The word schism (IPA: /'sɪzəm/ or /'skɪzəm/), from the Greek σχίσμα, skhísma (from σχίζω, skhízō, "to tear, to split"), means a division or a split, usually in an organization or a movement. A schismatic is a person who creates or incites schism in an organization or who is a member of a splinter group. The word is most frequently and usefully used about a religious division that occur with a religious body with a defined organisation and hierarchy. Thus it is difficult to talk about Hindu schisms, or Jewish ones since Antiquity. Schismatic as an adjective means pertaining to a schism or schisms, or to those ideas, policies, etc. that are thought to lead towards or promote schism. More generally, especially outside of religion the word schism may refer to the separation/split between two or more people, be it brothers, friends, lovers, etc. or any division of a formerly united from the state movement in politics or any other field into two or more disagreeing groups. This chart shows concisely the most common way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is applied to represent the English language. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination...

Use within Christianity

The historical development of major church branches from their roots.

The words schism and schismatic have found perhaps their heaviest usage in the history of Christianity, to denote splits within a church or religious body. In this context, schismatic as a noun denotes a person who creates or incites schism in a church or is a member of a splinter church, and schismatic as an adjective refers to ideas and things that are thought to lead towards or promote schism, often describing a church that has departed from whichever communion the user of the word considers to be the true Christian church. These words have been used to denote both the phenomenon of Christian group splintering in general, and certain significant historical splits in particular. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The history of Christianity concerns the history of the Christian religion and the Church, from Jesus and his Twelve Apostles to contemporary times. ...

Within Christianity the word schism refers to the event or state of two groups of Christians ceasing to be in communion with each other, so that, whereas they formerly could worship together, they decide they must worship separately because of disagreements between them. Most Christian communions adhere to the Nicene Creed which contains the phrase the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church. The great majority of Christian groups therefore believe they should be united in a single church or group of churches and that all Christians should be in communion with each other. Most of the older churches consider that they represent the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church: for instance, the Roman Catholic Church claims that title and considers the Eastern Orthodox Communion to be in schism, while the Eastern Orthodox Communion also claims that title and holds that the Catholic Communion is schismatic and heretical; meanwhile, some Protestant churches believe that they also represent this and consider the Orthodox and especially Catholic churches to be in error, whilst others have in effect abandoned any expectation of a wholly united church. See also Great Apostasy. Full communion is completeness of that relationship between Christian individuals and groups which is known as communion. ... Icon depicting the Holy Fathers of the First Council of Nicaea holding the Nicene Creed. ... In Christian theology, One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church is a phrase describing the nature of the Christian community and/or Christian Church, in the various meanings it has. ... The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus Christ and led by the Twelve Apostles, in particular Saint Peter. ... This article treats the manner in which the Eastern Orthodox Churches are organized, rather than the doctrines, traditions, practices, or other aspects of Eastern Orthodoxy. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Great Apostasy is a term of opprobrium used by some religious groups to allege a general fallen state of traditional Christianity, or especially of Catholicism, reformist Protestantism and Eastern Orthodoxy: that it is not representative of the faith founded by Jesus and promulgated through his twelve Apostles: in short...

It is important to note the difference between heresy and schism. In theory heresy is a matter of a difference over doctrine; believers in doctrine considered heretical by others may remain within their church attempting to pursuade the other members, or they may be expelled or choose to leave. Heresy and schism therefore often come together, especially as many churches have elevated their own authority to be itself a doctrine. Both groups have to mutually acknowledge they are in schism. In practice both parties in a schism generally regard the other as heretical, whilst doctrines called heretical that fail to establish a long-lived church-body supporting their views are described merely as heresies. Doctrine, from Latin doctrina, (compare doctor), means a body of teachings or instructions, taught principles or positions, as the body of teachings in a branch of knowledge or belief system. ...

