Sarracenia
Sarracenia species and hybrids
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Ericales Family: Sarraceniaceae Genus: Sarracenia L.
Sarracenia range (all species)
Species
See text. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1712x1353, 426 KB) Summary Description: Sarracenia species and natural hybrids from a single bog in AL Photo taken by: Noah Elhardt Location: Plants from collection of Steve Millar Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also angiosperms or Magnoliophyta) are one of the major groups of modern plants, comprising those that produce seeds in specialized reproductive organs called flowers, where the ovulary or carpel is enclosed. ... Magnoliopsida is the botanical name for a class: this name is formed by replacing the termination -aceae in the name Magnoliaceae by the termination -opsida (Art 16 of the ICBN). ... Families See text. ... Genera Darlingtonia Heliamphora Sarracenia Families of Flowering Plants as of 2002-10-20 Sarraceniaceae is the Pitcher plant family, belonging to order Ericales, previously Nepenthales. ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 23, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1440x1104, 48 KB) Summary Description: Sarracenia range map Image created by: Noah Elhardt Based on maps and data from: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service UNC herbarium maps SCHNELL, D. E. Carnivorous Plants of the United States and Canada. ...

The anatomy of S. purpurea

Sarracenia is a genus comprising the nine (or arguably up to thirteen) species of North American pitcher plants. The genus belongs to the family Sarraceniaceae, which also contain the closely allied genera Darlingtonia and Heliamphora. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (600x900, 62 KB) Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (600x900, 62 KB) Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. ... For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... Pitcher of Nepenthes distillatoria. ... Genera Darlingtonia Heliamphora Sarracenia Families of Flowering Plants as of 2002-10-20 Sarraceniaceae is the Pitcher plant family, belonging to order Ericales, previously Nepenthales. ... Binomial name Darlingtonia californica Torr. ... The genus Heliamphora contains approximately eight species of pitcher plants native to South America. ...

Sarracenia are carnivorous plants indigenous to the eastern seaboard, Texas, the Great Lakes area and southeastern Canada, with most species occurring only in the south-east United States (only S. purpurea occurs in cold-temperate regions). The plant's leaves have evolved into a funnel in order to trap insects, and which produce enzymes to digest their prey. The insects are attracted by a nectar-like secretion on the lip of pitchers, as well as a combination of color and scent. Slippery footing at the pitchers' rim, aided in at least one species by a narcotic drug lacing the nectar, causes insects to fall inside, where they die and are digested by the plant as a nutrient source. Only Sarracenia purpurea normaly contains significant rainwater in its tubular pitcher.. It is a mth that all species contain water. In fact, the hoods of the other species help to keep out rain water in addition to keeping flying prey from escaping. Nepenthes mirabilis in flower, growing on a road cut in Palau Carnivorous plants (sometimes called insectivorous plants) are plants that derive some or most of their nutrients (but not energy) from trapping and consuming animals or protozoans, most focusing on insects and other arthropods. ... Categories: US geography stubs ... Official language(s) No official language See languages of Texas Capital Austin Largest city Houston Largest metro area Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex Area  Ranked 2nd  - Total 261,797 sq mi (678,051 km²)  - Width 773 miles (1,244 km)  - Length 790 miles (1,270 km)  - % water 2. ... The Great Lakes from space The Laurentian Great Lakes are a group of five large lakes in North America on or near the Canada-United States border. ... Purple Pitcher Plant, Sarracenia pupurea, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. ... This article is about evolution in biology. ... Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (webspinners) Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Psocoptera... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ...

In common with many carnivorous plants, Sarracenia usually inhabit permanently wet regions with a low pH whose nutrients, particularly nitrates, are continuously leached away by water or made unavailable by the low pH. Sarracenia consequently gain a competitive advantage over other plants from the substances they extract from their animal prey. The correct title of this article is . ... An electrostatic potential map of the nitrate ion. ... Leaching is the process of extracting a substance from a solid by dissolving it in a liquid. ...

Morphology and carnivorous mechanism

Sarracenia are herbaceous perennial plants that grow from a subterranean rhizome, with many tubular pitcher-shaped leaves radiating out from the growing point, and then turning upwards with their trap openings facing the centre of the crown. The trap is a vertical tube with a 'hood' (the operculum) extending over its entrance; and below it the top of the tube usually has a rolled lip (the peristome) which secretes nectar and scents. The hood itself frequently produces nectar too, but in lesser quantities. This article is about the plants used in cooking and medicine. ... Red Valerian, a perennial plant. ... Ginger rhizome A rhizome is, in botany, a usually underground, horizontal stem of a plant that often sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. ... In botany, operculum may be used to describe any of the following: A flap of the sporangium of a moss, covering the peristome (appendages surrounding the mouth of a moss capsule). ... In bryophyte mosses, the peristome is a specialed structure in the sporangium that allows for gradual spore discharge, instead of releasing them all at once. ...

