Saturn V

The first Saturn V, AS-501, before the launch of Apollo 4
Fact sheet
Function	Manned LEO and Lunar launch vehicle
Manufacturer	Boeing (S-IC) North American (S-II) Douglas (S-IVB)
Country of origin	United States
Size
Height	110.6 m (363 ft)
Diameter	10.1 m (33 ft)
Mass	3,038,500 kg (6,699,000 lb)
Stages	3
Capacity
Payload to LEO	118,000 kg
Payload to Lunar orbit	47,000 kg
Launch History
Status	Retired
Launch sites	LC-39, Kennedy Space Center
Total launches	12 (+ 1 INT-21[1])
Successes	11 (+ 1 INT-21[1])
Failures	0
Partial failures	1
Maiden flight	November 9, 1967 (AS-501)
Last flight	December 6, 1972 (May 14, 1973 - INT-21[1])
First Stage - S-IC
Engines	5 Rocketdyne F-1
Thrust	34.02 MN (7,648,000 lbf)
Burn time	150 seconds
Fuel	RP-1/LOX
Second Stage - S-II
Engines	5 Rocketdyne J-2
Thrust	5 MN (1,000,000 lbf)
Burn time	360 seconds
Fuel	LH2/LOX
Third Stage - S-IVB
Engines	1 Rocketdyne J-2
Thrust	1 MN (225,000 lbf)
Burn time	165 + 335 seconds (2 burns)
Fuel	LH2/LOX

The Saturn V (pronounced 'Saturn Five', popularly known as the Moon Rocket) was a multistage liquid-fuel expendable rocket used by NASA's Apollo and Skylab programs. The naming of natural satellites has been the responsibility of the IAUs committee for Planetary System Nomenclature since 1973. ... Atmosphere none Rhea (ree-a, Greek ‘Ρέα) is the second largest moon of Saturn and was discovered in 1672 by Giovanni Domenico Cassini. ... Model of Centaur with Surveyor as payload. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (576x800, 103 KB)Official NASA description of the image: Early morning view on November 9, 1967 of Pad A, Launch Complex 39, Kennedy Space Center, showing Apollo 4 Saturn V (Spacecraft 017/Saturn 501) prior to launch later that day. ... Apollo 4 was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V launch vehicle. ... A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit in which objects such as satellites are below intermediate circular orbit (ICO) and far below geostationary orbit, but typically around 350 - 1400 km above the Earths surface. ... Apparent magnitude: up to -12. ... A Saturn V launch vehicle sends Apollo 15 on its way to the moon. ... The Boeing Company (NYSE: BA, TYO: 7661 ) is a major aerospace and defense corporation, originally founded by William Boeing. ... The S-IC was the first stage of the Saturn V rocket. ... North American Aviation, Inc. ... The S-II was the second stage of the Saturn V rocket. ... The Douglas Aircraft Company was founded by Donald Wills Douglas, Sr. ... The S-IVB (sometimes S4b) was built by the Douglas Aircraft Company and served as the third stage on the Saturn V and second stage on the Saturn IB. It had one J-2 engine. ... The metre (American English:meter) is a measure of length. ... A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, ′ – a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... The U.S. National Prototype Kilogram, which currently serves as the primary standard for measuring mass in the U.S. It was assigned to the United States in 1889 and is periodically recertified and traceable to the primary international standard, The Kilogram, held at the Bureau International des Poids et... The pound (abbreviations: lb or, sometimes in the United States, #) is a unit of mass (called weight in everyday parlance) in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... In cargo transport, the payload is the valuable contents of the vehicle. ... A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit in which objects such as satellites are below intermediate circular orbit (ICO) and far below geostationary orbit, but typically around 350 - 1400 km above the Earths surface. ... In astronomy, lunar orbit refers just to the orbit of the Moon around the Earth. ... Launch Complex 39 is a large site and a collection of facilities at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island in Florida, USA, originally built for the Apollo program, and later modified to support Space Shuttle operations. ... Merritt Island and Kennedy Space Center (shown in white). ... This article is about the rocket. ... This article is about the rocket. ... is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ... Apollo 4 was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V launch vehicle. ... December 6 is the 340th day of the year (341st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 14 is the 134th day of the year (135th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the rocket. ... The S-IC was the first stage of the Saturn V rocket. ... F-1 rocket engine Rocketdyne is a United States company that designs and produces rocket engines that use liquid propellants. ... F-1 Rocket Engine Specifications. ... Thrust is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newtons Second and Third Laws. ... The newton (symbol: N) is the SI unit of force. ... The pound-force is a non-SI unit of force or weight (properly abbreviated lbf or lbf). The pound-force is equal to a mass of one pound multiplied by the standard acceleration due to gravity on Earth (which is defined as exactly 9. ... RP-1 (refined petroleum) is a highly refined form of kerosene similar to jet fuel, used in the United States as a rocket fuel. ... Lox can stand for any of several things: Lox (salmon) - a type of salmon produce LOx (oxidizer) - liquid oxygen used as oxidizer in aerospace The Lox - was a Yonkers, NY-based rap trio This is a disambiguation page — a list of articles associated with the same title. ... The S-II was the second stage of the Saturn V rocket. ... F-1 rocket engine Rocketdyne is a United States company that designs and produces rocket engines that use liquid propellants. ... J-2 Rocket Engine Specifications. ... LH2 is an acronym used in the aerospace industry, which stands for liquid hydrogen. ... Lox can stand for any of several things: Lox (salmon) - a type of salmon produce LOx (oxidizer) - liquid oxygen used as oxidizer in aerospace The Lox - was a Yonkers, NY-based rap trio This is a disambiguation page — a list of articles associated with the same title. ... The S-IVB (sometimes S4b) was built by the Douglas Aircraft Company and served as the third stage on the Saturn V and second stage on the Saturn IB. It had one J-2 engine. ... F-1 rocket engine Rocketdyne is a United States company that designs and produces rocket engines that use liquid propellants. ... J-2 Rocket Engine Specifications. ... LH2 is an acronym used in the aerospace industry, which stands for liquid hydrogen. ... Lox can stand for any of several things: Lox (salmon) - a type of salmon produce LOx (oxidizer) - liquid oxygen used as oxidizer in aerospace The Lox - was a Yonkers, NY-based rap trio This is a disambiguation page — a list of articles associated with the same title. ... The second stage of a Minuteman III rocket A multistage (or multi-stage) rocket is, like any rocket, propelled by the recoil pressure of the burning gases it emits as it burns fuel. ... An expendable launch system or expendable launch vehicle, ELV, is a single-use launch vehicle usually used to launch a payload into space. ... A Soyuz rocket, at Baikonur launch pad. ... The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nations public space program. ... For other uses, see Apollo (disambiguation). ... Skylab was the first space station the United States launched into orbit. ...

The largest production model of the Saturn family of rockets, the Saturn V was designed under the direction of Wernher von Braun at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, with Boeing, North American Aviation, Douglas Aircraft Company, and IBM as the lead contractors. It remains the most powerful launch vehicle ever brought to operational status, from a height, weight and payload standpoint, although the Russian Energia, which flew only two test missions, had slightly more takeoff thrust. The Saturn family of rockets were developed to launch heavy payloads to Earth orbit and beyond. ... Wernher von Braun stands at his desk in the Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama in May 1964, with models of rockets developed and in progress. ... Aerial view of the test area at Marshall Space Flight Center The George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is a lead NASA center for propulsion, Space Shuttle propulsion, external fuel tank, crew training and payloads, International Space Station (ISS) design and construction, for computers, networks, and information management. ... Nickname: Coordinates: , Country United States State Alabama County Madison, Limestone Government  - Mayor Loretta Spencer Area  - City 174. ... The Boeing Company (NYSE: BA, TYO: 7661 ) is a major aerospace and defense corporation, originally founded by William Boeing. ... North American Aviation, Inc. ... The Douglas Aircraft Company was founded by Donald Wills Douglas, Sr. ... IBM redirects here. ... An artists conception of a Soviet Buran space shuttle lifting off atop the Energia booster. ...

In all, NASA launched thirteen Saturn V rockets between 1967 and 1973, with no loss of payload. The design payload was the manned Apollo spacecraft used by NASA for moon landings, and the Saturn V went on to launch the Skylab space station. Apollo Spacecraft: Command Module, Service Module, Lunar Module. ... Skylab was the first space station the United States launched into orbit. ...