Examples of the latter are the Gnostic, Pelagian, Apollinarism, Donatist, Modialism, Arian heresies. Whereas the breaks between the monophysite, Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches are regarded as schisms. The First Council of Nicaea distinguishes between the two, establishing Arian and non-trinitarian teachings as heretical and non-recognized. It also addressed the schism between Peter of Alexandria and Meletius of Lycopolis. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Pelagianism is a belief that original sin did not taint human nature (which, being created from God, was divine), and that mortal will is still capable of choosing good or evil with no Divine aid whatesoever. ... Apollinarism or Apollinarianism was a view proposed by Apollinaris of Laodicea that Jesus had a human body but a divine mind. ... The Donatists (founded by the Berber Christian Donatus Magnus) were followers of a belief considered a heresy by the broader Catholic community. ... Monarchianism, or Monarchism as it is sometimes called, is a set of beliefs that emphasize God as being one, that God is the single and only ruler. ... This article is about theological views like those of Arius. ... Monophysitism (from the Greek monos meaning one and physis meaning nature) is the christological position that Christ has only one nature, as opposed to the Chalcedonian position which holds that Christ has two natures, one divine and one human. ... Separate articles treat Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Orthodox Judaism. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... The First Council of Nicaea, held in Nicea in Bithynia (in present-day Turkey), convoked by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in 325, was the first ecumenical[1] conference of bishops of the Catholic Church, and most significantly resulted in the first uniform Christian doctrine, called the Nicene Creed. ... Peter of Alexandria was a Patriarch of Alexandria (300 - 311). ... Meletius of Lycopolis (fl. ...

A current dispute with an acknowleged risk of leading to a schism in the future is that within the Anglican Church over homosexuality. The Anglican Communion is a world-wide organisation of Anglican Churches. ... The issue of homosexuality remains a controversy in the Anglican Communion. ...

Use within Islam

Early schisms in Islam were the division between Sunni, Shia, and Kharijite Islam in CE 632 regarding the rightful successor to the prophet Muhammad, and in 661 and 680 regarding the rightful claimant to the Caliphate. After the end of the period of the Sunni and Shia Caliphates, and a more diffused organisation within Islam, the concept of schism becomes less relevant, though there have been many divisions, especially the many Ismaili groups within Shia Islam. Since most Ismaili groups have a defined head, such as the Aga Khan for the Nizari group that is now the largest, the concept remains meaningful in their history. The liberal movements within Islam, aspire to reform rather than an attempt at schism. Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Kharijites were members of an Islamic sect in late 7th and early 8th century AD, concentrated in todays southern Iraq. ... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ... Era Vulgaris redirects here. ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... For other persons named Muhammad, see Muhammad (name). ... Events Caliph Ali Ben Abu Talib is assassinated. ... Events October 10 - Battle of Kerbela November 12 - The Sixth Ecumenical Council opens in Constantinople The Bulgars subjugate the country of current-day Bulgaria Pippin of Herstal becomes Mayor of the Palace Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I succeeded by Yazid I ibn Muawiyah Erwig deposes Wamba to become king of the... For main article see: Caliphate Caliph is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, or global Islamic nation. ... The IsmāʿīlÄ« (Urdu: اسماعیلی IsmāʿīlÄ«, Arabic: الإسماعيليون al-IsmāʿīliyyÅ«n; Persian: اسماعیلیان Esmāʿīliyān) branch of Islam is the second largest part of the ShÄ«a community, after the Twelvers (Ithnāʿashariyya). ... This article is about the hereditary title. ... A sub-sect of the Sevener Shia Muslim Ismaili sect. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Look up Reformation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Use within Buddhism