The inside of the pitcher tube, regardless of species, can be divided into three to five distinguishable zones: zone 1 is the operculum (or hood), zone 2 is the peristome and rest of the trap entrance, while zones 3 and 4 (which in some species are combined) and 5 (only present in S. purpurea) are further divisions of the actual tube. Each of these zones has a specific function, with corresponding morphophysiological characteristics. Binomial name L. Sarracenia purpurea range Sarracenia purpurea, commonly known as the Purple pitcher plant or Side-saddle flower, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. ...

• Zone 1: The Operculum. In most species the operculum covers at least part of the pitcher opening, thereby preventing rain from excessively filling the pitcher, which would result in the loss of prey. The operculum also serves to guide prey to the pitcher opening, using a combination of color, scent, and downward-pointing hairs to guide insects toward the trap entrance. Some species, specifically S. minor and S. psittacina, have opercula which hang low over the pitcher entrance. These are also studded with chlorophyll-free patches, translucent "windows" which confuse prey into attempting to fly through the operculum, thereby causing them to cascade down the pitcher tube. (A similar, more well developed mechanism is found in the closely related Darlingtonia californica).

Sarracenia trap insects using pitchers with nectar and slippery footing around the lip

• Zone 2: Peristome and trap entrance. This zone is composed mainly of the peristome, which produces copious amounts of nectar, luring insect prey to land or crawl onto the perilous footing surrounding the pitcher trap. This zone also includes the waxy upper portion of the pitcher tube. Footing on this zone is especially sketchy, as the waxy deposits on surface of this zone cause unwary insects to loose their footing and tumble into the pitcher depths.

• Zone 3: Located below Zone 2, this zone features a leaf surface with non-existent footing, as well as a coating of ultra-fine, downward pointing hairs. Insects that have made it this far lose any chance of escape. It is also studded with digestive glands, which secrete digestive enzymes into the digestive fluid.

• Zone 4: This is the final zone in most species. It is filled with digestive fluids, and readily absorbs nutrients released from the insects by the work of the digestive enzymes and bacteria in the pitcher fluid. Along with more digestive glands, this zone features a thick coating of coarse downward pointing hairs, which makes escape from the digestive fluids impossible.

• Zone 5: This zone, located below Zone 4 and found only in S. purpurea, is smooth, glabrous, lacks glands, and doesn't serve as an absorptive zone. Its function is unknown.

Binomial name Walt. ... Binomial name Sarracenia psittacina Michx. ... Chlorophyll gives leaves their green color Space-filling model of the chlorophyll molecule Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. ... In optics, transparency is the property of being transparent, or allowing light to pass. ... Binomial name Darlingtonia californica Torr. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (784x800, 138 KB) Summary Description: Sarracenia pitcher anatomy ( Hummers Autumnal Splendor) Image created by: Noah Elhardt Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sarracenia Peristome Metadata... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (784x800, 138 KB) Summary Description: Sarracenia pitcher anatomy ( Hummers Autumnal Splendor) Image created by: Noah Elhardt Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sarracenia Peristome Metadata... Human submaxillary gland. ... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ... A subset of the phases of matter, fluids include liquids and gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic solids. ... Phyla Actinobacteria Aquificae Chlamydiae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Lentisphaerae Nitrospirae Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Verrucomicrobia Bacteria (singular: bacterium) are unicellular microorganisms. ... Binomial name L. Sarracenia purpurea range Sarracenia purpurea, commonly known as the Purple pitcher plant or Side-saddle flower, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. ... In Botany, glabrous is used to describe something as smooth or having no hair or similar growth (see indumentum). ...

Carnivorous mechanism

All Sarracenia trap insects and other prey without the use of moving parts. Their traps are static and are based on a combination of lures (including colour, scent, and nectar) and inescapability – typically the entrances to the traps are one-way by virtue of the highly adapted features listed above.

Most species use a combination of scent, drugged nectar, waxy deposits (to clog insect feet) and gravity to topple insect prey into their pitcher; Coniine, an alkaloid drug narcotic to insects, has been discovered in the nectar-like secretions of at least S. flava. Once inside, the insect finds the footing very slippery with fine wax dustings to the walls of the pitcher. Further down the tube, downward-pointing hairs make retreat impossible, and in the lowest region of the tube, a pool of liquid containing digestive enzymes and wetting agents quickly drowns the prey and begins digestion. The exoskeletons are usually not digested, and over the course of the summer fill up the pitcher tube. Coniine or 2-propylpiperidine is a poisonous alkaloid found in poison hemlock. ... Chemical structure of ephedrine, a phenethylamine alkaloid An alkaloid is, strictly speaking, a naturally occurring amine produced by a plant,[1] but amines produced by animals and fungi are also called alkaloids. ... In Greek mythology, nectar and ambrosia are the food of the gods. ... Binomial name Sarracenia flava L. The Yellow pitcher plant, Sarracenia flava, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. ...

