NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Scandinavian countries

Scandinavia is a region in Northern Europe named after the Scandinavian Peninsula. In many parts of the world the terms "Scandinavia" and "Nordic region" are used interchangeably. The most common definition includes continental Denmark, mainland Norway and Sweden. A broader interpretation would include the various insular territories belonging to Denmark and Norway, such as Greenland and Svalbard. Finland is also often included, though it is not considered standard and often merits the broader term Fennoscandia. Due to cultural, economic and linguistic similarities, Iceland and the Faroe Islands can also be included. The Scandinavian Mountains, in Swedish Skanderna, FjÃ¤llen (The Mountains) or KÃ¶len and in Norwegian KjÃ¸len, with the two latter meaning the Keel, are a mountain range that runs through the Scandinavian Peninsula. ... The Scandinavian Peninsula is a peninsula located at the northwest corner of Europe and bounded by the Gulf of Bothnia, the Baltic Sea, the Kattegat, the Skagerrak, the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea. ... The Viking Age is the name of the period between 793 and 1066 AD in Scandinavia and Britain, following the Germanic Iron Age (and the Vendel Age in Sweden). ... The Varangians (Russian: Variags, Ð’Ð°Ñ€ÑÐ³Ð¸) were Scandinavians who travelled eastwards, mainly from Jutland and Sweden. ... Vikings were a Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish people who lived around the coasts of Scandinavia and raided, besides others in their very homelands, the coasts of the British Isles, and other parts of Europe from the late 8th century to the 11th century. ... A thing or ting (Old Norse and Icelandic: Ã¾ing; other modern Scandinavian: ting) was the governing assembly in Germanic societies, made up of the free men of the community and presided by lawspeakers. ... The Kalmar Union flag. ... The Kingdom of Denmark-Norway, consisting of Denmark and Norway, including Norways possessions Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands, is a term used for the two united kingdoms after their amalgamation as one state in 1536. ... The Union between Sweden and Norway refers to the kingdoms of Sweden and Norway between 1814 and 1905, when they were united under one monarch in a personal union, following the Convention of Moss, on August 14, and the Norwegian constitutional revision of November 4. ... The Scandinavian Monetary Union (Swedish: Skandinaviska myntunionen, Danish: Skandinaviske mÃ¸ntunion) was a monetary union formed by Sweden and Denmark on May 5, 1873 by fixing their currencies against gold at par to each other. ... A Scandinavian defense union that would include Sweden, Norway and Denmark was planned between the three countries after World War II. Denmark and Norway had been occupied by Germany between 1940 and 1945, while Sweden, having escaped the horrors of occupation it had, still felt the effects of the war. ... The history of Scandinavia is the common history of the Scandinavian countriesâ€” Denmark, Norway and Sweden. ... The Royal League logo The Royal League is an annual Scandinavian football tournament, starting after the end of the regular domestic seasons of Norway and Sweden. ... The definition of continental subregions in use by the United Nations. ... Northern Europe is marked in dark blue Northern Europe is a name of the northern part of the European continent. ... The Scandinavian Peninsula is a peninsula located at the northwest corner of Europe and bounded by the Gulf of Bothnia, the Baltic Sea, the Kattegat, the Skagerrak, the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea. ... The Nordic region. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ...

Terminology and usage

In English usage, the term Scandinavia is often used as a synonym for the Nordic Countries. Within each of the Nordic societies themselves, however, no such ambiguity exists, as each term has its specific meaning. From the 1850's, Scandinavia came to include, politically and culturally, Sweden, Norway and Denmark. Geographically the Scandinavian peninsula includes mainland Sweden and mainland Norway, and also a smaller part of Finland, while the Jutland Peninsula includes mainland Denmark and a small part of Germany (Denmark proper has not included any territory on the Scandinavian Peninsula since the middle of the 17th century). Scandinavia can mean: Scandinavia - a region in Northern Europe Scandinavian Peninsula - a peninsula of the European continent Scandinavian Mountains - a mountains of the Scandinavian Peninsula Scandinavian languages - a subgroup of the North Germanic languages Scandinavia (etymology) - the etymology of Scandinavia Scandinavia, Wisconsin - a village in the U.S. state of... Overview map of the region. ... Political geography is the scientific study of power relations in space and space implications on them. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Physical geography or physiogeography is a subfield of geography that focuses on the systematic study of patterns and processes within the hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere. ... Jutland Peninsula Jutland (Danish: Jylland, German: Jütland) is a peninsula in northern Europe that forms the continental part of Denmark and a northern part of Germany, dividing the North Sea from the Baltic Sea. ...