The three stages of the Saturn V were developed by various NASA contractors, but following a sequence of mergers and takeovers all of them are now owned by Boeing. Each first and second stage was test fired at the Stennis Space Center located near Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. The facility was later used for the testing and verification of both the Space Shuttle Main Engine and the newer RS-68 rocket engine currently used on the Delta IV EELV rocket and in the future, on the Ares V rocket. The John C. Stennis Space Center (or SSC), located in Hancock County, Mississippi at the Mississippi/Louisiana border, is NASAs largest rocket engine test facility. ... Space Shuttle Main Engine cluster The Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) are the three main engines on the Space Shuttle orbiter. ... The RS-68 (Rocket System 68) is the largest existing liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen engine, producing a thrust of 650,000 lbf (2. ... It has been suggested that some sections of this article be split into a new article entitled Delta IV launches. ... The Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) program was a United States government, primarily a Department of Defense–sponsored effort to develop at least one family of space launch vehicles, that would meet the long term needs of the military. ... The Ares V (formerly known at the Cargo Launch Vehicle or CaLV) is the cargo launch component of Project Constellation. ...

Background

By the early 1960s, the Soviet Union had developed a considerable lead in the Space Race against the United States. In 1957, the Soviets had launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, and on April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin had become the first human to travel into space. For a list of key events, see Timeline of space exploration. ... Sputnik 1 (Russian: , Satellite-1, byname ПС-1 (PS-1, i. ... An Earth observation satellite, ERS 2 For other uses, see Satellite (disambiguation). ... is the 102nd day of the year (103rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (Russian: , Yuriy Alekseyevich Gagarin IPA: ; 9 March 1934 – 27 March 1968), Hero of the Soviet Union, was a Soviet cosmonaut. ...

On May 25, 1961, President Kennedy announced that America would try to land a man on the Moon by the end of the decade. At that time, the only experience the United States had with manned spaceflight was the 15-minute suborbital Freedom 7 flight of Alan Shepard. No rocket in the world could launch a manned spacecraft to the Moon in one piece. The Saturn I was in development, but had not yet flown, and due to its small size, it would require several launches to place in orbit all the components of a lunar spacecraft. is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), also referred to as John F. Kennedy, Kennedy, John Kennedy, Jack Kennedy, or JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of the United States. ... Human spaceflight is space exploration with a human crew, and possibly passengers (in contrast to unmanned space missions, which are remotely-controlled or robotic space probes). ... // Crew Alan Shepard (flew on Mercury 3 & Apollo 14) Backup Crew John Glenn Mission parameters Mass: 1,295 kg (apogee) Maximum Altitude: 187. ... Alan Bartlett Shepard, Jr. ... The Space Shuttle Discovery as seen from the International Space Station. ... The Saturn I was Americas first large clustered rocket. ...

Early in the planning process, NASA considered three leading ideas for the moon mission: Earth Orbit Rendezvous, Direct Ascent, and Lunar Orbit Rendezvous (LOR). Although NASA at first dismissed LOR (considering that rendezvous had yet to be performed in Earth orbit, much less in lunar orbit) in the end NASA decided that this would be the quickest and easiest method for achieving Kennedy's goal. See Choosing a mission mode for more information. Earth Orbit Rendezvous was a proposed method for American space missions to the moon. ... Direct ascent was a proposed method for an American mission to the moon. ... Lunar Orbit Rendezvous was the method of flying to the moon used in the Apollo Missions, where a Main ship would carry a ferry to the moon which would carry astronauts down to the surface. ... A space rendezvous between two spacecraft, often between a spacecraft and a space station, is an orbital maneuver where the two arrive at the same orbit, make the orbital velocities the same, and bring them together (an approach maneuver, taxiing maneuver); it may or may not include docking. ... Project Apollo was a series of human spaceflight missions undertaken by the United States of America (NASA) using the Apollo spacecraft and Saturn launch vehicle, conducted during the years 1961 – 1975. ...

Development

C-1 to C-4

Between 1960 and 1962, the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) designed rockets that could be used for various missions. Aerial view of the test area at Marshall Space Flight Center The George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is a lead NASA center for propulsion, Space Shuttle propulsion, external fuel tank, crew training and payloads, International Space Station (ISS) design and construction, for computers, networks, and information management. ...

The C-1 was developed into the Saturn I, and the C-2 rocket was dropped early in the design process in favor of the C-3, which was intended to use two F-1 engines on its first stage, four J-2 engines for its second stage, and an S-IV stage, using six RL-10 engines. The Saturn I was Americas first large clustered rocket. ... F-1 Rocket Engine Specifications. ... J-2 Rocket Engine Specifications. ... RL-10 Rocket Engine Specifications. ...

NASA planned to use the C-3 as part of the Earth Orbit Rendezvous concept, with at least four or five launches needed for a single mission, but MSFC was already planning an even bigger rocket, the C-4, which would use four F-1 engines on its first stage, an enlarged C-3 second stage, and the S-IVB, a stage with a single J-2 engine, as its third stage. The C-4 would need only two launches to carry out an Earth Orbit Rendezvous mission. The S-IVB (sometimes S4b) was built by the Douglas Aircraft Company and served as the third stage on the Saturn V and second stage on the Saturn IB. It had one J-2 engine. ...

C-5

On January 10, 1962, NASA announced plans to build the C-5. This would have five F-1 engines on its first stage, five J-2 engines on its second stage and an S-IVB third stage. January 10 is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Originally, the first four flights were to have been tests, first successively testing the three stages, followed by an unmanned circumlunar mission. A manned flight was intended to follow in 1969.

In the middle of 1962, NASA decided to use an all-up testing scheme, with all three stages tested at once on the very first launch. This would drastically shorten the testing and development timeline, and reduce the required number of rockets from 25 to 15, but this meant that all the stages would have to work perfectly on the first launch.

In 1963, the C-5 was renamed Saturn V, and Rocketdyne produced the first engines. F-1 rocket engine Rocketdyne is a United States company that designs and produces rocket engines that use liquid propellants. ...

In 1966, the F-1 passed NASA's first article configuration inspection with complete qualification for manned missions coming on September 6. is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The first Saturn V launch took place on November 9, 1967 with the Apollo 4 unmanned spacecraft as payload. is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ... Apollo 4 was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V launch vehicle. ...

The first manned launch occurred in December 1968, carrying the Apollo 8 circumlunar mission. Apollo 8 was the second manned mission of the Apollo space program, in which Commander Frank Borman, Command Module Pilot James Lovell and Lunar Module Pilot William Anders became the first humans to orbit around the Moon. ...

Technology

The Saturn V is arguably one of the most impressive machines in human history. Over 363 feet (110.6 m) high and 33 feet (10 m) in diameter, with a total mass of over three thousand short tons and a payload capacity of 260,000 pounds (118,000 kg) to LEO, the Saturn V dwarfed and overpowered all other previous rockets which had successfully flown. Comparatively, at 364 feet, the Saturn V is just one foot shorter than St Paul's Cathedral in London, and only cleared the doors of the VAB by 6 ft (1.82 m) when rolled out. The short ton is a unit of mass equal to 907. ... In cargo transport, the payload is the valuable contents of the vehicle. ... A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit in which objects such as satellites are below intermediate circular orbit (ICO) and far below geostationary orbit, but typically around 350 - 1400 km above the Earths surface. ... This article is about the cathedral church of the diocese of London. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The Vehicle (originally Vertical) Assembly Building, or VAB, is a very large building located at in NASAs Kennedy Space Center, halfway between Jacksonville and Miami, and due east of Orlando on Merritt Island, on the Atlantic coast of Florida. ...

Saturn V was principally designed by the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, although numerous major systems, including propulsion, were designed by subcontractors. It used the powerful new F-1 and J-2 rocket engines for propulsion. When tested, these engines sent tremors through the ground that could be felt from 50 miles (80 km) away^{[citation needed]}. Designers decided early on to attempt to use as much technology from the Saturn I program as possible. As such, the S-IVB third stage of the Saturn V was based on the S-IV second stage of the Saturn I. The instrument unit that controlled the Saturn V shared characteristics with that carried by the Saturn I. Aerial view of the test area at Marshall Space Flight Center The George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is a lead NASA center for propulsion, Space Shuttle propulsion, external fuel tank, crew training and payloads, International Space Station (ISS) design and construction, for computers, networks, and information management. ... Nickname: Coordinates: , Country United States State Alabama County Madison, Limestone Government  - Mayor Loretta Spencer Area  - City 174. ... F-1 Rocket Engine Specifications. ... J-2 Rocket Engine Specifications. ... A cold (un-ignited) rocket engine test at NASA A rocket engine is a reaction engine that can be used for spacecraft propulsion as well as terrestrial uses, such as missiles. ... The S-IVB (sometimes S4b) was built by the Douglas Aircraft Company and served as the third stage on the Saturn V and second stage on the Saturn IB. It had one J-2 engine. ... The Saturn I was Americas first large clustered rocket. ...