S. psittacina, the Parrot pitcher, uses a lobster-pot style trap that will admit prey (including tadpoles and small fish during floods) but not allow it to find its way out; and sharp inward-pointing hairs force the victim gradually down to the base of the pitcher where it is digested. Binomial name Michx. ... A lobster trap (British English: lobster pot) is an effective way for fishermen to catch many lobsters at once when lobster fishing. ... Tadpole of Littlejohns Tree Frog (Litoria littlejohni) A tadpole (also known as a pollywog or polliwog) is a larval amphibian, the juvenile form of a frog, toad, newt, salamander, or caecilian. ...

The wide-ranging S. purpurea has no digestive enzymes, but instead obtains nutrients from the digestion and mineralization of nutrients by a complex food web living in the rainwater that collects in each pitcher. Purple Pitcher Plant, Sarracenia pupurea, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. ... Figure 1. ...

Flowers and seeds

Cutaway view of a Sarracenia flower

Flowers are produced early in spring, with or slightly ahead of the first pitchers. They are held singly on long stems, generally well above the pitcher traps to avoid the trapping of potential pollinators. The flowers, which depending on species are 3-10 cm in diameter, are dramatic and have an elaborate design which prevents self-pollination. It consists of five sepals superintended by three bracts, numerous anthers, and an umbrella-like five-pointed style, over which five long yellow or red petals dangle. The whole flower is held upside-down, so that the umbrella-like style catches the pollen dropped by the anthers. The stigmas are located at the tips of the umbrella-like style. The primary pollinators are bees. Bees searching for nectar must force their way past one of the stigmas to enter the chamber formed by the style. Inside, they will inevitably come in contact with a lot of pollen, both from the hanging anthers and from the pollen collected by the style. Upon exiting, the bees must force their way under one of the flap-like petals. This keeps them away from the stigma, avoiding self-pollination. The next flower visited receives on its stigmata some of the first flower's pollen, and the cycle continues. Image File history File links Sarracenia_flower_notitles. ... Image File history File links Sarracenia_flower_notitles. ... A flower-fly pollinating a Common Daisy (Bellis perennis) Pollination is an important step in the reproduction of seed plants: the transfer of pollen grains (male gametes) to the plant carpel, the structure that contains the ovule (female gamete). ... A centimetre (American spelling centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of length that is equal to one hundredth of a metre, the current SI base unit of length. ... Flower of the Primrose Willowherb (Ludwigia octovalvis) showing petals and sepals A sepal is one member or part of the calyx of a flower. ... Toothed bracts on Rhinanthus minor In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, from the axil of which a flower or flower stalk arises; or a bract may be any leaf associated with an inflorescence. ... This article is about the umbrella or parasol. ... Amaryllis style and stigmas A carpel is the female reproductive organ of a flower; the basic unit of the gynoecium. ... It has been suggested that Corolla be merged into this article or section. ... SEM image of pollen grains from a variety of common plants: sunflower (Helianthus annuus), morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), prairie hollyhock (Sidalcea malviflora), oriental lily (Lilium auratum), evening primrose (Oenothera fruticosa), and castor bean (Ricinus communis). ... Flower of the spider tree (Crateva religiosa) with its numerous conspicuous stamens The stamen is the male organ of a flower. ... The Pistil is the part of the flower made up of one or more carpels. ... For other uses, see Western honey bee and Bee (disambiguation). ... In Greek mythology, nectar and ambrosia are the food of the gods. ...

Sarracenia alata flowers

Floral formula: Ca⁵ Co⁵ A^∞ G⁽⁵⁾ Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 367 KB) Summary Description: Sarracenia alata flowers Photograph by: Noah Elhardt Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sarracenia Metadata This file contains additional information, probably... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 367 KB) Summary Description: Sarracenia alata flowers Photograph by: Noah Elhardt Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sarracenia Metadata This file contains additional information, probably... Look up flower in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The flowers of almost all species are scented. The scent varies, but is often strong and sometimes unpleasant. S. flava has an especially strong odor resembling cat urine. Olfaction, the sense of smell, is the detection of chemicals dissolved in air (or, by animals that breathe water, in water). ... Binomial name Sarracenia flava L. The Yellow pitcher plant, Sarracenia flava, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