The three countries that form the core of Scandinavia came to be viewed as a single political and cultural region during the height of the nationalist movements in these countries in the middle of the 19th century (Scandinavism). The region takes its name from the peninsula, which in turn is thought to be named after the historical province of Skåne (Scania in southernmost part of Scandinavian Peninsula, in Sweden). Before the mid-19th century, the term covered a larger area of Northern Europe including adjacent parts of Germany, parts of Russia bordering Finland and Estonia. Political geography is the scientific study of power relations in space and space implications on them. ... The word culture comes from the Latin root colere (to inhabit, to cultivate, or to honor). ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Scandinavism is a political movement with origins in the mid-19th century that support the idea of Scandinavia as a unified region or even a single nation, based on the common linguistic, political and cultural heritage of the Scandinavian countries Denmark, Norway and Sweden. ... Peninsula A peninsula (from Latin paene insula, almost island) is a geographical formation consisting of an extension of land from a larger body, surrounded by water on three sides. ... â–¶ (helpÂ· info) (also known as Scania) is the southernmost historical province (landskap) of Sweden. ... Northern Europe is marked in dark blue Northern Europe is a name of the northern part of the European continent. ...

The label Scandinavia today reflects linguistic similarities (Scandinavian or North Germanic languages), historical and cultural ties as well as similar societal developments. These similarities have persisted despite past enmity and competition, opposite policies during the two World Wars and the Cold War, and differing stances on membership in international organizations (e.g. NATO and the European Union). A dialect continuum is a range of dialects spoken across a large geographical area, differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close, and gradually decreasing in mutual intelligibility as the distances become greater. ... The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages, along with the West Germanic languages (including English, German, and Dutch) and the East Germanic languages (now extinct). ... A society is a group of people living or working together. ... A world war is a military conflict affecting the majority of the worlds major nations. ... The Cold War was the protracted geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that emerged after World War II between the global superpowers of the Soviet Union and the United States, supported by their alliance partners. ... An international organization (also called intergovernmental organization) is an organization of international scope or character. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...

Geography

The region consists of the greater part of the Scandinavian and Jutland peninsulas and the islands in between. Smaller portions of the peninsulas belong to Finland and Germany. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (842x642, 30 KB) Summary Map showing Scandinavia using different definitions: * red = the intra-Nordic usage: the three monarchies * orange = the extended usage: Nordic region, except Greenland and Svalbard * yellow = the maximal extent: synonymous with the entire Nordic region (Note the area... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (842x642, 30 KB) Summary Map showing Scandinavia using different definitions: * red = the intra-Nordic usage: the three monarchies * orange = the extended usage: Nordic region, except Greenland and Svalbard * yellow = the maximal extent: synonymous with the entire Nordic region (Note the area... This article describes the geography of Denmark. ... Norway is located in Northern Europe, bordering the North Sea in southwest, the North Atlantic Ocean in the west and the Barents Sea to the northeast, and Sweden to the east. ... Map of Sweden // Location Northern Europe, Scandinavian Peninsula, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, Kattegat, and Skagerrak, between Finland and Norway. ... Ive reverted the cropping, so as to again show the entire land mass. ... Ive reverted the cropping, so as to again show the entire land mass. ... Northern Europe is marked in dark blue Northern Europe is a name of the northern part of the European continent. ... The Scandinavian Peninsula is a peninsula located at the northwest corner of Europe and bounded by the Gulf of Bothnia, the Baltic Sea, the Kattegat, the Skagerrak, the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea. ... Jutland Peninsula Jutland (Danish: Jylland; German: JÃ¼tland) is a peninsula in northern Europe that forms the mainland part of Denmark and a northern part of Germany, dividing the North Sea from the Baltic Sea. ... Peninsula A peninsula (from Latin paene insula, almost island) is a geographical formation consisting of an extension of land from a larger body, surrounded by water on three sides. ... The Danish straits are the three channels connecting the North Sea through the Kattegat and Skagerrak to the Baltic sea. ...

History

The Scandinavians were Christianized in the 10th-13th centuries, resulting in three consolidated kingdoms. The history of Scandinavia is the common history of the Scandinavian countriesâ€” Denmark, Norway and Sweden. ... St Francis Xavier converting the Paravas: a 19th-century image of the docile heathen Ansgar, the 9th century apostle of the North in an 1830 drawing. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ...