Stages

Saturn V diagram

On all but one of its flights, the Saturn V consisted of three stages — the S-IC first stage, S-II second stage and the S-IVB third stage — and the instrument unit. All three stages used liquid oxygen (LOX) as an oxidizer. The first stage used RP-1 for fuel, while the second and third stages used liquid hydrogen (LH2). All three stages also used small solid-fuelled ullage motors that helped to separate the stages during the launch, and to ensure that the liquid propellants were in a proper position to be drawn into the pumps. Download high resolution version (1143x1395, 127 KB)Saturn V rocket schematic. ... Download high resolution version (1143x1395, 127 KB)Saturn V rocket schematic. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... An oxidizing agent is a substance that oxidizes another substance in electrochemistry or redox chemical reactions in general. ... RP-1 (refined petroleum) is a highly refined form of kerosene similar to jet fuel, used in the United States as a rocket fuel. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... In a barrel or wine bottle, for example, ullage is the space within the container but above the liquid. ...

S-IC first stage

The first stage of Apollo 8 Saturn V being erected in the VAB on February 1, 1968

The S-IC was built by The Boeing Company at the Michoud Assembly Facility, New Orleans, where the Space Shuttle External Tanks are now constructed. As with almost every rocket stage, most of its mass of over two thousand metric tonnes at launch was fuel, in this case RP-1 rocket fuel and liquid oxygen oxidizer. It was 138 feet tall and 33 feet in diameter, and provided 34.02 MN of thrust to get the rocket through the first 61 kilometers of ascent. The five F-1 engines were arranged in a cross pattern. The center engine was fixed, while the four on the outer ring could be hydraulically turned to control the rocket. Download high resolution version (1282x1645, 518 KB) Description The S-IC first stage of the Apollo 8 Saturn V being erected in the Vertical Assembly Building on February 1, 1968 Source http://www. ... Download high resolution version (1282x1645, 518 KB) Description The S-IC first stage of the Apollo 8 Saturn V being erected in the Vertical Assembly Building on February 1, 1968 Source http://www. ... Apollo 8 was the second manned mission of the Apollo space program, in which Commander Frank Borman, Command Module Pilot James Lovell and Lunar Module Pilot William Anders became the first humans to orbit around the Moon. ... The vast Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space Center (1977). ... is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the 1968 Gregorian calendar. ... The S-IC was the first stage of the Saturn V rocket. ... The Boeing Company (NYSE: BA, TYO: 7661 ) is a major aerospace and defense corporation, originally founded by William Boeing. ... Michoud Assembly Facility in 1968 The Michoud Assembly Facility is an 832 acre (3. ... Nickname: Location in the State of Louisiana and the United States Coordinates: , Country United States State Louisiana Parish Orleans Founded 1718 Government  - Mayor Ray Nagin (D) Area  - City  350. ... NASAs Space Shuttle, officially called Space Transportation System (STS), is the United States governments current manned launch vehicle. ... Diagram of Space Shuttle External Tank showing internal structure The Space Shuttle External Tank (ET) contains the liquid hydrogen fuel and liquid oxygen oxidizer and supplies them under pressure to the three space shuttle main engines in the orbiter during lift-off and ascent. ... RP-1 (refined petroleum) is a highly refined form of kerosene similar to jet fuel, used in the United States as a rocket fuel. ... Lox can stand for any of several things: Lox (salmon) - a type of salmon produce LOx (oxidizer) - liquid oxygen used as oxidizer in aerospace The Lox - was a Yonkers, NY-based rap trio This is a disambiguation page — a list of articles associated with the same title. ... European Union Chemical hazard symbol for oxidizing agents Dangerous goods label for oxidizing agents Oxidizing agent placard An oxidizing agent (also called an oxidant or oxidizer) is A chemical compound that readily transfers oxygen atoms or A substance that gains electrons in a redox chemical reaction. ... F-1 Rocket Engine Specifications. ... Hydraulics is a branch of science and engineering concerned with the use of liquids to perform mechanical tasks. ...

S-II second stage

The S-II was built by North American Aviation at Seal Beach, California. Using liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, it had five J-2 engines in a similar arrangement to the S-IC. The S-II was 81 feet and 7 inches tall with a diameter of 33 feet. The second stage accelerated the Saturn V through the upper atmosphere with 5 MN of thrust. When loaded, 97% of the weight of the stage was propellant. Instead of having an intertank structure to separate the two fuel tanks as was done in the S-IC, the S-II used a common bulkhead that was constructed from both the top of the LOX tank and bottom of the LH2 tank. It consisted of two aluminum sheets separated by a honeycomb structure made of phenolic resin. This had to insulate against the 70 °C (125 °F) temperature difference between the two tanks. The use of a common bulkhead saved 3.6 metric tons in weight. The S-II was the second stage of the Saturn V rocket. ... North American Aviation, Inc. ... Location of Seal Beach within Orange County, California. ... LH2 is an acronym used in the aerospace industry, which stands for liquid hydrogen. ... J-2 Rocket Engine Specifications. ... Aluminum is a soft and lightweight metal with a dull silvery appearance, due to a thin layer of oxidation that forms quickly when it is exposed to air. ... Phenolic resin can include any of various synthetic thermosetting resins, obtained by the reaction of phenols with simple aldehydes and used to make molded products, including pool and snooker balls, and as coatings and adhesives. ...

The Instrument Unit for the Apollo 4 Saturn V

Download high resolution version (570x720, 89 KB)The Apollo 4 Instrument unit for a Saturn V http://history. ... Download high resolution version (570x720, 89 KB)The Apollo 4 Instrument unit for a Saturn V http://history. ... Apollo 4 was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V launch vehicle. ...

S-IVB third stage

The S-IVB was built by the Douglas Aircraft Company at Huntington Beach, California. It had one J-2 engine and used the same fuel as the S-II. The S-IVB used a common bulkhead to insulate the two tanks. It was 58 feet and 7 inches tall with a diameter of 21 feet and 8 inches. This stage was used twice during the mission: first for the orbit insertion after second stage cutoff, and later for the trans lunar injection (TLI) burn. Two liquid-fueled auxiliary propulsion system units mounted at the aft end of the stage were used for attitude control during the parking orbit and the trans-lunar phases of the mission. The two APSs were also used as ullage engines to help settle the fuel prior to the translunar injection burn. The S-IVB (sometimes S4b) was built by the Douglas Aircraft Company and served as the third stage on the Saturn V and second stage on the Saturn IB. It had one J-2 engine. ... The Douglas Aircraft Company was founded by Donald Wills Douglas, Sr. ... Huntington Beach is a seaside city in Orange County in southern California. ... Trans Lunar Injection (TLI) is a term describing the propulsion maneuver used to set a spacecraft on a trajectory which will intersect the Moon. ...

The S-IVB was the only rocket stage of the Saturn V small enough to be transported by plane, in this case the Super Guppy. Apart from the interstage adapter, this stage is nearly identical to the second stage of the Saturn IB rocket. The Super Guppy is a large, wide-bodied cargo aircraft used for ferrying outsized cargo components. ... The Saturn IB was an uprated version of the Saturn I, which featured a much more powerful second stage, the S-IVB. Unlike the earlier Saturn I, the IB had enough throw weight to launch the Apollo Command/Service Module or Lunar Module into Earth orbit, which made it invaluable...

Instrument unit

The Saturn V Instrument Unit was built by IBM and rode atop the third stage. It was constructed at the Space Systems Center in Huntsville. This computer controlled the operations of the rocket from just before liftoff until the S-IVB was discarded. It included guidance and telemetry systems for the rocket. By measuring the acceleration and vehicle attitude, it could calculate the position and velocity of the rocket and correct for any deviations. Diagram of Saturn V Instrument Unit. ... IBM redirects here. ... NASA Logo Listen to this article · (info) This audio file was created from the revision dated 2005-09-01, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ... Nickname: Coordinates: , Country United States State Alabama County Madison, Limestone Government  - Mayor Loretta Spencer Area  - City 174. ... Telemetry is a technology that allows the remote measurement and reporting of information of interest to the system designer or operator. ...

Range safety

In the event of an abort requiring the destruction of the rocket, the range safety officer would remotely shut down the engines and after several seconds send another command for the shaped explosive charges attached to the outer surfaces of the rocket to detonate. These would make cuts in fuel and oxidizer tanks to disperse the fuel quickly and to minimize mixing. The pause between these actions would give time for the crew to escape using the Launch Escape Tower or (in the later stages of the flight) the propulsion system of the Service module. A third command, "safe", was used after the S-IVB stage achieved the orbit to irreversibly deactivate the self-destruct system. The system was also inactive as long as the rocket is still on the launch pad.^[2] Apollo Spacecraft: Command Module, Service Module, Lunar Module. ...

Comparisons

The F-1 engines of the S-IC first stage dwarf their creator, Wernher von Braun.