In Buddhism, the first schism was set up by Devadatta, during Buddha's life. This schism didn't last long, and Devadatta later repented his misdeeds. Later (after Buddha's passing away), the early Buddhist schools came into being due to various schisms, but there is still some unclarity concerning the specific schisms that occurred, and the order in which they occurred. In the old texts, 18 or 20 early schools are mentioned. Later, there were the Mahayana and Vajrayana movements, which can be regarded as being schismatic in origin. Each school has various subgroups, which often are schismatic in origin. For example, in Thai Theravadin Buddhism there are two groups (Mahanikaya and Dhammayut), of which the Dhammayut has its origin partly in the Mahanikaya, and is the new and schismatic group. Both Mahanikaya and Dhammayut have many subgroups, which usually do not have schismatic origins, but came into being in a natural way, through the popularity of a (leader) monk. Tibetan Buddhism has seen schisms in the past, of which most were healed, although the Drukpa school centred in Bhutan perhaps remains in a state of schism (since 1616) from the other Tibetan schools. In recent years political manipulation from China has attempted to create further schisms among Tibetan Buddhists. But since the religious authority of the Dalai Lama is uncertainly defined, schism in Tibetan Buddhism is hard to detect. Buddhism is a dharmic, non-theistic religion and a philosophy. ... Devadatta was a Buddhist monk recorded as having attempted to create a schism in the sangha, or monastic community, by putting forward a modified set of rules (vinaya) for monks to follow. ... Standing Buddha sculpture, ancient region of Gandhara, northern Pakistan, 1st century CE, Musée Guimet. ... Divisions among the early Buddhist schools came about due to doctrinal or practical differences in the views of the Buddhist Sangha following the death of the Buddha. ... Relief image of the bodhisattva Kuan Yin from Mt. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Thammayut Nikaya (Pali), literally Those adhering strictly to the monastic dicipline, also known in the West as the Thai Forest Tradition, is an order of Theravada Buddhist monks in Thailand. ... A Buddhist Monk in Sri Lanka In Pāli, a bhikkhu (male) or bhikkhuni (female) is a fully ordained Buddhist monk. ... Tibetan Buddhism (Simplified Chinese: 藏传佛教) is the body of religious Buddhist doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet, the Himalayan region (including northern Nepal, Bhutan, and Sikkim and Ladakh), Mongolia, Buryatia, Tuva and Kalmykia (Russia), and northeastern China (Manchuria: Heilongjiang, Jilin). ... The Drukpa is a major sect within the Kagyupa school of Tibetan Buddhism. ... The 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso (1876-1933). ...

Use within Judaism

Main article: Schisms among the Jews

See also: Jewish views of religious pluralism, Relationships between Jewish religious movements, and Jewish principles of faith

Throughout the Jewish history, Judaism survived many schisms. Today, major Jewish denominations are Orthodox Judaism and non-Orthodox: Reform, Conservative and Reconstructionist. Schisms among the Jews: // First Temple era Based on the historical narrative in the Bible and archeology, Levantine civilization at the time of Solomons Temple was prone to idol worship, astrology, worship of reigning kings, and paganism. ... This article deals with Jewish views of religious pluralism. ... This article discusses the relationship between the various denominations of Judaism. ... There are a number of basic Jewish principles of faith that were formulated by medieval rabbinic authorities. ... Jewish history is the history of the Jewish people, faith, and culture. ... Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people. ... Many Jewish denominations exist within the religion of Judaism; the Jewish community is divided into a number of religious denominations as well as branches or movements. ... Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized in the Talmudic texts (The Oral Law) and as subsequently developed and applied by the later authorities known as the Gaonim, Rishonim, and Acharonim. ... Reform Judaism can refer to (1) the largest denomination of American Jews and its sibling movements in other countries, (2) a branch of Judaism in the United Kingdom, and (3) the historical predecessor of the American movement that originated in 19th-century Germany. ... Conservative Judaism, (also known as Masorti Judaism in Israel predominantly), is a modern stream of Judaism that arose out of intellectual currents in Germany in the mid-19th century and took institutional form in the United States in the early 1900s. ... Reconstructionist Judaism is a modern Jewish movement marked by views and practices including: Personal autonomy should generally override traditional Jewish law and custom, yet also take into account communal consensus Modern culture is accepted The view that Judaism is an evolving religious civilization Traditional rabbinic modes of study, as well...