The three kingdoms then united in the Kalmar Union^[1] lasting all of the 15th century when the Union was split into two halves: Denmark was historically divided into three lands: Skåneland or Terra Scania Zealand and the islands Jutland See also: Lands of Sweden Categories: Stub | Historical regions ... Blekinge is the name of a geographical region in Sweden which can refer to: Blechingia, or Blekinge - a historical Province of Sweden Blekinge County, or Blekinge län - a current County of Sweden This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same... â–¶ (helpÂ· info) is the largest island in the Baltic Sea with a size of 2,994 kmÂ². It is also the largest island belonging to Sweden. ... â–¶ (helpÂ· info) is a historical province (landskap) on the western coast of Sweden. ... â–¶ (helpÂ· info) (also known as Scania) is the southernmost historical province (landskap) of Sweden. ... Norrland Svealand GÃ¶taland Historical map: Lands of Sweden Sweden is divided into the tre lands: GÃ¶taland, Svealand, Norrland. ... â–¶ (helpÂ· info), (Latin: Bahusia, English, Norwegian BÃ¥huslen) is a province (landskap) in west Sweden. ... â–¶ (helpÂ· info), is a historical province or landskap in the north of Sweden. ... (helpÂ· info), is a historical province or landskap in the center of Sweden. ... Ã„lvdalen Municipality is a Municipality in Dalarna County, in central Sweden. ... See Shetland (disambiguation) for other meanings. ... The Orkney Islands form one of 32 unitary council regions in Scotland, and are a Lieutenancy Area. ... The Hebrides The Hebrides comprise a widespread and diverse archipelago off the west coast of Scotland, and in geological terms are composed of the oldest rocks in the British Isles. ... The Kalmar Union flag. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ...

In the mid 17th century, the Treaty of Brömsebro and Treaty of Roskilde permanently transferred some provinces and islands from Norway and Denmark to Sweden. For other uses, see Atlantic (disambiguation) The Atlantic Ocean is Earths second-largest ocean, covering approximately one-fifth of its surface. ... The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, from 53 deg. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... The Treaty of BrÃ¶msebro of August 13, 1645 ended the Torstenson War between Sweden and Denmark-Norway, which had begun in 1643. ... The Treaty of Roskilde was signed on February 26, 1658 in the Danish city Roskilde, whereby the king of Denmark-Norway sacrificed nearly half his territory to save the rest. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

After the Napoleonic Wars, Scandinavia was reorganized into three personal unions: Combatants Allies: â€¢ United Kingdom, â€¢ Prussia, â€¢ Austria, â€¢ Sweden, â€¢ Russia â€¢ France â€¢ Denmark-Norway â€¢ Poland Casualties Full list Full list The Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars fought during Napoleon Bonapartes rule over France. ... A personal union is a political union of two or more entities that, internationally, are considered separate states, but through established law, share the same head of state â€”hence also whatever political actions are vested in the head of state, but no (or very few) others. ...

1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Grand Duchy of Finland was a state that existed 1809â€“1917 as part of the Russian Empire. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ...

Etymology

Scandinavia and Skåne (Scania) are considered to have the same etymology. The earliest source is Pliny the Elder's "Natural History", dated to the 1st century AD. As the Goths had already left Sweden four or five hundred years previously and were probably already speaking east Germanic (Gothic), Pliny's names were of west Germanic origin. North Germanic had not yet divided from west Germanic. â–¶ (helpÂ· info) (also known as Scania) is the southernmost historical province (landskap) of Sweden. ... Pliny the Elder: an imaginative 19c portrait. ... Invasion of the Goths: a late 19th century painting by O. Fritsche portrays the Goths as cavalrymen. ... The tribes referred to as East Germanic constitute a wave of migrants who moved from Scandinavia into the area between the Oder and Vistula rivers between 600 - 300 BC. In historical times these tribes were differentiated as Goths, Burgundians and Vandals among others. ... West Germanic is the largest branch of the Germanic family of languages, including such languages as English, Dutch, and German. ... A North Germanic language is any of several Germanic languages spoken in Scandinavia, parts of Finland and on the islands west of Scandinavia. ...

Pliny, an admiral, says that there were 23 islands "Romanis armis cognitae", "known to Roman arms", in the Kattegat. His descriptions are not always clear, even though he was speaking of geography he considered revealed by a "clarior fama", "a clearer story." He begins (4.96) with the huge mountain of Saevo (mons Saevo ibi inmensus), which forms the Codanian Bay (Codanus sinus) surrounding the Cimbrian promontory. These features are the mountainous coasts of Norway and Sweden, the Skagerrak and Skagen. Saevo is most likely an early form of Zeeland, which Pliny applied to southern Scandinavia. The Cod- in Codanus is a form of the second element in Katte-gat. The Skagerrak strait runs between Norway and the southwest coast of Sweden and the Jutland peninsula of Denmark, connecting the North Sea and the Kattegat strait, which leads to the Baltic Sea. ... The sand-engulfed Buried Church (tilsandede kirke) at Skagen. ...