Saturn V first stage thrust performance during Apollo 15 launch. 7.823 million pounds (34.8 MN) liftoff thrust.

The Soviet counterpart of the Saturn V was the N-1 rocket. The Saturn V was taller, heavier, had more liftoff thrust, and greater payload, [1] but the N-1's first stage diameter was larger. [2] The N1 had four test launches before the program was cancelled, each resulting in the vehicle catastrophically failing early in the flight. The first stage of Saturn V used five powerful engines rather than the 30 smaller engines of the N-1, necessary as the Soviets had not developed similarly powerful engines at that time. During two launches, Apollo 6 and Apollo 13, the Saturn V was able to recover from engine loss incidents. The N-1 likewise was designed to compensate for engine failures, but the system never successfully saved a launch from failure. On one occasion it reacted to a fault by shutting down all the first stage engines, destroying the vehicle and its launch pad. Overall, the main reason for the N-1's failures seems to be traceable to lack of all-up testing of the first stage, in turn due to insufficient funding. Download high resolution version (2431x3000, 1000 KB)This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons, a repository of free content hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. ... Download high resolution version (2431x3000, 1000 KB)This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons, a repository of free content hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. ... F-1 Rocket Engine Specifications. ... Wernher von Braun stands at his desk in the Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama in May 1964, with models of rockets developed and in progress. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1540x1062, 274 KB) Licensing Source Graph is cleaned-up version from the NASA Saturn V Launch Vehicle Flight Evaluation Report-AS-510, Apollo 15 Mission October 28, 1971 MPR-SAT-FE-71-2 Currently available on this web page: http://24. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1540x1062, 274 KB) Licensing Source Graph is cleaned-up version from the NASA Saturn V Launch Vehicle Flight Evaluation Report-AS-510, Apollo 15 Mission October 28, 1971 MPR-SAT-FE-71-2 Currently available on this web page: http://24. ... The pound-force is a non-SI unit of force or weight (properly abbreviated lbf or lbf). The pound-force is equal to a mass of one pound multiplied by the standard acceleration due to gravity on Earth (which is defined as exactly 9. ... Soviet Soyuz rockets like the one pictured above were the first reliable means to transport objects into Earth orbit. ... Two N1 Moon rockets appear on the pads at Baikonur Cosmodrome in early July 1969. ... Apollo 6, launched in April 1968, was the Apollo programs second and last unmanned test flight of its Saturn V launch vehicle. ... Original crew photo. ...

The three-stage Saturn V had a peak thrust of at least 34.02 MN (SA-510 and subsequent) [3] and a lift capacity of 118,000 kg to LEO. The SA-510 mission (Apollo 15) had a liftoff thrust of 7.823 million pounds (34.8 MN). The SA-513 mission (Skylab) had slightly greater liftoff thrust of 7.891 million pounds (35.1 MN). No other operational launch vehicle has ever surpassed the Saturn V in height, weight, or payload. If the two Russian Energia test launches are counted as operational, it had the same liftoff thrust as SA-513, 35.1 MN. The newton (symbol: N) is the SI unit of force. ... A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit in which objects such as satellites are below intermediate circular orbit (ICO) and far below geostationary orbit, but typically around 350 - 1400 km above the Earths surface. ... An artists conception of a Soviet Buran space shuttle lifting off atop the Energia booster. ...

Hypothetical future versions of the Soviet Energia would have been significantly more powerful than the Saturn V, delivering 46 MN of thrust and able to deliver up to 175 metric tonnes to LEO in the "Vulkan" configuration. Planned uprated versions of the Saturn V using F-1A engines would have had about 18% more thrust and 137,250 kg (302,580 lb) payload. [4] NASA contemplated building larger members of the Saturn family, including the Nova, but these were never produced. An artists conception of a Soviet Buran space shuttle lifting off atop the Energia booster. ... Diagram of Saturn I, Saturn V and Nova 8L rockets. ...

The Space Shuttle generates a peak thrust of 30.1 MN [5], and payload capacity to LEO (excl. Shuttle Orbiter itself) is 28,800 kg, which is about 25 percent of the Saturn V's payload. If the Shuttle Orbiter itself is counted as payload, this would be about 112,000 kg (248,000 lb). An equivalent comparison would be the Saturn V S-IVB third stage total orbital mass on Apollo 15, which was 140,976 kg (310,800 lb). NASAs Space Shuttle, officially called Space Transportation System (STS), is the United States governments current manned launch vehicle. ...

Some other recent launch vehicles have a small fraction of the Saturn V's payload capacity: the European Ariane 5 with the newest versions Ariane 5 ECA delivers up to 10,000 kg to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). The US Delta 4 Heavy, which launched a dummy satellite on December 21, 2004, has a capacity of 13,100 kg to geosynchronous transfer orbit. The Atlas V rocket (using engines based on a Russian design) delivers up to 25,000 kg to LEO and 13,605 kg to GTO. Ariane 5 mock-up Ariane 5 is a European expendable launch system designed to deliver satellites into geostationary transfer orbit and to send payloads to Low Earth orbit. ... A geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) is a Hohmann transfer orbit around the Earth between a low Earth orbit (LEO) and a geostationary orbit (GEO). ... It has been suggested that some sections of this article be split into a new article entitled Delta IV launches. ... December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Launch of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, 7:43:00 a. ...

S-IC thrust comparisons

Because of its large size, attention is often focused on the S-IC thrust and how this compares to other large rockets. However, several factors make such comparisons more complex than first appears: The S-IC was the first stage of the Saturn V rocket. ...

• Commonly-referenced thrust numbers are a specification, not an actual measurement. Individual stages and engines may fall short or exceed the specification, sometimes significantly.

• The F-1 thrust specification was uprated beginning with Apollo 15 (SA-510) from 1.5 million lbf to 1.522 million lbf, or 7.61 million lbf (31.85 MN) for the S-IC stage. The higher thrust was achieved via a redesign of the injector orifices and a slightly higher propellant mass flow rate. However, comparing the specified number to the actual measured thrust of 7.823 million lbf (34.8 MN) on Apollo 15 shows a significant difference.

• There is no "bathroom scale" way to directly measure thrust of a rocket in flight. Rather a mathematical calculation is made from combustion chamber pressure, turbopump speed, calculated propellant density and flow rate, nozzle design, and atmospheric conditions.
• Thrust varies greatly with altitude, even for a non-throttled engine. For example on Apollo 15, the calculated liftoff thrust (based on actual measurements) was about 7.823 million lbf, which increased to 9.18 million lbf at T+135 seconds, just before center engine cutoff (CECO).
• Thrust specifications are often given as vacuum thrust or sea level thrust, sometimes without qualifying which one. This can lead to incorrect comparisons.
• Thrust specifications are often given as average thrust or peak thrust, sometimes without qualifying which one. Even for a non-throttled engine at a fixed altitude, thrust can often vary somewhat over the firing period due to several factors. These include intentional or unintentional mixture ratio changes, slight propellant density changes over the firing period, and variations in turbopump, nozzle and injector performance over the firing period.

Without knowing the exact measurement technique and mathematical method used to determine thrust for each different rocket, comparisons are often inexact. As the above shows, the specified thrust often differs significantly from actual flight thrust calculated from direct measurements. The thrust stated in various references is often not adequately qualified as to vacuum vs sea level, or peak vs average thrust. F-1 Rocket Engine Specifications. ... Apollo 15 was the ninth manned mission in the Apollo program and the fourth mission to land on the Moon. ... A turbopump can refer to either of two types of pump. ...

Similarly, payload increases are often achieved in later missions independent of engine thrust. This is by weight reduction or trajectory reshaping.

The result is there is no single absolute figure for engine thrust, stage thrust or vehicle payload. There are specified values and actual flight values, and various ways of measuring and deriving those actual flight values.

The performance of each Saturn V launch was extensively analyzed and a Launch Evaluation Report produced for each mission, which includes a thrust/time graph for each vehicle stage on each mission. These are available on this page: [6] of the Inside Kennedy Space Center web site.