Examples

• Samaritanism, c. 586BCE
• The "Incident at Antioch" ^[1], schism between Pauline Christianity and Jewish Christianity, c.50
• The Council of Jamnia, c.90, decreed Nazarenes schismatic.
• The schism of Marcionism, c.150^{[citation needed]}
• The schism of Gnosticism, which some attribute to Valentinius^{[citation needed]}, c. 150, others much earlier^{[citation needed]}
• The schism of Montanism
• The schism of Monarchianism, c. 200^{[citation needed]}
• The many Antipopes, beginning with Hippolytus (writer) in 217 though Hippolytus later reconciled.
• The Donatist schism, beginning in 311
• The schism with Arianism and Quartodecimanism at the First Council of Nicaea, 325
• The Nestorian Schism, an early schism between Nicene Christianity and Assyrian Christianity, c. 431
• The Oriental Orthodox schism and rejection of the Council of Chalcedon, c. 451
• The Acacian schism, 484-519
• The schism of the Armenian Orthodox, 491
• The schism of the Shia and Sunni, c. 632
• Two Fourth Councils of Constantinople, one Catholic (869-870) and one Orthodox (879-880)
• The Cadaver Synod of 897
• The Great Schism of 1054
• Lollardy in the 1350s
• Three Popes at the same time: Roman Pope Gregory XII, Avignon Pope Benedict XIII, Pisan Pope John XXIII, resolved at Council of Constance, see also Western Schism, 1378-1417
• The Swiss Reformation beginning in 1516
• The Protestant Reformation beginning in 1517
• Anabaptist, c. 1525
• The English Reformation beginning in 1529
• Michael Servetus burned at the stake in 1553, considered founder of Unitarianism
• The Scottish Reformation in 1560
• The Dutch Reformation in 1571
• Socinianism in 1605
• The Jansenism schism of 1643
• See Old believers and Raskol for schism within the Russian Orthodox Church in 1666
• Disruption of 1843
• American Restorationism beginning in the 1850s
• Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland rejects First Vatican Council doctrine of Papal Infallibility, see also Old Catholic Church, 1868
• The Sedevacantism schism of 1958
• The schism between the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican Movement in 1977

