Satyendra Nath Bose

Satyendra Nath Bose
Born	January 1, 1894 Calcutta, India
Died	February 04, 1974 (aged 80) Calcutta, India
Residence	India
Nationality	Indian
Field	Physics
Institutions	University of Calcutta University of Dhaka
Alma mater	Presidency College of the University of Calcutta
Academic advisor	Sahill Poddar
Known for	Bose–Einstein condensate, Bose–Einstein statistics, Bose gas
Note that Bose did not have a doctorate, but obtained an MSc from the University of Calcutta in 1915 and therefore did not have a doctoral advisor. However his equivalent mentor was J. C. Bose.

Satyendra Nath Bose /sɐθ.jin.ðrɐ nɑθ bos/ Bengali: সত্যেন্দ্র নাথ বসু) (January 1, 1894 – February 4, 1974) was an Indian physicist, specializing in mathematical physics. He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, providing the foundation for Bose-Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose-Einstein condensate. He is honored as the namesake of the boson. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 400 × 529 pixelsFull resolution (400 × 529 pixel, file size: 39 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Satyendra Nath Bose in Paris in 1925. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... This article is on Calcutta/Kolkata, the city. ... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... This article is on Calcutta/Kolkata, the city. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ... A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ... Formally established on the 24 January 1857, the University of Calcutta (also known as Calcutta University) (Bengali: কলকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়), located in the city of Kolkata (previously Calcutta), India, is the first modern university in the Indian subcontinent. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Formally established on the 24 January 1857, the University of Calcutta (also known as Calcutta University) (Bengali: কলকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়), located in the city of Kolkata (previously Calcutta), India, is the first modern university in the Indian subcontinent. ... A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter formed by a system of bosons confined in an external potential and cooled to temperatures very near to absolute zero (0 kelvin or -273. ... For other topics related to Einstein see Einstein (disambiguation). ... An ideal Bose gas is a quantum-mechanical version of a classical ideal gas. ... Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose (Bengali: জগদীশ চন্দ্র বসু Jôgdish Chôndro Boshu) (November 30, 1858 – November 23, 1937) was a Bengali physicist from undivided India, who pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics. ... Bengali or Bangla (বাংলা, IPA: ) is an Indo-Aryan language of the eastern Indian subcontinent, evolved from Prakrit, Pāli and Sanskrit. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Articles with similar titles include physician, a person who practices medicine. ... Mathematical physics is the scientific discipline concerned with the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories. ... Fig. ... In statistical mechanics, Bose-Einstein statistics determines the statistical distribution of identical indistinguishable bosons over the energy states in thermal equilibrium. ... A Bose–Einstein condensate is a phase of matter formed by bosons cooled to temperatures very near to absolute zero (0 kelvins or -273. ... In particle physics, bosons, named after Satyendra Nath Bose, are particles having integer spin. ...

Although more than one Nobel Prize was awarded for research related to the concepts of the boson, Bose-Einstein statistics and Bose-Einstein condensate—the latest being the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics, which was given for advancing the theory of Bose-Einstein condensates, Bose himself was never awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. Among his other talents, Bose spoke several languages and could also play the Esraj, a musical instrument similar to a violin. Nobel Prize medal. ... In particle physics, bosons, named after Satyendra Nath Bose, are particles having integer spin. ... Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995) accepting the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... The Esraj, also known sometimes as Israj, or Dilruba, is a string instrument found in two forms throughout the north, central, and east regions of India. ... The violin is a bowed string instrument with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. ...

In his book, The Scientific Edge, the noted physicist Jayant Narlikar observed: Professor Jayant Vishnu Narlikar (born July 19,1938) (Marathi: प्रा. जयंत विष्णू नारळीकर) is an eminent Indian astrophysicist. ...