According to Pliny, the most famous (clarissima) of the islands in the Codanian Bay is Scatinavia, of unknown size. There live the Hilleviones, who can probably be identified with what is now Halland. As described, Saevo and Scatinavia are the same place. Download high resolution version (540x611, 127 KB)From NASAs Earth Observatory; http://earthobservatory. ... Download high resolution version (540x611, 127 KB)From NASAs Earth Observatory; http://earthobservatory. ... The Scandinavian Peninsula is a peninsula located at the northwest corner of Europe and bounded by the Gulf of Bothnia, the Baltic Sea, the Kattegat, the Skagerrak, the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea. ...

Pliny mentions Scandinavia one more time: in 8.39 he says that the animal called achlis (given in the accusative, achlin), was born on the island of Scadinavia. Achlis is not Latin. As well as having some mythical attributes, the animal grazes and has a big upper lip. Pliny also uses the name Scandiae to mean some islands near Britain.

The Germanic reconstruction based on Pliny is *Skaðin-awjo, without the n, which can be seen as a later assimilation to the second n, and with the thorn, which might be represented in Latin by t or d. The first segment is uncertain, and perhaps will always be so.

Nearly everyone agrees that the second segment is "island", which the American Heritage Dictionary^[2] derives from Proto-Indo-European *akwa-, "water", in the sense of "watery land". Saevo is probably a synonym, as it resembles Gothic saiws, "lake", which is one of the Germanic group of words including English sea, German See. The group does not have an Indo-european derivation and is not believed to be Indo-european. The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages. ...

It seems clear that the designation of Scandinavia as an island preceded the Indo-europeans there, and that our words for island and sea came from the indigenes in the region. The *awia- translates Saevo and saiws into Indo-european. Today Scandinavia is not an island, but the indigenous Mesolithic people inhabiting the region may have remembered Ancylus lake and preceding times, when water exited the Baltic through what is now Stockholm and the lakes called saiws by the Goths. The Mesolithic (Greek mesos=middle and lithos=stone or the Middle Stone Age) is the period between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods. ... Ancylus lake is a name given by geologists to the body of fresh water that replaced the Yoldia sea after the latter had been severed from its saline intake across central Sweden by the isostatic rise of south Scandinavian landforms. ... The Old town in Stockholm from the air is the capital of Sweden, located on the south east coast of Sweden. ...

Scadin- can be segmented various ways to obtain various Indo-eurpean meanings: scand- or scad-in-, scan- or sca-din, scandin or scadin-. These segmentations have resulted in a number of possible etymologies, such as "climbing island" (*scand-), "island of the Scythian people", "island of the woodland of *sca-". Another possibility is that all or part of scadin- came from the indigenes along with achlis and sea. Scythia was an area in Eurasia inhabited in ancient times by an Indo-Aryans known as the Scythians. ...

One strong derivation is from the Germanic *Skaðin- meaning "danger" (cf. English scathing and unscathed, and German Schade and beschädigen): "dangerous island", possibly referring to the banks around Skanör (skan- is the same as in Scandinavia, and -ör means "sandbanks") and Falsterbo in Skåne in southernmost Sweden. This root also may not be from any of the Indo-European languages. Location of the SkanÃ¶r-Falsterbo Peninsula within Vellinge Municipality, in Swedens southernmost province SkÃ¥ne. ... The Sound with the Falsterbo Peninsula to the South. ... The Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred languages and dialects (443 according to the SIL estimate), including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many in Southwest Asia, Central Asia and Southern Asia. ...

Alternatively, the first element is sometimes attributed to the Scandinavian giantess Skaði from Norse mythology. If it is she, it is even less likely to be Indo-European, as a people moving in among another people typically take on their gods and goddesses (not quite daring to reject them). A giantess is a female giant. ... In Norse mythology, SkaÃ°i â€¡ is a mountain giantess, wife of the Van god Njord and thus a Van goddess herself. ... Norse or Scandinavian mythology comprises the pre-Christian religion, beliefs and legends of the Scandinavian people, including those who settled on Iceland, where the written sources for Norse mythology were assembled. ...