In the early centuries of Christianity through much of the Middle Ages, schism was considered by many Christians to be as serious or more serious than heresy.^{[citation needed]} In the eighth circle of the Inferno, the poet Dante imagined a particularly gruesome fate for schismatics in Hell, whereby the condemned are eternally carved in half, only to have their wounds heal and the experience repeated. Within the Roman Catholic Church schism is still an act that incurs automatic excommunication as a penalty (while heresy does incur canonical penalties, severity depending on the severity of the heresy being taught, it does not necessarily incur automatic excommunication). Main article: Samaritan It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Samaritan. ... Pauline Christianity is an expression which has been used, by those critical of Catholic, Orthodox and traditonal Protestant Christianity, to describe what is regarded as a distortion of the original teachings of Jesus due to the influence of Paul of Tarsus (otherwise St. ... Jewish Christians (sometimes called also Hebrew Christians or Christian Jews, but see below for differences) is a term which can have two meanings, an historical one and a contemporary one. ... After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai relocated to the city of Yavne/Jamnia and founded a school of Jewish law there, becoming a major source for the later Mishna. ... -1... In Early Christianity Marcionism is the dualist belief system that originates in the teachings of Marcion of Sinope at Rome around the year 144 (115 years and 6 months from the Crucifixion, according to Tertullians reckoning in Adversus Marcionem, xv). ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... -Quevedo Valentinius, also called Valentinus (c. ... Montanism was an early Christian sectarian movement of the mid-2nd century A.D., named after its founder Montanus. ... Monarchianism, or Monarchism as it is sometimes called, is a set of beliefs that emphasize God as being one, that God is the single and only ruler. ... For the book by Robert Rankin, see The Antipope. ... Statue of Hippolytus, 3rd century. ... The Donatists (founded by the Berber Christian Donatus Magnus) were followers of a belief considered a heresy by the broader Catholic community. ... This article is about theological views like those of Arius. ... Quartodecimanism (fourteenism, derived from Latin) refers to the practice of fixing the celebration of Passover for Christians on the fourteenth day of Nisan in the Old Testaments Hebrew Calendar (for example Lev 23:5, in Latin quarta decima). This was the original method of fixing the date of the... The First Council of Nicaea, held in Nicea in Bithynia (in present-day Turkey), convoked by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in 325, was the first ecumenical[1] conference of bishops of the Catholic Church, and most significantly resulted in the first uniform Christian doctrine, called the Nicene Creed. ... The Nestorian Schism was the split between the Byzantine church of the West and the Assyrian church of the East in the 5th century. ... Fourth-century inscription, representing Christ as the Good Shepherd. ... The Holy Apostolic Catholic Ancient Assyrian Church of the East under His Holiness Mar Dinkha IV is a Christian church that traces its origins to the See of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, said to be founded by Saint Thomas the Apostle as well as Saint Mari and Addai as evidenced in the... The term Oriental Orthodoxy refers to the churches of Eastern Christian traditions that keeps the faith of only the first three ecumenical councils of the undivided Church - the councils of Nicea, Constantinople and Ephesus. ... The Council of Chalcedon was an ecumenical council that took place from October 8 to November 1, 451, at Chalcedon (a city of Bithynia in Asia Minor), today part of the city of Istanbul on the Asian side of the Bosphorus and known as the district of Kadıköy. ... Acacius (died 489) was the patriarch of Constantinople from 471 to 489. ... The Armenian Apostolic Church, sometimes called the Armenian Orthodox Church is one of the original churches, having separated from the then-still-united Roman Catholic/Byzantine Orthodox church in 506, after the Council of Chalcedon (see Oriental Orthodoxy). ... Succession to Muhammad concerns the different viewpoints and beliefs that are held in relation to the succession to the leadership of the Muslim community, or ummah, after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad Muhammad died in 632 CE. in Medina following a brief illness. ... The Fourth Council of Constantinople is considered an ecumenical council by Roman Catholics and met from October 5, 869 to February 28, 870. ... Jean-Paul Laurens, Le Pape Formose et Étienne VII (Pope Formosus and Stephen VII), 1870. ... The term Great Schism refers to either of two splits in the history of Christianity: Most commonly, it refers to the great East-West Schism, the event that separated Eastern Orthodoxy and Western Roman Catholicism in the eleventh century (1054). ... John Wyclif gives his Bible translation to Lollards Lollardy or Lollardry was the political and religious movement of the Lollards from the late 14th century to early in the time of the English Reformation. ... Gregory XII, né Angelo Correr or Corraro (died October 18, 1417), Pope from 1406 to 1415, succeeded Pope Innocent VII (1404–06) on November 30, 1406, having been chosen at Rome by a conclave consisting of only fifteen cardinals, under the express condition that, should