Flowers generally last about two weeks. At the end of the flowering period, the petals drop and the ovary, if pollinated, begins to swell. The seed forms in five lobes, with one lobe producing significantly smaller numbers of seeds than the other lobes.^[1] On average, 300-600 seed are produced,^[1] depending on species and pollination success. Seed takes five months to mature, at which point the seed pod turns brown and splits open, scattering seed. The seeds are 1.5-2 mm in length and have a rough, waxy coat which makes it hydrophobic, possibly for seed dispersal by flowing water.^[2] Sarracenia seed requires a stratification period to germinate. Plants grown from seed start producing functioning traps almost immediately, although they differ in morphology from adult traps for the first year or so, being simpler in structure. Plants require 3-5 years to reach maturity from seed. A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ...

Growth cycle

Pitcher production begins at the end of the flowering period in spring, and lasts until late autumn. At the end of autumn, the pitchers begin to wither and the plants produce non-carnivorous leaves called phyllodia, which play a role in the economics of carnivory in these species. Since the supply of insects during winter is decreased, and the onset of cold weather slows plant metabolism and other processes, putting energy into producing carnivorous leaves would be uneconomical for the plant. Nepenthes mirabilis in flower, growing on a road cut in Palau Carnivorous plants (sometimes called insectivorous plants) are plants that derive some or most of their nutrients (but not energy) from trapping and consuming animals or protozoans, most focusing on insects and other arthropods. ... Winter is one of the four seasons of temperate zones. ... A few of the metabolic pathways in a cell. ...

Range and habitat

A Sphagnum peat bog with Sarracenia purpurea in the New Jersey Pine Barrens. These habitats are unique in that they are constantly wet, acidic, and low in nutrients.

Seven of the eight species are confined to the south-eastern coastal plain of the United States. One species (S. purpurea) continues north well into Canada. The typical habitat is warm-temperate; all Sarracenia are perennial and require a distinct summer and winter. A few subspecies or varieties (Sarracenia rubra ssp. alabamensis, Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii or Sarracenia purpurea var. montana) can be found more landinward in mountains (i.e. the Appalachian mountains). Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 531 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1360 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 531 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1360 pixel, file size: 2. ... Binomial name L. Sarracenia purpurea range Sarracenia purpurea, commonly known as the Purple pitcher plant or Side-saddle flower, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. ... Red Valerian, a perennial plant. ... Appalachians in North Carolina The Appalachian Mountains (French: les Appalaches) are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America. ...

Sarracenia tend to inhabit permanently wet fens, swamps, and grassy plains. These habitats tend to be acidic with soil made up of sand and Sphagnum moss. Frequently, the soil will be poor in nutrients; often continuously washed clean by moving water. The plants gain their advantage from their ability to extract nutrients from insect prey in this mineral-poor environment. The plants prefer strong, direct sunlight with no shade. Species See text. ... For other uses, see Moss (disambiguation). ...

In several cases, carnivorous plant enthusiasts have introduced Sarracenia purpurea into suitable habitats outside of its natural range, where it has naturalized. Some of these populations are decades old; the oldest known occurrence in the Swiss Jura mountains is about one hundred years old. Beside Switzerland, such naturalized populations can be found in Ireland, England (Lake District), in Middle Franconia in Bavaria, Germany, and in Mendocino County along the California coast. Binomial name L. Sarracenia purpurea range Sarracenia purpurea, commonly known as the Purple pitcher plant or Side-saddle flower, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. ... Looking towards Lelex from near to Crêt de la Neige The Jura folds are located north of the main Alpine orogenic front and are being continually deformed, accommodating the northwards compression from Alpine folding. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Mittelfranken (Middle Franconia) is one of the three administrative regions of Franconia in Bavaria, Germany. ... For other uses, see Bavaria (disambiguation). ... Mendocino County is a county located on Californias north coast, north of the San Francisco Bay Area and Sonoma County and west of the Central Valley. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ...

Environmental status

Sarracenia are threatened in the wild by development and the drainage of their habitat. Estimates indicated that 97.5% of Sarracenia habitat has already been destroyed in the southeastern U.S.,^[3] the home of all but one subspecies of Sarracenia. Currently the biggest threats to surviving populations are urban development, drainage of habitat for forestry, runoff of herbicides from agriculture, fire suppression, cut pitcher trade for floristry, and plant trade.^[4] The latter two threaten survival of Sarracenia not only through depletion of healthy population, but also because of the damaging effects (soil compaction and altered moisture levels) of repeated foot and vehicular traffic that comes with harvesting. The Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that approximately 1.6 million pitchers were cut for the domestic market in 1991.^[5] Habitat (which is Latin for it inhabits) is the place where a particular species live and grow. ... Urban, city, or town planning, deals with design of the built environment from the municipal and metropolitan perspective. ... A decidous beech forest in Slovenia. ... A herbicide is a pesticide used to kill unwanted plants. ... A vase arrangement of Tulips Floristry, flower arranging, floral arrangement, floral design or floral arts is the art of creating flower arrangements in vases, bowls and baskets, or making bouquets and compositions from cut flowers, foliage, herbs, ornamental grasses and other botanical materials. ...