The original form gave rise to different forms in Germanic languages often transliterated by non-Germanic scribes. Ptolemy uses the form Scandia, showing that the n had appeared by then. In Beowulf we meet the forms Scedenigge and Scedeland. Pomponius Mela used Codanovia, based on the ancient name of the Kattegat. This usage appears to support the "sealand" idea. The form Scadinavia, the original home of the Langobards, appears in Paulus Diaconus' Historia Langobardorum^[3], but in other versions of Historia Langobardorum appear the forms Scadan, Scandanan, Scadanan and Scatenauge^[4]. In Jordanes' history of the Goths (AD 551) we meet the form Scandza their original home, separated by sea from the land of Europe (chapter 1, 4)^[5]. If the -za represents an early form of zee, then it may replace *awia. On the other hand, Jordanes' spelling may just be an attempt to capture the late Latin palatalization of the d by a following i. Claudius Ptolemaeus (Greek: ; ca. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Pomponius Mela, who wrote around AD 43, was the earliest Roman geographer. ... The Baltic Sea The Kattegat (Danish), or Kattegatt (Swedish), is a bay of the North Sea and a continuation of the Skagerrak, bounded by Denmark and Sweden. ... The Lombards (Latin Langobardi, from which the alternative name Longobards found in older English texts), were a Germanic people originally from Northern Europe that entered the late Roman Empire. ... Paul the Deacon (c. ... Invasion of the Goths: a late 19th century painting by O. Fritsche portrays the Goths as cavalrymen. ... Scandza was the name given to Scandinavia by Jordanes, in his work Getica. ...

The name of the Scandinavian mountain range, Skanderna in Swedish, was artificially derived from Skandinavien in the 19th century, in analogy with Alperna for the Alps. The commonly used names are bergen or fjällen; both names meaning "the mountains". Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Languages

Most dialects of Danish, Swedish and Norwegian are mutually intelligible, and Scandinavians can easily understand each other's standard languages as they appear in print and are heard on radio and television. The reason why Danish, Swedish and Norwegian are traditionally viewed as different languages, rather than dialects of one common language, is that they each are well established standard languages in their respective countries. They are related to, but not mutually intelligible with, the other North Germanic languages, Icelandic and Faroese, which are descended from Old West Norse. Danish, Swedish and Norwegian have, since medieval times, been influenced to varying degrees by Middle Low German and standard German. A substantial amount of that influence was a by-product of the economic activity generated by the Hanseatic League. The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages, along with the West Germanic languages (including English, German, and Dutch) and the East Germanic languages (now extinct). ... Geographical distribution of Finno-Ugric (Finno-Permic in blue, Ugric in green). ... A standard language (also standard dialect or standardized dialect) is a particular variety of a language that has been given either legal or quasi-legal status. ... This is the approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century. ... The Middle Low German language is an ancestor of the modern Low German language, and was spoken from about 1100 to 1500. ... German (called Deutsch in German; in German the term germanisch is equivalent to English Germanic), is a member of the western group of Germanic languages and is one of the worlds major languages. ... Carta marina of Baltic Sea (1539). ...

Finns and Icelanders who have studied Swedish and Danish, respectively, as foreign languages often also find it hard to understand the other Scandinavian languages. On the other end of the scale are the Norwegians, who with two parallel written standards, and a habit to hold on strongly to local dialects, are accustomed to variation and may perceive Danish and Swedish as only slightly more distant dialects. In a conversation between a Swedish speaker and a Dane there can be significant difficulties in understanding each other's spoken language, due to differences in pronunciation and vocabulary. In the Faroe Islands Danish is mandatory, and since Faroese people this way become bilingual in two very distinct Nordic languages, they find it relatively easy to understand the other two Mainland Scandinavian languages.^[6]

The Scandinavian languages are (as a language family) entirely unrelated to Finnish and Estonian, which as Finno-Ugric languages are distantly related to Hungarian. This said, there still is a great deal of borrowing from the Swedish language in both the Finnish and Estonian languages. Oddly enough, texts on some rune stones found in Skåne have been deciphered mixing Finnish words into the "Fornnordiska" (Ove Berg: Runsvenska, svenska finska 2003). Although Swedish speakers constitute a small, but influential, minority in Finland, and Finnish speakers constitute a minority in Sweden of similar relative size, the linguistic distance between the language families has often been seen by native speakers of each of these languages as indicative of a cultural distance, as well as a reason to consider the Finns as a people separate from the Scandinavian culture group. The ethnic nationalist Fennoman movement in Finland fought for equal language rights for Finnish-speakers from the Swedish-speaking elite at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The Fennoman movement was established by prominent Finns and sympathetic Swedish-speakers in Finland under a short period of russification efforts from the tsar, and its motto "Swedes we are no longer, Russians we will never become, so let us be Finns" was chosen by the Finnish population. Ethnic nationalism is the form of nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy from historical cultural or hereditary groupings (ethnicities); the underlying assumption is that ethnicities should be politically distinct. ... The Fennomans were the most important political movement in the 19th century Grand Duchy of Finland. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Look up Tsar in Wiktionary, the free dictionary For the US community of Czar, see Czar, West Virginia. ...