Assembly

The Apollo 10 Saturn V during rollout

After the construction of a stage was completed, it was shipped to the Kennedy Space Center. The first two stages were so large that the only way to transport them was by barge. The S-IC constructed in New Orleans was transported down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. After rounding Florida, it was then transported up the Intra-Coastal Waterway to the Vertical Assembly Building (now called the Vehicle Assembly Building). The S-II was constructed in California and so travelled via the Panama Canal. The third stage and Instrument Unit could be carried by the Aero Spacelines Pregnant Guppy and Super Guppy. Download high resolution version (965x768, 161 KB)Apollo 10 during rollout http://www. ... Download high resolution version (965x768, 161 KB)Apollo 10 during rollout http://www. ... Apollo 10 was the fourth manned mission in the Apollo program, and the first (and only manned Saturn V) mission to launch from pad 39B. The mission included the second crew to orbit the Moon, and the test of the lunar module in lunar orbit. ... For the river in Canada, see Mississippi River (Ontario). ... Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami Area  Ranked 22nd  - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²)  - Width 361 miles (582 km)  - Length 447 miles (721 km)  - % water 17. ... Categories: Stub ... The vast Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space Center (1977). ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... Two Panamax running the Miraflores Locks The Panama Canal (Spanish: ) is a major ship canal that traverses the Isthmus of Panama in Central America, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. ... Aero Spacelines, Inc. ... Pregnant Guppy ... The Super Guppy is a large, wide-bodied cargo aircraft used for ferrying outsized cargo components. ...

On arrival at Vertical Assembly Building, each stage was checked out in a horizontal position before being moved to a vertical position. NASA also constructed large spool shaped structures that could be used in place of stages if a particular stage was late. These spools had the same height and mass and contained the same electrical connections as the actual stages.

NASA decided to use a mobile launch tower, or "crawler", built by Marion Power Shovel of Ohio. This meant that the rocket was constructed on the launch pad in the VAB and then the whole structure was moved out to the launch site by the crawler, which is still used today by the Space Shuttle program. It runs on four double tracked treads, each with 57 'shoes'. Each shoe weighs 900 kg (2,000 lb). This transporter had to keep the rocket level as it travelled the 3 miles (5 km) to the launch site. Crawler-transporter #2 (Franz) in a December 2004 road test after track shoe replacement. ... Marion Power Shovel is a Ohio-based manufacturer of tracked vehicles, mainly used in construction and resouce extraction. ... Official language(s) None Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Largest metro area Cleveland Area  Ranked 34th  - Total 44,825 sq mi (116,096 km²)  - Width 220 miles (355 km)  - Length 220 miles (355 km)  - % water 8. ...

Lunar mission launch sequence

The Saturn V carried the Apollo astronauts to the Moon. All Saturn V missions launched from Launch Complex 39 at the John F. Kennedy Space Center. After the rocket cleared the launch tower, mission control transferred to the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Astronaut Bruce McCandless II using a manned maneuvering unit outside the U.S. Space Shuttle Challenger in 1984. ... Merritt Island and Kennedy Space Center (shown in white). ... Front gate of Johnson Space Center. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Texas Coordinates: , Country United States State Texas Counties Harris County Fort Bend County Montgomery County Incorporated June 5, 1837 Government  - Mayor Bill White Area  - City  601. ...

An average mission used the rocket for a total of just 20 minutes. Although Apollo 6 and Apollo 13 experienced engine failures, the onboard computers were able to compensate by burning the remaining engines longer, and none of the Apollo launches resulted in a payload loss. Apollo 6, launched in April 1968, was the Apollo programs second and last unmanned test flight of its Saturn V launch vehicle. ... Original crew photo. ...

S-IC sequence

The first stage burned for 2.5 minutes, lifting the rocket to an altitude of 61 kilometers and a speed of 8600 km/h and burning 2,000,000 kg of propellant.

A condensation cloud is seen sticking to the Apollo 11 Saturn V launch vehicle as it works its way up through the dense, lower atmosphere.

At 8.9 seconds before launch, the first stage ignition sequence started. The center engine ignited first, followed by opposing outboard pairs at 300-millisecond stagger times to reduce the structural loads on the rocket. The moment that full thrust had been confirmed by the onboard computers, the rocket was 'soft-released' in two stages: first, the hold-down arms released the rocket, and second, as the rocket began to accelerate upwards, it was held back somewhat by tapered metal pins being pulled through holes. The latter lasted for half a second. Once the rocket had lifted off, it could not safely settle back down onto the pad if the engines failed. Download high resolution version (800x1000, 228 KB) Apollo 11 launch. ... Download high resolution version (800x1000, 228 KB) Apollo 11 launch. ... F/A-18 demonstrating singularity effect The Prandtl-Glauert singularity, at which point a sudden drop in air pressure occurs, is generally accepted as the cause of the visible condensation cloud that often surrounds an airplane traveling at transonic speeds, though there remains some debate. ... The Apollo 11 mission was the first manned mission to land on the Moon. ...

It took about 12 seconds for the rocket to clear the tower. As it moved past the tower, the rocket yawed away to ensure adequate clearance, in case of adverse winds or engine failures. At an altitude of 130 meters (430 ft) the rocket began to roll and then pitch to the correct azimuth. From launch until 38 seconds after second stage ignition, the Saturn V would fly a preprogrammed pitch program biased for the prevailing winds during the launch month. The four outboard engines also tilted away from the center, so that if one engine had shut down early, the thrust of the remaining engines would have been towards the rocket's center of gravity. The Saturn V quickly accelerated, reaching 500 m/s at 2 km in altitude. Much of the early portion of the flight was spent gaining altitude, with the required velocity coming later. Flight dynamics is the science of air and space vehicle orientation and control in three dimensions. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ...

At about 80 seconds, the rocket reached the point of the flight with the maximum dynamic pressure, known as Max Q. The dynamic pressure on a rocket is proportional to the air density around the rocket and the square of the speed. Although the speed is increasing as the rocket gets higher, the air density beyond Max Q is decreasing so rapidly that the dynamic pressure is effectively reduced. A visible shock wave formed as the Apollo 11 Saturn V encountered Maximum Dynamic Pressure (Max Q) at about 1 minute 20 seconds into the flight (altitude 12. ... The use of water pressure - the Captain Cook Memorial Jet in Lake Burley Griffin in Canberra, Australia. ... The density of air, ρ (Greek: rho) (air density), is the mass per volume of Earths atmosphere, and is a useful value in aeronautics. ...

At 135.5 seconds, the center engine would shut down to reduce the acceleration loads on the rocket, since it became lighter as fuel was used. The F-1 engine was not throttlable so this was the easiest method. The crew also experienced their greatest acceleration, 4 g (39 m/s²), just before first stage cut off. The other engines continued to burn until either the oxidizer or fuel was depleted as measured by sensors in the suction assemblies. 600 milliseconds after the engine cutoff, the first stage separated with the help of the eight small solid fuel separation motors. This occurred at an altitude of about 62 km. The first stage continued to an altitude of 110 km, then fell in the Atlantic Ocean about 560 km from the launch pad. The term g force or gee force refers to the symbol g, the force of acceleration due to gravity at the earths surface. ...

S-II sequence

Still from film footage of Apollo 6's interstage falling away (NASA)

After the S-IC sequence, the S-II second stage burned for 6 minutes and propelled the craft to 185 km and 24,600 km/h, bringing it close to orbital velocity. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x716, 74 KB)Still from film footage showing interstage between the S-IC first stage and S-II second stage falling away during the Apollo 6 flight. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x716, 74 KB)Still from film footage showing interstage between the S-IC first stage and S-II second stage falling away during the Apollo 6 flight. ... Apollo 6, launched in April 1968, was the Apollo programs second and last unmanned test flight of its Saturn V launch vehicle. ... The orbital speed of a body, generally a planet, a natural satellite, an artificial satellite, or a multiple star, is the speed at which it orbits around the barycenter of a system, usually around a more massive body. ...

The second stage had a two-part ignition process, which varied over the duration of the program. In the first part for the first two unmanned launches, eight solid-fuel ullage motors ignited for four seconds to give positive acceleration, followed by the five J-2 engines. For the first seven manned Apollo missions only four ullage motors were used, and they were eliminated completely for the final four launches. In the second part, about 30 seconds after the first stage separated, the aft interstage separated from the second stage. This was a precisely controlled maneuver as the interstage could not be allowed to touch the engines and had a clearance of only one meter. At the same time as the interstage separated, the Launch Escape System was jettisoned. See Apollo abort modes for more information about the various abort modes that could have been used during a launch. Rocket fuel is a propellant that reacts with an oxidizing agent to produce thrust in a rocket. ... In a barrel or wine bottle, for example, ullage is the space within the container but above the liquid. ... Apollo LES Pad Abort test A Launch Escape System (LES) is a top-mounted rocket connected to the crew module of a crewed spacecraft and used to quickly separate and launch the crew module away from the rest of the rocket in the case of an emergency. ... During the launch of an Apollo spacecraft by the Saturn V rocket, the flight could be aborted to rescue the crew if the rocket failed catastrophically. ...

About 38 seconds after the second stage ignition, the control guidance of the Saturn V switched from a preprogrammed pitch routine to Iterative Guidance Mode, controlled by the Instrument Unit, based on accelerometers and altitude sensors. If the Instrument Unit took the rocket outside allowed limits the crew could either abort or take control of the rocket using one of the rotational hand controllers in the capsule.