A field with S. leucophylla. Scenes such as this used to be common in the coastal plains of the southeast US

Some protective legislation exists. Several southeastern states, such as Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina have conservation laws which protect Sarracenia. However, most of the remaining wetlands in the southeastern U.S. lie on private land. Plants on this land are not protected by state legislation. The key states of Alabama and Mississippi have no such legislation at all, so that even plants on public land have no protection.^[3] Three Sarracenia have been listed as "Federally Endangered" under the USA Endangered Species Act (1973) — S. rubra subsp. alabamensis (S. alabamensis) in Alabama, S. rubra subsp. jonesii in North and South Carolina, and S. oreophila in Alabama, Georgia and North Carolina. These taxa are also on CITES Appendix I, giving them international protection by making export of wild-collected plants illegal. The other species, while appearing on CITES Appendix II, have little federal protection. Image File history File links Sarracenia_leucophylla_field. ... Image File history File links Sarracenia_leucophylla_field. ... Legislation (or statutory law) is law which has been promulgated (or enacted) by a legislature or other governing body. ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami metropolitan area Area  Ranked 22nd  - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²)  - Width 361 miles (582 km)  - Length 447 miles (721 km)  - % water 17. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Columbia Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32° 2′ N to 35° 13′ N  - Longitude... To conserve habitat for wild species and prevent their extinction or reduction in range is a priority of a great many groups that cannot be easily characterized in terms of any one ideology. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Binomial name Sarracenia rubra Walt. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Binomial name Sarracenia rubra Walt. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area  Ranked 28th  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 150 miles (240 km)  - Length 560[1] miles (901 km)  - % water 9. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Columbia Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32° 2′ N to 35° 13′ N  - Longitude... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area  Ranked 28th  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 150 miles (240 km)  - Length 560[1] miles (901 km)  - % water 9. ... The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an international agreement between Governments, drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of the World Conservation Union (IUCN). ... The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an international agreement between Governments, drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of the World Conservation Union (IUCN). ...

Some efforts have been made to curb the existing threats to plants. In 2003 the International Carnivorous Plant Society (ICPS) ran a trial distribution program in which young S. rubra ssp. alabamanensis plants were grown from seed collected from 3 of the 12 known S. alabamanensis sites, and were distributed to members in an attempt to increase availability of this plant in cultivation, with the hopes of thereby decreasing the poaching that was endangering the survival of this taxa in the wild. Binomial name Sarracenia rubra Walt. ...

In 2004, a number of concerned plant enthusiasts founded the North American Sarracenia Conservancy (NASC), which aims to "serve as a living record of the taxonomic, morphological and genetic diversity of the genus Sarracenia for purposes of conservation and cultivation." The NASC is a grassroots nonprofit organization working to build a genetic Sarracenia bank by overseeing the maintenance of genetic strains from all remaining wild populations in cultivation, with the eventual aim of being able to supply these strains for re-introduction in suitable habitats. A similar but centralized collection exists in the UK, with 2000+ clones representing all species (many with location data) and numerous hybrids currently being housed by Sarracenia expert Mike King. This UK collection is part of the NCCPG National Plant Collection® scheme. While none of these efforts curb the biggest threats - urban development and habitat destruction - they aim to help reduce plant poaching while at the same time making these plants available to future generations. The NCCPG National Plant Collection® scheme is the main main conservation vehicle whereby the National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens (NCCPG) can accomplish its mission: to conserve, grow, propagate, document and make available the resource of garden plants that exists in the United Kingdom. ...

Classification

For a complete list of subspecies, varieties, and common hybrids, please see separate article List of Sarracenia species and hybrids.