The movement's goal was to promote the equal legal status of the Finnish language in a country, where the official language of government was Swedish or Russion, despite the large majority of the population being Finnish-speakers. As a result, in 1902, Russia granted Finnish language equal legal status as Swedish. Sweden began actions to continue imposing Swedish on Finnish people by creating the Swedish People's Party in the Finnish government. In 1919, the first Finnish constinution was being written with Finnish as the only official language. The Swedish People's Party lobbied intensely and so Swedish was added as another official language in the new Finnish constitution. Despite the relatively similar numbers of native speakers of the Swedish language in Finland and the Finnish language in Sweden, there are extreme differences in the legal and social status of each. Swedish-speakers in Finland are one of the most privileged groups in the world. Although Swedish is considered by the Finnish constitution to have an equal legal position with Finnish in all of Finland, Finnish was granted some rights only as late as 1999 and only in some areas of Sweden, only after Sweden was forced by the EU minority language law. Finnish is banned in many parts of Åland islands, which is outside EU legal area. 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... Motto: None Anthem: Ã…lÃ¤nningens sÃ¥ng Capital Mariehamn Largest city Mariehamn Official language(s) Swedish Government Governor Premier Autonomous Province Peter LindbÃ¤ck Roger Nordlund Autonomy 1920 Area - Total - Water (%) 6,784 kmÂ² (n/a) 2,619 sq mi 77. ...

Politics

The modern use of the term Scandinavia rises from the Scandinavist political movement, which was active in the middle of the 19th century, chiefly between the First war of Schleswig (Slesvig in Scandinavian) (1848-1850), in which Sweden-Norway contributed with considerable military force, and the Second war of Schleswig (1864) when Sweden's parliament denounced the King's promises of military support. Download high resolution version (444x640, 86 KB)Scandinavism This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Download high resolution version (444x640, 86 KB)Scandinavism This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... // Government Denmark is a constitutional monarchy with an almost unbroken link of monarchs for more than 1,000 years (except for an interregnum of eight years from 1332 to 1340). ... Norwegian politics officially have the structure of a constitutional monarchy, giving the King mainly symbolic power while maintaining a stable Western democracy. ... Popular government in Sweden rests upon ancient traditions. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... The First war of Schleswig (1848 â€“ 1850), known in Denmark as the Three Years War (TreÃ¥rskrigen), was a military conflict in southern Denmark, contesting the issue of who should control the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Kingdom of Sweden-Norway is a term sometimes, but erroneously, used to refer to the kingdoms of Sweden and Norway between 1814 and 1905, when they were united under one monarch in a personal union, following the Convention of Moss, on August 14, and the Norwegian constitutional revision of... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

The King proposed the unification of Denmark, Norway and Sweden into a single united kingdom. The background for this was the tumultuous events during the Napoleonic wars in the beginning of the century leading to the partition of Sweden (the eastern part becoming the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland in 1809) and Denmark (whereby Norway, de jure in union with Denmark since 1387, although de facto merely a province, became independent in 1814 and thereafter was swiftly forced to accept a personal union with Sweden). Combatants Allies: â€¢ United Kingdom, â€¢ Prussia, â€¢ Austria, â€¢ Sweden, â€¢ Russia â€¢ France â€¢ Denmark-Norway â€¢ Poland Casualties Full list Full list The Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars fought during Napoleon Bonapartes rule over France. ... The Grand Duchy of Finland was a state that existed 1809â€“1917 as part of the Russian Empire. ... 1809 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Events June 2 - John Holland, a maternal half-brother of Richard II of England, is created Earl of Huntingdon. ... This article is about political regions. ... 1814 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... A personal union is a political union of two or more entities that, internationally, are considered separate states, but through established law, share the same head of state â€”hence also whatever political actions are vested in the head of state, but no (or very few) others. ...

Finland being a part of the Russian Empire meant that it would have to be left out of any equation for a political union between the Nordic countries. The geographical Scandinavia included Norway, Sweden and parts of Finland, but the political Scandinavia was also to include Denmark. Politically Sweden and Norway were united in a personal union under one monarch. Denmark also included the dependent territories of Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Greenland in the Atlantic Ocean (which however historically had belonged to Norway, but unintentionally remained with Denmark according to the Treaty of Kiel). Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... Look up monarch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Treaty of Kiel, was a settlement between Sweden and Denmark-Norway on January 14, 1814, whereby the Danish king, a loser in the Napoleonic wars, ceded Norway to the king of Sweden, in return for the Swedish holdings in Pomerania. ...