About 90 seconds before the second stage cutoff, the center engine shut down to reduce longitudinal pogo oscillations. A pogo suppressor, first flown on Apollo 14, stopped this pogo motion but the center engine was still shut down early. At around this time, the LOX flow rate decreased, changing the mix ratio of the two propellants, ensuring that there would be as little propellant as possible left in the tanks at the end of second stage flight. This was done at a predetermined delta-v. Pogo oscillation is the term for a potentially dangerous type of oscillation found in rocket engines. ... General In general physics delta-v is simply the change in velocity. ...

There were five sensors in the bottom of each tank of the S-II. When two of these were uncovered, the Instrument Unit would initiate the staging sequence. One second after the second stage cut off it separated and a tenth of a second later the third stage ignited. Solid fuel retro-rockets mounted on the interstage at the top of the stage fired to help back away the depleted second stage from the remainder of the stack. The S-II impacted about 4200 km from the launch site. The S-II was the second stage of the Saturn V rocket. ...

S-IVB sequence

The third stage burned for a further 2.5 minutes, about 12 minutes after launch. The third stage remained attached while the spacecraft orbited the Earth two and a half times in a 'parking orbit' while astronauts examined the spacecraft and rocket to make sure everything functioned nominally. Two bodies with a slight difference in mass orbiting around a common barycenter. ... This article is about Earth as a planet. ...

Unlike with the previous separation, there was no two-stage separation. The interstage between the second and third stages remained attached to the second stage (although it was constructed as part of the third stage).

The S-IVB stage from the Apollo 7 flight in Earth orbit. Although Apollo 7 used a Saturn IB booster, the S-IVB stage was used on both the Saturn IB and Saturn V. On Saturn V flights the four Spacecraft/LM Adapter panels would be jettisoned to allow access to the Lunar Module

By 10 minutes 30 seconds into the launch, the Saturn V was 164 km in altitude and 1700 km downrange from the launch site. After about 5 more minutes of burning, the rocket cut off. The spacecraft was now in an orbit of about 180 km by 165 km. This is quite low by Earth orbit standards and would not have remained stable for very long due to interaction between the spacecraft and the Earth's atmosphere. For the two Earth orbit missions of the Saturn V, Apollo 9 and Skylab, the orbit would have been higher. The next two and a half orbits were spent checking out the systems of the spacecraft and preparing the spacecraft for Trans Lunar Injection (TLI). Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x800, 205 KB)Apollo 7 S-IVB rocket stage in Earth orbit on October 11, 1968. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x800, 205 KB)Apollo 7 S-IVB rocket stage in Earth orbit on October 11, 1968. ... Apollo 7 was the first manned mission in the Apollo program to be launched. ... Apollo 9 was the third manned mission in the Apollo program, a ten day earth-orbital mission launched 3 March 1969. ... Skylab was the first space station the United States launched into orbit. ... Trans Lunar Injection (TLI) is a term describing the propulsion maneuver used to set a spacecraft on a trajectory which will intersect the Moon. ...

TLI came about 2 and a half hours after launch, when the third stage reignited to propel the spacecraft to the Moon. The S-IVB burned for almost 6 minutes so that the total spacecraft velocity at cutoff was over 10 km/s, escape velocity.

A couple of hours after TLI the Apollo Command Service Module (CSM) separated from the third stage, turned 180 degrees, and docked with the Lunar Module (LM) which rode below the CSM during launch. The CSM and LM then separated from the third stage. Description Role: Lunar landing Crew: 2; CDR, LM pilot Dimensions Height: 20. ...

If it were to remain on the same trajectory as the spacecraft, the booster could have presented a hazard later in the mission, so the remaining propellant in its tanks was vented out of the engine, changing its trajectory. For third stages from Apollo 13 onwards, controllers directed it to impact the Moon. Seismometers left behind by previous missions detected the impacts, and the information helped map the inside of the Moon. Before that, the stages (except Apollo 9 and Apollo 12) were directed towards a flyby of the Moon that sent them into a solar orbit. Apollo 9's S-IVB was put directly into a solar orbit. Seismometers (in Greek seismos = earthquake and metero = measure) are used by seismologists to measure and record the size and force of seismic waves. ...

Apollo 12's S-IVB stage, on the other hand, had a different fate. On September 3, 2002, Bill Yeung discovered a suspected asteroid which he gave the temporary designation J002E3. It appeared to be in orbit around the Earth, and was soon discovered from spectral analysis to be covered in white titanium dioxide paint, the same paint used for the Saturn V. Mission controllers had planned to send Apollo 12's S-IVB into solar orbit but the burn after separating from the Apollo spacecraft lasted too long, it did not pass close enough to the Moon and ended up in a barely-stable orbit around the Earth and Moon. In 1971 through a series of gravitational perturbations it is thought to have entered in a solar orbit and then returned to orbit the Earth 31 years later. It left Earth orbit in June 2003. is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... William Kwong Yu Yeung or Bill Yeung is a Canadian astronomer with telescopes based in the United States. ... 253 Mathilde, a C-type asteroid. ... The S-IVB stage from the Apollo 7 flight in Earth orbit. ... Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO2. ...

The last Saturn V launch carried the Skylab space station to low Earth orbit in place of the third stage.

Download high resolution version (2256x2814, 855 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2256x2814, 855 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Skylab was the first space station the United States launched into orbit. ... A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit in which objects such as satellites are below intermediate circular orbit (ICO) and far below geostationary orbit, but typically around 350 - 1400 km above the Earths surface. ...

Skylab

In 1968, the Apollo Applications Program was created to look into science missions that could be performed with the surplus Apollo hardware. Much of the planning centered on the idea of a space station, which eventually spawned the Skylab program. The launch of Skylab (using the Saturn INT-21, a two stage derivative of the Saturn V) was the only Saturn V launch not directly related to the Apollo lunar landing program. The Apollo Applications Program (AAP) was established by NASA headquarters in 1968 to develop science based manned space missions using surplus material from the Apollo Lunar Landing Program. ... Skylab was the first space station the United States launched into orbit. ... This article is about the rocket. ...

Originally it was planned to use a 'wet workshop' concept, with a rocket stage being launched into orbit and outfitted in space, but this was abandoned for the 'dry workshop' concept: An S-IVB stage from a Saturn IB was converted into a space station on the ground and launched on a Saturn V. A backup, constructed from a Saturn V third stage, is now on display at the National Air and Space Museum. The Saturn IB was an uprated version of the Saturn I, which featured a much more powerful second stage, the S-IVB. Unlike the earlier Saturn I, the IB had enough throw weight to launch the Apollo Command/Service Module or Lunar Module into Earth orbit, which made it invaluable... National Air and Space Museum exterior The National Air and Space Museum (NASM) of the Smithsonian Institution is a museum in Washington, D.C., United States, and is the most popular of the Smithsonian museums. ...

Three crews lived aboard Skylab from May 25, 1973 to February 8, 1974, with Skylab remaining in orbit until July 11, 1979. is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. ... is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... A blonde haired, very skilled worker with a 70s look. ... is the 192nd day of the year (193rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ...

It was originally hoped that Skylab would stay in orbit long enough to be visited by the Space Shuttle during its first few flights. The Shuttle could have raised Skylab's orbit, and allowed it to be used as a base for future space stations. However, the Shuttle didn't fly until 1981 and it is now realized in retrospect that Skylab would have been of little use, as it was not designed to be refurbished and replenished with supplies. NASAs Space Shuttle, officially called Space Transportation System (STS), is the United States governments current manned launch vehicle. ...

Proposed post-Apollo developments

The (cancelled) second production run of Saturn Vs would very likely have used the F-1A engine in its first stage, providing a substantial performance boost. Other likely changes would have been the removal of the fins (which turned out to provide little benefit when compared to their weight); a stretched S-IC first stage to support the more powerful F-1As; and uprated J-2s for the upper stages.

A number of alternate Saturn vehicles were proposed based on the Saturn V, ranging from the Saturn INT-20 with an S-IVB stage and interstage mounted directly onto an S-IC stage, through to the Saturn V-23(L) [7] which would not only have five F-1 engines in the first stage, but also four strap-on boosters with two F-1 engines each: giving a total of thirteen F-1 engines firing at launch. The Saturn INT-20 was a proposed intermediate payload follow-on from the Apollo Saturn V launch vehicle. ... The S-IVB (sometimes S4b) was built by the Douglas Aircraft Company and served as the third stage on the Saturn V and second stage on the Saturn IB. It had one J-2 engine. ... The S-IC was the first stage of the Saturn V rocket. ...