Sarracenia hybrid

The genus Sarracenia belongs to the family Sarraceniaceae, which also contain the closely allied genera Darlingtonia and Heliamphora. Under the Cronquist system, this family was put in the order Nepenthales along with Nepenthaceae and Droseraceae. The APG II system, however, assigns Sarraceniaceae to the order Ericales and the other two to the order Caryophyllales. The following is a list of species belonging to the North American pitcher plant genus (Sarracenia). ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 667 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1052 × 946 pixel, file size: 255 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Carnivorous plant Sarracenia... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 667 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1052 × 946 pixel, file size: 255 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Carnivorous plant Sarracenia... Genera Darlingtonia Heliamphora Sarracenia Families of Flowering Plants as of 2002-10-20 Sarraceniaceae is the Pitcher plant family, belonging to order Ericales, previously Nepenthales. ... Binomial name Darlingtonia californica Torr. ... The genus Heliamphora contains approximately eight species of pitcher plants native to South America. ... A system of plant taxonomy, the Cronquist system is a scheme for the classification of flowering plants (or angiosperms). ... The Nepenthales are an order of dicotyledons, including several kinds of carnivorous plants. ... Genera Nepenthes Anurosperma Families of Flowering Plants as of 2002-10-20 Nepenthaceae is a family of pitcher plants. ... Genus Aldrovanda Dionaea Drosera Drosophyllum The Droseraceae are a family of carnivorous plants, commonly known as the sundew family. ... A modern system of plant taxonomy, the APG II system of plant classification was published in 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, APG, in Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003). ... Families See text. ... Families Achatocarpaceae Aizoaceae (Fig-marigold family) Amaranthaceae (amaranth family) Ancistrocladaceae Asteropeiaceae Barbeuiaceae Basellaceae (basella family) Cactaceae (cactus family) Caryophyllaceae (carnation family) Dioncophyllaceae Droseraceae (sundew family) Drosophyllaceae Frankeniaceae Molluginaceae (carpetweed family) Nepenthaceae Nyctaginaceae (four-oclock family) Physenaceae Phytolaccaceae (pokeweed family) Plumbaginaceae (plumbago family) Polygonaceae (buckwheat family) Portulacaceae (purslane family) Rhabdodendraceae...

There are generally reckoned to be 9 species of Sarracenia, although this figure is disputed, with some authorities splitting the various subspecies and forms of S. rubra into anything from 3 to 5 true species. Similarly, S. rosea is still commonly recognised as a variety of S. purpurea subsp. venosa, not a separate species. The freedom with which Sarracenia species hybridise and produce fertile and viable offspring makes classification based on naïve biological species concepts somewhat fraught. The 9 currently recognized species are: The hierarchy of scientific classification. ...

• Sarracenia alata : Pale pitcher plant
• Sarracenia flava : Yellow pitcher plant
• Sarracenia leucophylla : White pitcher plant
• Sarracenia minor : Hooded pitcher plant
• Sarracenia oreophila : Green pitcher plant
• Sarracenia psittacina : Parrot pitcher plant
• Sarracenia purpurea : Purple pitcher plant
• Sarracenia rosea : Rose pitcher plant
• Sarracenia rubra : Sweet pitcher plant

It was previously the case that many more species were named, due to the ease with which they hybridize. An unusual feature of Sarracenia is that their hybrid offspring are all fertile and able to hybridise further – giving the possibility of hundreds of different hybrids that have multiple species in varying amounts in their ancestry. Since many species ranges overlap, hybrids in the wild were relatively common. As a result, initial classification included many of these hybrids as separate species. Many hybrids of Sarracenia are still commonly referred to by their obsolete species names, particularly in horticulture. These hybrids are all popularly cultivated by carnivorous plant enthusiasts, and there are consequently a huge number of hybrids and cultivars, most bred for showy pitchers. S. × catesbaei is the very common cross between S. flava and S. purpurea. Many of these hybrids occur naturally in the wild. Binomial name Alph. ... Binomial name Sarracenia flava L. The Yellow pitcher plant, Sarracenia flava, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. ... Binomial name Raf. ... Binomial name Walt. ... Binomial name Sarracenia oreophila Walt. ... Binomial name Sarracenia psittacina Michx. ... Binomial name L. Sarracenia purpurea range Sarracenia purpurea, commonly known as the Purple pitcher plant or Side-saddle flower, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. ... Binomial name Naczi, Case & R.B.Case Forms f. ... Binomial name Sarracenia rubra Walt. ... Binomial name Sarracenia flava L. The Yellow pitcher plant, Sarracenia flava, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. ... Binomial name L. Sarracenia purpurea range Sarracenia purpurea, commonly known as the Purple pitcher plant or Side-saddle flower, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. ...

Several species have subspecies or recognized varieties. The International Carnivorous Plant Society (ICPS) formally recognizes a number of cultivars as well. See the complete list for a listing of species including these taxa. The following is a list of species belonging to the North American pitcher plant genus (Sarracenia). ...