The end of the Scandinavian political movement came when Denmark was denied military support from Sweden-Norway to annex the (Danish) Duchy of Schleswig, which together with the (German) Duchy of Holstein had been in personal union with Denmark. The Second war of Schleswig followed in 1864. That was a brief but disastrous war between Denmark and Prussia (supported by Austria). Schleswig-Holstein was conquered by Prussia, and after Prussia's success in the Franco-Prussian War a Prussian-led German Empire was created, and a new power-balance of the Baltic sea countries was established. The Kingdom of Sweden-Norway is a term sometimes, but erroneously, used to refer to the kingdoms of Sweden and Norway between 1814 and 1905, when they were united under one monarch in a personal union, following the Convention of Moss, on August 14, and the Norwegian constitutional revision of... A duchy is a territory, fief, or domain ruled by a duke or duchess. ... The region of Schleswig (former English name: Sleswick, Danish: SÃ¸nderjylland or Slesvig, Low German: Sleswig, North Frisian: Slaswik or Sleesweg) covers the area about 60 km north and 70 km south of the border between Germany and Denmark. ... Holstein (Hol-shtayn) (Low German: Holsteen, Danish: Holsten, Latin and historical English: Holsatia) is the southern part of Schleswig-Holstein in Germany, between the rivers Elbe and Eider. ... A personal union is a political union of two or more entities that, internationally, are considered separate states, but through established law, share the same head of state â€”hence also whatever political actions are vested in the head of state, but no (or very few) others. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 The word Prussia (Old Prussian: PrÅ«sa, German: PreuÃŸen, Polish: Prusy, Lithuanian: PrÅ«sai, Latin: Borussia) has had various (often contradictory) meanings: The land of the Baltic Prussians (in what is now parts of southern Lithuania, the Kaliningrad... Schleswig-Holstein is the northernmost of the 16 Bundesländer in Germany. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Flag of the German Empire, 1871â€“1919: black-white-red Coat of arms The term German Empire commonly refers to Germany, from its foundation as a unified nation-state on January 18, 1871, until the abdication of Emperor Wilhelm II on November 9, 1918. ... In the context of international relations and diplomacy, power (sometimes clarified as international power, national power, or state power) is the ability of one state to influence or control other states. ... The Baltic Sea The following countries have access to the Baltic Sea: Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Latvia Lithuania Poland Russia Sweden The Baltic Sea countries, together with Norway, Iceland and the European Union form the Council of the Baltic Sea States. ...

Even if a Scandinavian political union never came about there was a Scandinavian Monetary Union established in 1873, with the Krona/Krone as the common currency, and which lasted until World War I. Image File history File links Nordiccouncil. ... Image File history File links Nordiccouncil. ... The Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers is a cooperation forum for the Parliaments and governments of the Nordic countries (otherwise known as Scandinavia). ... The Scandinavian Monetary Union (Swedish: Skandinaviska myntunionen, Danish: Skandinaviske mÃ¸ntunion) was a monetary union formed by Sweden and Denmark on May 5, 1873 by fixing their currencies against gold at par to each other. ... 1873 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calaber). ... The krona (currency code SEK) has been the currency of Sweden since 1873. ... Krone can mean: Krone - the former currency of the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1892. ... Combatants Allies: Serbia, Russia, France, Romania, Belgium, British Empire, United States, Italy, and others Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire Casualties Military dead:5 million Civilian dead:3 million Total dead:8 million Military dead:4 million Civilian dead:3 million Total dead:7 million The First World...

The modern Scandinavian co-operation after World War I also came to include participation from newly independent Finland and (since 1944) Iceland and Scandinavian as a political term came to be replaced by the term Nordic countries; and eventually, in 1952, by the Nordic Council institution. Combatants Allies: Serbia, Russia, France, Romania, Belgium, British Empire, United States, Italy, and others Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire Casualties Military dead:5 million Civilian dead:3 million Total dead:8 million Military dead:4 million Civilian dead:3 million Total dead:7 million The First World... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... Overview map of the region. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers is a cooperation forum for the Parliaments and governments of the Nordic countries (otherwise known as Scandinavia). ...

