cheyenne River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 295 mi (475 km) long, in the U.S. states of Wyoming and South Dakota. ... The Cheyenne River The Cheyenne River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 295 mi (475 km) long, in the U.S. states of Wyoming and South Dakota. ... A Sioux in traditional dress including war bonnet, circa 1908. ... Yankton is the name of: A county in South Dakota, or The county seat of Yankton County. ... The Lower Sioux Indian Reservation is located along the southern bank of the Minnesota River in Redwood County, Minnesota. ... The Upper Sioux Indian Reservation is located along the Minnesota River in Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota five miles (8 km) south of Granite Falls. ... Prairie Island Indian Reservation is a Sioux Indian reservation in Minnesota. ...

Derived placenames

The U.S. states of North Dakota and South Dakota are named after the name Dakota. Two other U.S. states have names of Siouan origin: Minnesota is named from mni ("water") plus sota ("hazy/smoky, not clear"), while Nebraska is named from a language close to Santee, in which mni plus blaska ("flat") refers to the Platte (French for "flat") River. Also, the states Kansas, Iowa, and Missouri are named for cousin Siouan tribes, the Kansa, Iowa, and Missouri, respectively, as are the cities Omaha, Nebraska and Ponca City, Oklahoma. The names vividly demonstrate the wide dispersion of the Siouan peoples across the Midwest U.S. State nickname: Peace Garden State, Roughrider State, Flickertail State Other U.S. States Capital Bismarck Largest city Fargo Governor John Hoeven (R) Senators Kent Conrad (D) Byron Dorgan (D) Official languages English Area 183 272 km² (19th)  - Land 178 839 km²  - Water 4 432 km² (2. ... State nickname: The Mount Rushmore State Other U.S. States Capital Pierre Largest city Sioux Falls Governor Mike Rounds (R) Senators Tim Johnson (D) John Thune (R) Official language(s) English Area 199,905 km² (17th)  - Land 196,735 km²  - Water 3,173 km² (1. ... State nickname: North Star State, Land of 10,000 Lakes, The Gopher State Other U.S. States Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Governor Tim Pawlenty (R) Senators Mark Dayton (D) Norm Coleman (R) Official language(s) None Area 225,365 km² (12th)  - Land 206,375 km²  - Water 18,990... State nickname: Cornhusker State Other U.S. States Capital Lincoln Largest city Omaha Governor Dave Heineman (R) Senators Chuck Hagel (R) Ben Nelson (D) Official languages English Area 200,520 km² (16th)  - Land 199,099 km²  - Water 1,247 km² (0. ... State nickname: The Sunflower State Other U.S. States Capital Topeka Largest city Wichita Governor Kathleen Sebelius (D) Senators Sam Brownback (R) Pat Roberts (R) Official language(s) None Area 82,277 mi²; 213,096 km² (15th)  - Land 81,815 mi²; 211,900 km²  - Water 462 mi²; 1,196 km... State nickname: The Hawkeye State Other U.S. States Capital Des Moines Largest city Des Moines Governor Thomas Vilsack (D) Senators Chuck Grassley (R) Tom Harkin (D) Official languages English Area 145,743 km² (26th)  - Land 144,701 km²  - Water 1,042 km² (0. ... State nickname: The Show Me State Other U.S. States Capital Jefferson City Largest city Kansas City (largest metropolitan area is Saint Louis) Governor Matt Blunt (R) Senators Kit Bond (R) Jim Talent (R) Official language(s) English Area 69,709 mi²; 180,693 km² (21st)  - Land 68,898 mi... It has been suggested that Omaha Sound be merged into this article or section. ... Ponca City is a city located in Oklahoma. ... The Midwest is a common name for a region of the United States of America. ...

More directly, several Midwestern municipalities utilize Sioux in their names, including Sioux City (IA), Sioux Center (IA) and Sioux Falls (SD). Midwestern rivers include the Little Sioux River in Iowa and Big Sioux River along the Iowa/South Dakota border. Sioux City is a city located in Western Iowa. ... Photo of the waterfall in Sioux Falls Sioux Falls is the largest city located in South Dakota. ... The Little Sioux is a river in the United States. ... The Big Sioux River is a tributary of the Missouri River in the upper Midwest of the United States. ...

Many smaller towns and geographic features in the Northern Plains retain their Sioux names or bear English translations of those names, including Wasta, Owanka, Oacoma, Hot Springs (Minnelusa), Minnehaha County, Belle Fourche (Mniwasta, or "Good water"), Inyan Kara, and others.

Media

Sioux ghost dance, 1894 ( info) Video clip of a dance performed by a Sioux tribe from Buffalo Bill's Wild West show. This is part of a group of films constituting the first appearance of Native Americans in motion pictures. (3.97 MB, ogg/Theora format). Sioux buffalo dance, 1894 ( info) Video clip of a dance performed by a Sioux tribe from Buffalo Bill's Wild West show. This is part of a group of films constituting the first appearance of Native Americans in motion pictures. (3.23 MB, ogg/Theora format). Problems seeing the videos? Media help.

Image File history File links Image:FilmRoll-small. ... Sioux ghost dance, 1894. ... This article is about a unit of data measurement. ... Ogg is a patent-free, fully open multimedia bitstream container format designed for efficient streaming and file compression (storage). ... Theora is a video codec being developed by the Xiph. ... Sioux buffalo dance, 1894. ... This article is about a unit of data measurement. ... Ogg is a patent-free, fully open multimedia bitstream container format designed for efficient streaming and file compression (storage). ... Theora is a video codec being developed by the Xiph. ...

See also

• Sioux language
• Great Sioux Nation
• Sioux Uprising
• Sioux Wars

Lakota or Lakhota (as it is also commonly spelled) is the largest of the five major dialects of the Sioux language. ... The Great Sioux Nation is a general term sometimes applied to the Sioux generally or the Lakota specifically. ... Chief Taoyateduta, known as Little Crow The Sioux Uprising, also known as the Dakota Conflict or the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862, was an armed conflict between the United States and several eastern bands of the Dakota people (often referred to as the Santee Sioux) that began on August... The Sioux Wars were a series of conflicts between the United States and various subgroups of the Sioux people that occurred in the latter half of the 19th century. ...

External links

• The Yanktonai (Edward S. Curtis)
• Lakota Language Consortium
• Winter Counts a Smithsonian exhibit of the annual icon chosen to represent the major event of the past year

Bibliography

• Albers, Patricia C. (2001). Santee. In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 761-776). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-050400-7.
• Christafferson, Dennis M. (2001). Sioux, 1930-2000. In Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 821-839). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
• DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001a). Sioux until 1850. In Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 718-760). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
• DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001b). Teton. In Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 794-820). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
• DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001c). Yankton and Yanktonai. In Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 777-793). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
• DeMallie, Raymond J.; & Miller, David R. (2001). Assiniboine. In Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 572-595). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
• Getty, Ian A. L.; & Gooding, Erik D. (2001). Stoney. In Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 596-603). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
• Parks, Douglas R.; & Rankin, Robert L. (2001). The Siouan languages. In Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 94-114). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.