Currently, S. rubra has five recognized subspecies. However, it is arguably a complex of several species and subspecies (including S. rubra (senso stricto), S. gulfensis, S. wherryi, S. jonesii, and S. alabamensis). Binomial name Sarracenia rubra Walt. ...

Botanical history

First illustration of a Sarracenia from L'Obel's Stirpium Adversaria Nova, 1576

Sarracenia were discovered as early as the 16th century, within a century of Christopher Columbus' discovery of the New World. L'Obel included an illustration of S. minor in his Stirpium Adversaria Nova in 1576.^[6] The first description and plate of a Sarracenia to show up in botanical literature was published by Carolus Clusius, who received a partial dried specimen of what was later determined to be S. purpurea subsp. purpurea, publishing it under the name Limonium peregrinum. The exact origins of this specimen remains unknown, as few explorers are known to have collected plant specimens from the range of this subspecies before that time. Cheek and Young suggest that the most likely source is Cartier's expeditions to what is now Quebec between 1534 and 1541.^[6] The fragile flowerless specimen that made its way to Clusius 60 years later was enough to excite his interest, but not enough for him to place it among related plants; his closest guess was the wholly unrelated Sea Lavender genus. Image File history File links SarraceniaIllustration1576LobeliusThuris. ... Image File history File links SarraceniaIllustration1576LobeliusThuris. ... Matthias de LObel or Matthaeus Lobelius (1538-1616) was born in Lille. ... (Redirected from 16th) 16 (sixteen) is the natural number following 15 and preceding 17. ... Christopher Columbus (1451 – May 20, 1506) was a navigator and maritime explorer credited as the discoverer of the Americas. ... Frontispiece of Peter Martyr dAnghieras De orbe novo (On the New World). Carte dAmérique, Guillaume Delisle, 1722. ... Matthias de LObel or Matthaeus Lobelius (1538-1616) was born in Lille. ... Binomial name Walt. ... Binomial name L. Sarracenia purpurea range Sarracenia purpurea, commonly known as the Purple pitcher plant or Side-saddle flower, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. ... Species include: Limonium perezii The Sea Lavenders, Sealavenders or Statices are the genus Limonium of flowering plants, some members of which were formerly classified in a genus named Statice. ... For other uses, see Jacques Cartier (disambiguation). ... Species include: Limonium perezii The Sea Lavenders, Sealavenders or Statices are the genus Limonium of flowering plants, some members of which were formerly classified in a genus named Statice. ...

The name Sarracenia was first employed by Michel Sarrazin, the Father of Canadian Botany who in the late 17th century sent live specimens of S. purpurea to the Parisian botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, who thereupon described the species. Linnaeus adopted this name when he published his Species Plantarum (1753), using it for the two known species at the time: Sarracenia purpurea and Sarracenia flava. The first successful flowering in culture occurred in 1773. In 1793 William Bartram noted in his book about his travels in the southeast U.S. that numerous insects were caught in the pitchers of these plants, but doubted that any benefit could be derived from them.^[7] It was not until 1887 that research by Dr. Joseph H. Melichamp proved the carnivorous nature of this genus. This finding was supported by a study by J.S. Hepburn, E.Q. St. John and F.M. Jones in 1920.^[8] Extended field surveys and laboratory studies by Dr. Edgar Wherry in the 1930s greatly increased the knowledge of this genus, which has further been extended by the more recent works of Dr. C. Ritchie Bell (1949-52), Dr. Donald E. Schnell (1970-2002) and Mr. Frederick W. Case (1970s and the treatment in Flora of North America to be published in 2008).^[7] Michel Sarrazin (5 September 1659 – 8 September 1734) was an early Canadian scientist and naturalist. ... Binomial name L. Sarracenia purpurea range Sarracenia purpurea, commonly known as the Purple pitcher plant or Side-saddle flower, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. ... Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (June 5, 1656 – December 28, 1708) was a French botanist. ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 23, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... Writing the Species Plantarum was one of Carolus Linnaeus two great contributions to the Scientific community. ... Binomial name L. Sarracenia purpurea range Sarracenia purpurea, commonly known as the Purple pitcher plant or Side-saddle flower, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. ... Binomial name Sarracenia flava L. The Yellow pitcher plant, Sarracenia flava, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. ... William Bartram (April 20, 1739 -July 22, 1823) was an American naturalist, the son of John Bartram. ...

Cultivation

Sarracenia are considered easy to grow and are widely propagated and cultivated by gardeners and carnivorous plant enthusiasts. Several hybrids between the very hardy S. purpurea and showy varieties like S. leucophylla are becoming common in garden centres in North America and Europe. Binomial name L. Sarracenia purpurea range Sarracenia purpurea, commonly known as the Purple pitcher plant or Side-saddle flower, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. ... Binomial name Raf. ...