"S.N.Bose’s work on particle statistics (c. 1922), which clarified the behaviour of photons (the particles of light in an enclosure) and opened the door to new ideas on statistics of Microsystems that obey the rules of quantum theory, was one of the top ten achievements of 20th century Indian science and could be considered in the Nobel Prize class." ^[1]

In modern physics the photon is the elementary particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena. ... In particle physics, an elementary particle is a particle of which other, larger particles are composed. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Early life and career

Bose was born in Kolkata (Calcutta), India, the eldest of seven children. His father, Surendranath Bose, worked in the Engineering Department of the East India Railway. , “Calcutta” redirects here. ... Engineering is the design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ...

Bose attended Hindu School in Calcutta, and later attended Presidency College, also in Calcutta, earning the highest marks at each institution. He came in contact with brilliant teachers such as Jagadish Chandra Bose (no relation) and Prafulla Chandra Roy who provided inspiration to aim high in life. From 1916 to 1921 he was a lecturer in the physics department of the University of Calcutta. In 1921, he joined the department of Physics of the then recently founded Dacca University (now in Bangladesh and called University of Dhaka), again as a lecturer. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Jagdish Chandra Bose (November 30, 1858–November 23, 1937) was a leading physicist of his age. ... Prafulla Chandra Roy (Bangla: প্রফুল্ল চন্দ্র রায়) was a Bengali academician, who spoke of entrepreneurship and himself showed that way. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Lecturer is a term of academic rank. ... This is a list of academic disciplines (and academic fields). ... Formally established on the 24 January 1857, the University of Calcutta (also known as Calcutta University) (Bengali: কলকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়), located in the city of Kolkata (previously Calcutta), India, is the first modern university in the Indian subcontinent. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

In 1924 Bose wrote a paper deriving Planck's quantum radiation law without any reference to classical physics. After initial setbacks to his efforts to publish, he sent the article directly to Albert Einstein in Germany. Einstein, recognizing the importance of the paper, translated it into German himself and submitted it on Bose's behalf to the prestigious Zeitschrift für Physik. As a result of this recognition, Bose was able to leave India for the first time and spent two years in Europe, during which he worked with Louis de Broglie, Marie Curie, and Einstein. 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (April 23, 1858 – October 4, 1947 in Göttingen, Germany) was a German physicist. ... Black body spectrum In physics, Plancks law of black body radiation predicts the spectral intensity of electromagnetic radiation at all wavelengths from a black body at temperature  : where the following table provides the definition and SI units of measure for each symbol: The wavelength is related to the frequency... Classical physics is physics based on principles developed before the rise of quantum theory, usually including the special theory of relativity and general theory of relativity. ... “Einstein” redirects here. ... The Zeitschrift für Physik (Journal of Physics) was published from 1920 until 1997. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond, 7th duc de Broglie, generally known as Louis de Broglie (August 15, 1892 – March 19, 1987), was a French physicist and Nobel Prize laureate. ... Madame Curie redirects here. ...

Bose returned to Dacca in 1926. He became a professor and was made head of the Department of Physics, and continued teaching at Dhaka University until 1945. At that time he returned to Calcutta, and taught at Calcutta University until 1956, when he retired and was made professor emeritus. Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The meaning of the word professor (Latin: one who claims publicly to be an expert) varies. ... A chair or seat is also a seat of office, authority, or dignity, such as the chairperson of a committee, or a professorship at a college or university, or the individual that presides over business proceedings. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Emeritus (IPA pronunciation: or ) is an adjective that is used in the title of a retired professor, bishop or other professional. ...

The error that wasn't

While presenting a lecture at the University of Dhaka on the photoelectric effect and the ultraviolet catastrophe, Bose intended to show his students that the current theory was inadequate, because it predicted results not in accordance with experimental results. During this lecture, Bose committed an error in applying the theory, which unexpectedly gave a prediction that agreed with experiment. (He later adapted this lecture into a short article called Planck's Law and the Hypothesis of Light Quanta.) This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A diagram illustrating the emission of electrons from a metal plate, requiring energy gained from an incoming photon to be more than the work function of the material. ... The ultraviolet catastrophe, also called the Rayleigh-Jeans catastrophe, was a prediction of early 20th century classical physics that an ideal black body at thermal equilibrium will emit radiation with infinite power. ...