The Space Shuttle was initially conceived of as a cargo transport to be used in concert with the Saturn V, even to the point that a "Saturn Shuttle," using the current orbiter and external tank, but with the tank mounted on a modified, fly-back version of the S-IC, would be used to power the Shuttle during the first two minutes of flight, after which the S-IC would be jettisoned (which will then fly back to KSC for refurbishment) and the Space Shuttle Main Engines would then fire and place the orbiter into orbit. The Shuttle would handle space station logistics, while Saturn V would launch components. Lack of a second Saturn V production run killed this plan and has left the United States without a heavy-lift booster. Some in the U.S. space community have come to lament this situation, as continued production would have allowed the International Space Station, using a Skylab or Mir configuration with both U.S. and Russian docking ports, to have been lifted with just a handful of launches, with the "Saturn Shuttle" concept possibly eliminating the conditions that caused the Challenger Disaster in 1986. NASAs Space Shuttle, officially called Space Transportation System (STS), is the United States governments current manned launch vehicle. ... The Saturn-Shuttle was a proposed interface of the Space Shuttle orbiter and external tank with the S-IC stage on the Saturn V rocket. ... Space Shuttle Main Engine block The Space Shuttle orbiter has three main engines. ... The International Space Station in 2007 A space station is an artificial structure designed for humans to live in outer space. ... International Space Station insignia ISS Statistics Crew: 3 As of June 20, 2007 Perigee: 319. ... Skylab was the first space station the United States launched into orbit. ... Mir (Russian: ; lit. ... The iconic image of Space Shuttle Challengers smoke plume after its breakup 73 seconds after launch. ...

The Saturn V would have been the prime launch vehicle for the cancelled Voyager Mars probes, and was to have been the launch vehicle for the nuclear rocket stage RIFT test program and the later NERVA. The Voyager program was a planned series of unmanned NASA probes to Mars. ... For other uses, see Nerva (disambiguation). ...

Successors

U.S. proposals for a rocket larger than the Saturn V from the late 1950s through the early 1980s were generally called Nova. Over thirty different large rocket proposals carried the Nova name. Diagram of Saturn I, Saturn V and Nova 8L rockets. ...

Wernher von Braun and others also had plans for a rocket that would have featured eight F-1 engines in its first stage allowing it to launch a manned spacecraft on a direct ascent flight to the Moon. Other plans for the Saturn V called for using a Centaur as an upper stage or adding strap-on boosters. These enhancements would have increased its ability to send large unmanned spacecraft to the outer planets or manned spacecraft to Mars. Wernher von Braun stands at his desk in the Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama in May 1964, with models of rockets developed and in progress. ... For other uses, see Apollo (disambiguation). ... The Centaur is an upper stage rocket designed for use on satellite launch vehicles, boosting the satellite into its final orbit or, in the case of interplanetary probes, to escape velocity. ... The eight planets and three dwarf planets of the Solar System. ... Adjectives: Martian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 0. ...

As of 2006, NASA plans to build the heavy-lift Ares V, a Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicle only 5 feet shorter than the Saturn V, but can lift the same amount of weight (~125 to 130 T) as its predecessor. The launcher has been named as a homage to the Saturn V. It is intended as an unmanned heavy lift vehicle, like that of the Saturn INT-21/Skylab configuration, but unlike the Saturn INT-21, the Ares V will be used to support both future manned lunar landings and even future manned missions to Mars after 2030. The Ares V (formerly known at the Cargo Launch Vehicle or CaLV) is the cargo launch component of Project Constellation. ... Comparison of the Saturn V, Space Shuttle and the two Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicles proposed to replace the Shuttle. ... A tonne (also called metric ton) is a non-SI unit of mass, accepted for use with SI, defined as: 1 tonne = 103 kg (= 106 g). ... This article is about the rocket. ... Skylab was the first space station the United States launched into orbit. ... Adjectives: Martian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 0. ...

The Saturn V used three liquid-fueled stages, the first burning liquid oxygen and kerosene, and the upper two burning liquid hydrogen and oxygen. By contrast the Ares V will use two liquid-fueled hydrogen/oxygen stages, and for the first two minutes of powered flight, two modified Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters. The core stage will be powered by five modified RS-68 rocket engines in the same cross pattern as that used on the S-IC and S-II stages. Initial Ares V design used five Space Shuttle Main Engines, but the RS-68 was later adopted based on lower costs, and its successful flight use on the unmanned Delta IV EELV launch system, along with being more powerful and easier to construct than its SSME counterpart. The Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) is the rocket that provides 83% of liftoff thrust for the Space Shuttle. ... The RS-68 (Rocket System 68) is the largest existing liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen engine, producing a thrust of 650,000 lbf (2. ... Space Shuttle Main Engine block The Space Shuttle orbiter has three main engines. ... It has been suggested that some sections of this article be split into a new article entitled Delta IV launches. ... The Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) program was a United States government, primarily a Department of Defense–sponsored effort to develop at least one family of space launch vehicles, that would meet the long term needs of the military. ...

The RS-68 engines, built by the Rocketdyne Division of Pratt and Whitney (formerly under the ownerships of Boeing and Rockwell International) produce less than 1/2 the thrust per engine as the Saturn V's F-1 engines, but are more efficient and can be throttled up or down. The J-2 engine used on the S-II and S-IVB will be modified into the improved J-2X engine for use on the Earth Departure Stage (EDS), and on the second stage of the proposed Ares I. Both the EDS and the Ares I second stage would use a single J-2X motor, although the EDS was originally designed to use two motors until the redesign employing the five RS-68s in place of the five SSMEs. Pratt & Whitney is an American owned aircraft engine manufacturer whose products are widely used in both civil and military aircraft. ... The Boeing Company (NYSE: BA, TYO: 7661 ) is a major aerospace and defense corporation, originally founded by William Boeing. ... Rockwell International was the ultimate incarnation of a series of companies under the sphere of influence of Willard Rockwell, who had made his fortune after the invention and successful launch of a new bearing system for truck axles in 1919. ... The Ares V Earth Departure Stage (EDS) is the high-energy cryogenic upper stage of NASAs proposed new Ares V launch vehicle. ... It has been suggested that Ares I-1 be merged into this article or section. ...

Cost

From 1964 until 1973, a total of US $6.5 billion was appropriated for the Saturn V, with the maximum being in 1966 with US $1.2 billion. [8] ISO 4217 Code USD User(s) the United States, the British Indian Ocean Territory,[1] the British Virgin Islands, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Panama, Caicos Islands, and the insular areas of the United States Inflation 2. ...

One of the main reasons for the cancellation of the Apollo program was the cost. In 1966, NASA received its highest budget of US $4.5 billion, about 0.5% of the GDP of the United States at that time. In the same year, the Department of Defense received $63.5 billion, about 7.0% of GDP. [9] The United States Department of Defense (DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government relating directly to national security and the military. ...

Saturn V vehicles and launches

The Saturn V launched day or night, in foul weather or fair, at the appropriate time to reach its destination, as shown in this montage of all launches.

Currently there are three Saturn Vs on display, all displayed horizontally: Download high resolution version (1024x550, 152 KB)All Saturn V launches in one photo. ... Download high resolution version (1024x550, 152 KB)All Saturn V launches in one photo. ... Apollo 4 was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V launch vehicle. ... is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ... Apollo 6, launched in April 1968, was the Apollo programs second and last unmanned test flight of its Saturn V launch vehicle. ... is the 94th day of the year (95th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the 1968 Gregorian calendar. ... Apollo 8 was the second manned mission of the Apollo space program, in which Commander Frank Borman, Command Module Pilot James Lovell and Lunar Module Pilot William Anders became the first humans to orbit around the Moon. ... December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the 1968 Gregorian calendar. ... Apollo 9 was the third manned mission in the Apollo program, a ten day earth-orbital mission launched 3 March 1969. ... is the 62nd day of the year (63rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Stargate SG-1 episode, see 1969 (Stargate SG-1). ... Apollo 10 was the fourth manned mission in the Apollo program, and the first (and only manned Saturn V) mission to launch from pad 39B. The mission included the second crew to orbit the Moon, and the test of the lunar module in lunar orbit. ... May 18 is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Stargate SG-1 episode, see 1969 (Stargate SG-1). ... The Apollo 11 mission was the first manned mission to land on the Moon. ... is the 197th day of the year (198th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Stargate SG-1 episode, see 1969 (Stargate SG-1). ... Apollo 12 was the sixth manned mission in the Apollo program and the second to land on the Moon. ... is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Stargate SG-1 episode, see 1969 (Stargate SG-1). ... Original crew photo. ... is the 101st day of the year (102nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Apollo 14 was the eighth manned mission in the Apollo program and the third mission to land on the Moon. ... is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... Apollo 15 was the ninth manned mission in the Apollo program and the fourth mission to land on the Moon. ... is the 207th day of the year (208th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... Apollo 16 was the tenth manned mission in the Apollo program and the fifth mission to land on the Moon. ... is the 106th day of the year (107th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Apollo 17 was the eleventh manned space mission in the NASA Apollo program. ... December 6 is the 340th day of the year (341st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Skylab was the first space station the United States launched into orbit. ... May 14 is the 134th day of the year (135th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the rocket. ... Apollo 18 was a cancelled flight within the Apollo Program, which would have been the eighth attempted lunar landing. ...