Sarracenia require constantly moist-wet, nutrient free acidic soil. This is most often achieved with a potting mix consisting of peat moss mixed with sand or perlite. As their roots are sensitive to nutrients and minerals, only pure water, such as distilled, rain, or RO water, can be used to water them. Sarracenia prefer sunny conditions during their growing season but require a dormancy period, with decreased light and temperatures, of a few months in the winter.

Propagation

A 2-year-old S. alata seedling, with 1st yr. (small) and 2nd yr. (larger) pitchers

Sarracenia do not self-pollinate and therefore require hand pollination or access to natural pollinators such as bees. Sarracenia pollen remains potent for several weeks when refrigerated, and so is stored by cultivators and used to pollinate later-flowering species. Given that all Sarracenia hybrids are fertile and will hybridize further, this characteristic allows cultivators to produce a limitless number of variants through hybridization. Image File history File linksMetadata Sarracenia_alata_seedling. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Sarracenia_alata_seedling. ...

A Sarracenia rhizome with several growing points, ready for division

The copious seeds produced store well if kept dry. In climates or seasons that cannot provide the cold, damp period of stratification required by the seeds for germination, growers mimic this condition by placing the seeds in a refrigerator for 4-8 weeks. The seeds are sown on the surface of their substrate and germinate when transferred to warmer, bright conditions. Sarracenia seedlings all look alike for the first two or three years; the plants reach maturity after four or five years. Regular fertilization (twice a month between April and September) with a balanced fertilizer at the rate of 1 teaspoon per gallon (using a 15-16-17 peat-lite or sililar fertilizer) will speed their growth and time to maturity. It is advisable to leach regularly with pure water to prevent the buildup of solutes (fertilizer salts) in the soil. Avoid keeping potted plants sitting in deep water as this keeps the soil too waterlogged and provides a root environment not conducive to proper root functioning. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (972x956, 157 KB) Summary Description: Sarracenia rhizome Image created by: Noah Elhardt Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sarracenia Metadata This file contains additional information, probably... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (972x956, 157 KB) Summary Description: Sarracenia rhizome Image created by: Noah Elhardt Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sarracenia Metadata This file contains additional information, probably...

Mature Sarracenia are commonly propagated by division. Their rhizomes extend and produce new crowns of pitchers over the course of a few growing seasons, and cultivators divide and separate the rhizomes during the plant's winter dormancy or early in the growing season. This technique is also used to separate sections of rhizomes which have no pitchers: when re-potted, the section usually generates a new crown of pitchers. A further technique is employed to encourage new crowns to appear which does not involve division of the rhizome: small notches up to 5 mm deep are cut into the top of the rhizome, whereupon a new crown frequently develops at the site of the notch.

Further reading

• Schnell, Donald E. 2002. Carnivorous Plants of the United States and Canada. Portland. ISBN 0-88192-540-3
• D’Amato, Peter. 1998. The Savage Garden. Berkeley. ISBN 0-89815-915-6

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Cumbee, Joe (1995). Sarracenia flava Seed Data. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 24: 110-111. 
2. ^ Brittnacher, John; Growing Sarracenia from seed; ICPS website, retrieved 17 May 2006 at 15:53.
3. ^ ^{a b} Groves, M., ed. 1993. Horticulture, Trade and Conservation of the Genus Sarracenia in the Southeastern States of America: Proceedings of a Meeting Held at the Atlanta Botanical Garden, September 22-23, 1993, 17pp.
4. ^ Robbins, C. S. 1998. Examination of the U.S. Pitcher-plant Trade With a Focus on the White-topped Pitcher-plant. Traffic Bulletin. Excerpts, Vol. 17, No. 2 (June 1998)
5. ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1991. U.S. CITES Permits and Export Figures for Sarracenia 1990-1991. Washington, DC.
6. ^ ^{a b} Cheek, Martin and Young, Malcolm (1994). The Limonium Peregrinum of Carolus Clusius. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 23: 95-96. 
7. ^ ^{a b} D'Amato P (1988). The savage garden: cultivating carnivorous plants. Ten Speed Press. ISBN ISBN 0-89815-915-6. 
8. ^ Hepburn, J.S., Jones, F.M., and St. John, E.Q. 1920, The absorption of nutrients and allied phenomena in the pitchers of the Sarraceniaceae. J. of the Franklin Inst., 189:147-184.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Sarracenia

• The International Carnivorous Plant Society
• North American Sarracenia Conservancy
• Botanical Society of America, Sarracenia - the Pitcher Plants

This list of carnivorous plants is a comprehensive listing of all known carnivorous plant species. ...