The error was a simple mistake—similar to arguing that flipping two fair coins will produce two heads one-third of the time—that would appear obviously wrong to anyone with a basic understanding of statistics. However, the results it predicted agreed with experiment, and Bose realized it might not be a mistake at all. He for the first time took the position that the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution would not be true for microscopic particles where fluctuations due to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle will be significant. Thus he stressed in the probability of finding particles in the phase space each having volumes h³ and discarding the distinct position and momentum of the particles. Coin flipping or coin tossing is the practice of throwing a coin in the air to resolve a dispute between two parties or otherwise choose between two alternatives. ... A graph of a normal bell curve showing statistics used in educational assessment and comparing various grading methods. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... In quantum physics, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, sometimes called the Heisenberg indeterminacy principle, expresses a limitation on accuracy of (nearly) simultaneous measurement of observables such as the position and the momentum of a particle. ... For other senses of this term, see phase space (disambiguation). ... In classical mechanics, momentum (pl. ...

Physics journals refused to publish Bose's paper. It was their contention that he had presented to them a simple mistake, and Bose's findings were ignored. Discouraged, he wrote to Albert Einstein, who immediately agreed with him. His theory finally achieved respect when Einstein sent his own paper in support of Bose's to Zeitschrift für Physik, asking that they be published together. This was done in 1924. Bose had earlier translated Einstein's theory of General Relativity from German to English. It is said that Bose had taken Albert Einstein as his guru (mentor).^{[citation needed]} A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... “Einstein” redirects here. ... The Zeitschrift für Physik (Journal of Physics) was published from 1920 until 1997. ... An illustration of a rotating black hole at the center of a galaxy General relativity (GR) (aka general theory of relativity (GTR)) is the geometrical theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915/16. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... “Einstein” redirects here. ... A Guru (Sanskrit: ), is a teacher in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism, as well as in many new religious movements. ...

The reason Bose's "mistake" produced accurate results was that since photons are indistinguishable from each other, one cannot treat any two photons having equal energy as being two distinct identifiable photons. By analogy, if in an alternate universe coins were to behave like photons and other bosons, the probability of producing two heads would indeed be one-third (tail-head = head-tail). Bose's "error" is now called Bose-Einstein statistics. In particle physics, bosons, named after Satyendra Nath Bose, are particles having integer spin. ... In statistical mechanics, Bose-Einstein statistics determines the statistical distribution of identical indistinguishable bosons over the energy states in thermal equilibrium. ...

Einstein adopted the idea and extended it to atoms. This led to the prediction of the existence of phenomena which became known as Bose-Einstein condensate, a dense collection of bosons (which are particles with integer spin, named after Bose), which was proven to exist by experiment in 1995. A Bose–Einstein condensate is a phase of matter formed by bosons cooled to temperatures very near to absolute zero (0 kelvins or -273. ... In particle physics, bosons, named after Satyendra Nath Bose, are particles having integer spin. ... In physics, spin refers to the angular momentum intrinsic to a body, as opposed to orbital angular momentum, which is the motion of its center of mass about an external point. ...

Later work

Bose's ideas were afterward well received in the world of physics, and he was granted leave from the University Dhaka to travel to Europe in 1924. He spent a year in France and worked with Marie Curie, and met several other well-known scientists. He then spent another year abroad, working with Einstein in Berlin. Upon his return to Dhaka, he was made a professor in 1926. He did not have a doctorate, and so ordinarily he would not be qualified for the post, but Einstein recommended him. His work ranged from X-ray crystallography to unified field theories. He also published an equation of state for real gases with Megh Nad Saha. World map showing the location of Europe. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Maria Skłodowska-Curie. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... X-ray crystallography, also known as single-crystal X-ray diffraction, is the oldest and most common crystallographic method for determining the structure of molecules. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... In physics and thermodynamics, an equation of state is a constitutive equation describing the state of matter under a given set of physical conditions. ... An ideal gas (also called a perfect gas) is a hypothetical fluid consisting of particles that are identical to each other, occupy negligible volume and undergo perfect elastic collisions with each other, with no intermolecular forces and no intramolecular storage of energy, as opposed to a real gas, a gas... Megh Nad Saha (Bangla:মেঘনাদ সাহা) (Devanagari: मेघनाद साहा) (October 6, 1893 – February 16, 1956) was a Bengali Indian astrophysicist. ...