antipope Benedict XIII (1394–1423... Benedict XIII, born Pedro Martínez de Luna, (b. ... Antipope John XXIII Baldassare Cossa, (about 1370 – November 22, 1419), also known as John XXIII,was Pope or antipope during the Western Schism (1410–1415) and is now officially regarded by the Catholic Church as an antipope. ... The Council of Constance was an ecumenical council of the Catholic Church, called by the Emperor Sigismund, a supporter of Antipope John XXIII, the pope recently elected at Pisa. ... Historical map of the Western Schism. ... The Protestant Reformation in Switzerland was promoted initially by Huldrych Zwingli, who gained the support of the magistrate and population of Zürich in the 1520s. ... Another major contention was the tremendous corruption within the Churchs hierarchy, all the way up to the Bishop of Rome, who appointed individuals to various positions within the Church (bishop, cardinal, etc. ... Anabaptists (Greek ανα (again) +βαπτιζω (baptize), thus, re-baptizers [1], German: Wiedertäufer) are Christians of the Radical Reformation. ... King Henry VIII of England The English Reformation refers to the series of events in sixteenth century England by which the church in England broke away from the authority of the Pope and consequently the entire Catholic church; it formed part of the wider Protestant Reformation, a religious and political... Michael Servetus. ... Burning of two sodomites at the stake (execution of individuals by fire. ... It has been suggested that Unitarian Christianity be merged into this article or section. ... The Scots Confession was written in 1560 by six leaders of the Protestant Reformation in Scotland, coincidentally all named John. The Confession was the first Book of Faith for the Protestant Scottish Kirk. ... The Dutch Reformed village church of St. ... Socinianism summarises the beliefs of the Socinians, followers of Laelius Socinus (died 1562 in Zürich) and of his nephew Faustus Socinus (died 1604 in Poland). ... Jansenism was a branch of Catholic thought tracing itself back to Cornelius Otto Jansen (1585 – 1638), a Flemish theologian. ... In the context of Russian Orthodox church history, the Old Believers (Russian: ) separated after 1666 - 1667 from the hierarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church as a protest against church reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (Russian: ), also known as the Orthodox Christian Church of Russia, is that body of Christians who are united under the Patriarch of Moscow, who in turn is in communion with the other patriarchs and primates of the Eastern Orthodox Church. ... In one sense the Free Church of Scotland dated its existence from the Disruption of 1843, in another it claimed to be the rightful representative of the national Church of Scotland as it was reformed in 1560. ... For other usages, see Dispensationalism, Restoration Movement, and Restoration Restorationism refers to unaffiliated religious movements that attempted to circumvent Protestant denominationalism and orthodox Christian creeds to restore Christianity to their constructions of its original form. ... The Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland is the Swiss member church of the Union of Utrecht. ... The First Vatican Council was summoned by Pope Pius IX by the bull Aeterni Patris of June 29, 1868. ... In Catholic theology, papal infallibility is the dogma that, by action of the Holy Spirit, the Pope is preserved from even the possibility of error when he solemnly declares or promulgates to the Church a dogmatic teaching on faith or morals as being contained in divine revelation, or at least... The Old Catholic Church is a community of Christian churches. ... Sede vacante coat of arms, used when there is no reigning pope. ... The Anglican Communion uses the compass rose as its symbol, signifying its worldwide reach and decentralized nature. ... The Continuing Anglican Movement is a group of Christian churches which follow the Anglican tradition but which split from one or another province of the Anglican Communion because of its perceived rejection of orthodoxy. ... The term Early Christianity here refers to Christianity of the period after the Death of Jesus and the foundation of the churches of Jerusalem and Antioch in the 30s and before the First Council of Nicaea in 325. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Look up Heresy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In Dante Alighieri’s Inferno, Malebolge is the eighth circle of Hell. ... Dante shown holding a copy of The Divine Comedy, next to the entrance to Hell, the seven terraces of Mount Purgatory and the city of Florence, with the spheres of Heaven above, in Michelinos fresco. ... DANTE is also a digital audio network. ... For other uses, see Hell (disambiguation). ... The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus Christ and led by the Twelve Apostles, in particular Saint Peter. ... Excommunication is a religious censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community. ...

References

1. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Judaizers see section titled: "THE INCIDENT AT ANTIOCH"

See also

• Schisms among the Jews
• Secession

Schisms among the Jews: // First Temple era Based on the historical narrative in the Bible and archeology, Levantine civilization at the time of Solomons Temple was prone to idol worship, astrology, worship of reigning kings, and paganism. ... For other uses, see Secession (disambiguation). ...

External links

• Encyclopedia Britannica: Schism
• Catholic Encyclopedia: Schism