Historical political structure

1/ The original settlers of the Faroes and Iceland were of Nordic (mainly Norwegian) origin, with a considerable element of Celtic or Pictish origin (from Scotland and Ireland) . This redirect page is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... The Faroe Islands (Faroese: Føroyar, meaning Sheep Islands) are a group of islands in the north Atlantic Ocean between Scotland and Iceland. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Kingdom of Sweden-Norway is a term sometimes, but erroneously, used to refer to the kingdoms of Sweden and Norway between 1814 and 1905, when they were united under one monarch in a personal union, following the Convention of Moss, on August 14, and the Norwegian constitutional revision of... The Grand Duchy of Finland was a state that existed 1809â€“1917 as part of the Russian Empire. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... The Kingdom of Denmark-Norway, consisting of Denmark and Norway, including Norways possessions Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands, is a term used for the two united kingdoms after their amalgamation as one state in 1536. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... The Kalmar Union flag. ... This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... The Faroe Islands (Faroese: Føroyar, meaning Sheep Islands) are a group of islands in the north Atlantic Ocean between Scotland and Iceland. ... The Icelandic Commonwealth or the Icelandic Free State (Icelandic: ÃžjÃ³Ã°veldisÃ¶ld) was the state existing in Iceland between the establishment of the Althing in 930 and the pledge of fealty to the Norwegian king in 1262. ... The Faroe Islands (Faroese: Føroyar, meaning Sheep Islands) are a group of islands in the north Atlantic Ocean between Scotland and Iceland. ... A Celtic cross. ... The Pictish Strathpeffer eagle stone, Highland, Scotland. ... Motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within Europe Scotlands location within the United Kingdom Languages English, Gaelic, Scots Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 kmÂ² 1. ...

Norden

Like other regions of the world, the usage and meaning of the term 'Scandinavia' can vary depending on defining criteria. Some or all of the following geopolitical entities may variously be considered peripherally Scandinavian, since they traditionally have had strong political, social, economic, linguistic and/or geographical ties with the three kingdoms: Overview map of the region. ...

and Look up Sovereign in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The adjective sovereign is used to refer to a state of sovereignty. ... In a broad definition, a republic is a state whose political organization rests on the principle that the citizens or electorate constitute the ultimate root of legitimacy and sovereignty. ... Look up Sovereign in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The adjective sovereign is used to refer to a state of sovereignty. ... In a broad definition, a republic is a state whose political organization rests on the principle that the citizens or electorate constitute the ultimate root of legitimacy and sovereignty. ...

The term the Nordic countries is used unambiguously for the kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, Denmark and the republics of Finland and Iceland. Autonomy is the condition of something that does not depend on anything else. ... Self-governance is an abstract concept that refers to several scales of organization. ... Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme political (legislative, judicial and/or executive) authority over a geographic region, group of people or oneself. ... Motto: None Anthem: Ã…lÃ¤nningens sÃ¥ng Capital Mariehamn Largest city Mariehamn Official language(s) Swedish Government Governor Premier Autonomous Province Peter LindbÃ¤ck Roger Nordlund Autonomy 1920 Area - Total - Water (%) 6,784 kmÂ² (n/a) 2,619 sq mi 77. ... Autonomy is the condition of something that does not depend on anything else. ... Download high resolution version (612x668, 31 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (612x668, 31 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Location of Kola south of the Barents Sea. ... Overview map of the region. ... A monarchy, (from the Greek monos, one, and archein, to rule) is a form of government that has a monarch as Head of State. ... In a broad definition, a republic is a state whose political organization rests on the principle that the citizens or electorate constitute the ultimate root of legitimacy and sovereignty. ...

The terms Fennoscandia and Fenno-Scandinavia have been used either to include the Scandinavian peninsula, the Kola peninsula, Karelia, Finland and Denmark under the same term alluding to the Fennoscandian Shield, even if Denmark is actually situated on the North European Plain, or they may be used in a more cultural sense, more or less as a synonym for the Nordic countries, to signify the historically close contact between Finnic, Sami, and Scandinavian peoples and cultures. Location of Kola south of the Barents Sea. ... Map showing the parts Karelia is traditionally divided into. ... The Baltic Shield (or Fennoscandian Shield) is a segment of the Earths crust belonging to the East European Craton, representing a large part of Fennoscandia, northwestern Russia and the northern Baltic Sea. ... Geographically, Europe is a part of the larger landmass known as Eurasia. ... Finnic peoples (Fennic, sometimes Baltic-Finnic) refers to a group of related ethnic groups, viz. ... It has been suggested that Lapps race be merged into this article or section. ...

Contents

Terminology and usage

Geography

History

Etymology

Languages

Politics

Historical political structure

Norden

See also

Footnotes

External links

Contents

Terminology and usage GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Geography

History

Etymology

Languages

Politics

Historical political structure

Norden

See also

Footnotes

External links

Terminology and usage