Apart from physics he did some research in biochemistry and literature (Bengali, English). He made deep studies in chemistry, geology, zoology, anthropology, engineering and other sciences. Being of Bengali origin he devoted a lot of time to promoting Bengali as a teaching language, translating scientific papers into it, and promoting the development of the region. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes and transformations in living organisms. ... Old book bindings at the Merton College library. ... Bengali or Bangla (বাংলা, IPA: ) is an Indo-Aryan language of the eastern Indian subcontinent, evolved from Prakrit, Pāli and Sanskrit. ... Chemistry - the study of atoms, made of nuclei (conglomeration of center particles) and electrons (outer particles), and the structures they form. ... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Zoology (rarely spelled zoölogy) is the biological discipline which involves the study of non-human animals. ... Anthropology (from Greek: ἀνθρωπος, anthropos, human being; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the comparative study of the physical and social characteristics of humanity through the examination of historical and present geographical distribution, cultural history, acculturation, and cultural relationships. ... Engineering is the design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ... Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne. ... Bengal (Bengali: বঙ্গ Bôngo, বাংলা Bangla, বঙ্গদেশ Bôngodesh or বাংলাদেশ Bangladesh), is a historical and geographical region in the northeast of South Asia. ... Bengali or Bangla (বাংলা, IPA: ) is an Indo-Aryan language of the eastern Indian subcontinent, evolved from Prakrit, Pāli and Sanskrit. ...

In 1944 Bose was elected General President of the Indian Science Congress. 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Indian Science Congress Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) is the premier scientific organisation of India. ...

In 1958 he became a Fellow of the Royal Society. Year 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The premises of The Royal Society in London (first four properties only). ...

Anecdote

Once the great scientist, Niels Bohr, was delivering a lecture. Bose presided. At one stage the lecturer had some difficulty in explaining a point. He had been writing on the blackboard; he stopped and, turning to Bose, said, "Can Professor Bose help me?" All the while Satyendranath had been sitting with his eyes shut. The audience could not help smiling at Professor Bohr's words. But to their great surprise, Bose opened his eyes; in an instant he solved the lecturer's difficulty. Then he sat down and once again closed his eyes! — biography at Calcuttaweb Niels (Henrik David) Bohr (October 7, 1885 – November 18, 1962) was a Danish physicist who made fundamental contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1922. ...

References

• S. N. Bose. "Plancks Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypothese", Zeitschrift für Physik 26:178-181 (1924). (The German translation of Bose's paper on Planck's law)
• Abraham Pais. "Subtle is the Lord...": The Science and Life of Albert Einstein. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1982. (pp. 423-434). ISBN 0-19-853907-X.
• "Heat and thermodynamics" Saha and Srivasthava.

External links

• Hindu School, Kolkata
• Scienceworld's biography of Satyendra Nath Bose
• Satyendra Nath Bose (biography at Calcuttaweb)
• O'Connor, John J; Edmund F. Robertson "Satyendra Nath Bose". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.  
• The Indian Particle Man (audio biography at BBC Radio 4)
• Bosons - The Birds That Flock and Sing Together (biography of Bose and Bose-Einstein Condensation)
• http://www.itbhu.org/chronicle/archives/2007/04/index.html#001206- Satyendra Nath Bose and Bose-Einstein Condensation Principle.

The MacTutor history of mathematics archive is a website hosted by University of St Andrews in Scotland. ...

Notes

1. ^ The Scientific Edge by Jayant V. Narlikar, Penguin Books, 2003, page 127. The work of other 20th century Indian scientists which Narlikar considered to be of Nobel Prize class were Srinivasa Ramanujan, Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman and Megh Nad Saha.