A Saturn V on display at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama.

• At the Johnson Space Center made up of first stage of SA-514, the second stage from SA-515 and the third stage from SA-513.
• At the Kennedy Space Center made up of S-IC-T (test stage) and the second and third stages from SA-514.
• At the U.S. Space & Rocket Center, made up of S-IC-D, S-II-F/D and S-IVB-D (all test stages not meant for actual flight)(soon to be moved to a new visitor's center).

Of these three, only the one at the Johnson Space Center consists entirely of stages meant to be launched. The U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville also has on display an erect full scale model of the Saturn V. The first stage from SA-515 resides at the Michoud Assembly Facility, New Orleans, Louisiana and the third stage was converted for use as backup Skylab. Backup Skylab is now on display at the National Air and Space Museum. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3072x2048, 1031 KB) Summary A Saturn V rocket on display at the U.S. Space And Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3072x2048, 1031 KB) Summary A Saturn V rocket on display at the U.S. Space And Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama. ... Nickname: Coordinates: , Country United States State Alabama County Madison, Limestone Government  - Mayor Loretta Spencer Area  - City 174. ... Front gate of Johnson Space Center. ... Merritt Island and Kennedy Space Center (shown in white). ... Some of the rockets in the U.S. Space & Rocket Center. ... Some of the rockets in the U.S. Space & Rocket Center. ... Nickname: Coordinates: , Country United States State Alabama County Madison, Limestone Government  - Mayor Loretta Spencer Area  - City 174. ... Michoud Assembly Facility in 1968 The Michoud Assembly Facility is an 832 acre (3. ... Nickname: Location in the State of Louisiana and the United States Coordinates: , Country United States State Louisiana Parish Orleans Founded 1718 Government  - Mayor Ray Nagin (D) Area  - City  350. ... National Air and Space Museum exterior The National Air and Space Museum (NASM) of the Smithsonian Institution is a museum in Washington, D.C., United States, and is the most popular of the Smithsonian museums. ...

The blueprints or other plans for the Saturn V still exist on microfilm at the Marshall Space Flight Center. [10] Microfilm machines may be available at libraries or record archives. ... Aerial view of the test area at Marshall Space Flight Center The George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is a lead NASA center for propulsion, Space Shuttle propulsion, external fuel tank, crew training and payloads, International Space Station (ISS) design and construction, for computers, networks, and information management. ...

Media

Image File history File links Apollo 15 launch. ... ReBoot character, see Megabyte (ReBoot). ... Ogg is an open standard for a free container format for digital multimedia, unrestricted by software patents and designed for efficient streaming and manipulation. ... Theora is a video codec being developed by the Xiph. ...

References

Footnote references

1. ^ ^{a b c} Encyclopedia Astronautica - Saturn INT-21
2. ^ NASA Marshall Spaceflight Center, Skylab Saturn IB Flight Manual

External links

NASA sites

• Apollo Lunar Surface Journal
• Saturn launch vehicles (PDF)
• Launch complex 39 facility description (PDF)

Non-NASA sites

• Apollo Saturn Reference Page
• Project Apollo Archive
• Space Vehicle History

Simulators

• 3D Saturn V Explorer and Launch Simulation Program
• 3D Apollo Simulator with Saturn V Simulation Program
• Saturn V/Saturn IB simulation for Orbiter spaceflight sim

The SA-9 (Saturn I Block II), the eighth Saturn I flight, lifted off on February 16, 1965. ... Juno V-A was studied in 1958, as a new name for the Super-Jupiter rocket. ... Saturn A-1, studied in 1959, was projected to be the first version of Saturn I and was to be used if necessary before the S-IV liquid hydrogen second stage became available. ... Studied with the Saturn A-1 in 1959, the Saturn A-2 was deemed more powerful than the Saturn I rocket, consisting of a first stage, which actually flew on the Saturn 1-B, a second stage which contains four S-3 engines that flew on the Jupiter IRBM and... Studied in 1959, the Saturn B-1, a four-stage rocket like the Jupiter-C, consists of a Saturn I-B first stage, a cluster of four Titan I first stages used for a second stage, a S-IV third stage used on the Saturn I that actually flew and... Download high resolution version (944x1200, 179 KB)Launch of Apollo 11, July 16, 1969 (NASA image) http://www. ... The Saturn I was Americas first large clustered rocket. ... The Saturn C-2 was a conceptual American launch vehicle, which was proposed for the Earth orbit rendezvous (EOR) approach to a lunar landing. ... The third rocket in the Saturn C series and studied in 1960, the Saturn C-3 was intented to be used as a contender for one of just two methods to get the moon, which was Earth Orbit Rendezvous. ... The Saturn C-4 was a conceptual American launch vehicle, originally proposed in 1960 to be used in a Lunar orbit rendezvous lunar landing. ... The Saturn C-5N was conceptual version of the Saturn V launch vehicle, which would have had a nuclear third stage instead of the IVB used on the Saturn V. This would have increased the payload to Low Earth orbit of the rocket from 118,000 kg to 155,000... The Saturn C-8 was the largest Saturn rocket to be designed. ... The Saturn I was Americas first large clustered rocket. ... The Saturn IB was an uprated version of the Saturn I, which featured a much more powerful second stage, the S-IVB. Unlike the earlier Saturn I, the IB had enough throw weight to launch the Apollo Command/Service Module or Lunar Module into Earth orbit, which made it invaluable... The Saturn IB-CE (Mark Wade) The Saturn IB-CE rocket was a proposed variant of the Saturn IB rocket. ... The Saturn IB-A was a proposed Saturn I family variant but was never built. ... The proposed Saturn IB-B was to be essentially an uprated Saturn IB using the new MS-IVB-2 upper stage engine developed from the S-IVB engine and an uprated S-IB-A engine for the first stage. ... Studied in 1965, the same year that Project Gemini started, the Saturn IB-C was simply designed as an orbital launch vehicle like the original Saturn IB. The booster would consist of an ordinary Saturn IB with four Minuteman first stages used as strap-on boosters. ... Studied by Douglas in 1965, this rocket consisted of a whole Saturn IB with 4 strap-on SRBs that have flown on the Titan 3E interplanetary missile carriers. ... The Saturn II was a proposed American ELV, derived from the Saturn V rocket that was used for the Apollo lunar program. ... The Saturn II was a proposed American ELV, derived from the Saturn V rocket that was used for the Apollo lunar program. ... The Saturn II was a proposed American ELV, derived from the Saturn V rocket that was used for the Apollo lunar program. ... The Saturn II was a proposed American ELV, derived from the Saturn V rocket that was used for the Apollo lunar program. ... The Saturn MLV rockets were actually a concept family of variants to be developed from the venerable Saturn V lunar rocket. ... The Saturn V-ELV was to be a enlarged Saturn V with the addition of 4 Titan UA1207 solid rocket boosters. ... The Saturn INT-20 was a proposed intermediate payload follow-on from the Apollo Saturn V launch vehicle. ... This article is about the rocket. ... The Saturn-Shuttle was a proposed interface of the Space Shuttle orbiter and external tank with the S-IC stage on the Saturn V rocket. ... Studied by the Marshall Space Flight Center in 1965, the Saturn V-3 or the MLV 5-3, the booster utilized new engines and new stages that were never used on the original Saturn V. The first stage used new F-1 engines designated F-1A that were pump-fed... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Studied in 1968 by Marshall Space Flight Center, the Saturn V-B was considered an interesting vehicle concept due to the fact that it nearly represents a single-stage to orbit booster, but is actually a stage and a half booster just like the Atlas. ... The Saturn V-C, was just like the Saturn V-B, studied in the same year as the V-C, except it would use a S-IVB third stage to get a payload into a higher orbit. ... With the ability to launch a staggering three times as much payload as the Russian Energia booster and studied in 1968, the Saturn V-D was considered to be the mightiest of the Saturn V rockets, rehased as one of the boosters from the Boeing 1967 Saturn studies and utilizing... Studied by Marshall Space Flight Center in 1968, the Saturn V-Centaur booster would have been used for deep space missions if it had actually flew. ... Studied in 1985, long after the Saturn V had been retired, the Jarvis would be used for Pacfic launches and would once again utilize the engines from the Saturn V, except that the Jarvis third stage would use an R-4D engine that was developed for the Apollo Service and...