Scholium (plural scholia) is the name given to grammatical, critical and explanatory notes or brief commentary whether original or extracted from existing commentaries, which are inserted on the margin of the manuscript of an ancient author as a succinct gloss. Thus the one who makes scholia is a scholiast. The word is new Latin, adapted from a Greek word meaning a lecture, a reading, or a school. Grammar is the study of the rules governing the use of a language. ... A gloss is a note made in the margins or between the lines of a book, in which the meaning of the text in its original language is explained in another language. ... New Latin (or Neo-Latin) is a post-medieval version of Latin, now used primarily in International Scientific Vocabulary cladistics and systematics. ...

Similarly, in a modern mathematics text, scholia are marginal notes amplifying a proof or course of reasoning. The misnomer "a scholia" is increasing.

These notes were altered by successive copyists and owners of the manuscript and in some cases increased to such an extent that there was no longer room for them in the margin, and it became necessary to make them into a separate work. At first they were taken from one commentary only, subsequently from several. This is indicated by the repetition of the lemma ("catchword"), or by the use of such phrases as or thus, or otherwise, according to some, to introduce different explanations. The name of the first scholiast has been given to Didymus of Alexandria, and the practice of compiling scholia continued till the 15th or 16th century. In mathematics, a lemma is a proven statement, typically named as such to distinguish it as a truth used as a stepping stone to a larger result rather than an important statement in and of itself. ... Didymus Chalcenterus (c. ...

The word scholium itself is first met with in Cicero (Ad Atticum xvi. 7). The Greek scholia we possess are for the most part anonymous, the commentaries of Eustathius on Homer and Tzetzes on Lycophron being prominent exceptions. Although frequently trifling, they contain much information not found elsewhere, and are of considerable value for the correction and interpretation of the text. The most important are those on Homer (especially the Venetian scholia on the Iliad, discovered by Villoison in 1781 in the library of St Mark, Venice), Hesiod, Pindar, Sophocles, Aristophanes and Apollonius Rhodius; and, in Latin, those of Servius on Virgil, of Acro and Porphyrio on Horace, and of Donatus on Terence. Marcus Tullius Cicero (January 3, 106 BC – December 7, 43 BC) was an orator and statesman of Ancient Rome, and is generally considered the greatest Latin prose stylist. ... Eustathius(or Eumathius) surnamed Macrembolites (living near the long bazaar), the last of the Greek romance writers, flourished in the second half of the 12th century AD. His title Protonobilissimus shows him to have been a person of distinction, and if he is also correctly described in the manuscripts, as... Bust of Homer in the British Museum For other uses, see Homer (disambiguation). ... John Tzetzes, was a Byzantine poet and grammarian, known to have lived at Constantinople during the 12th century. ... Lycophron was a Greek poet and grammarian. ... The Iliad (Greek Ἰλιάς, Ilias) tells part of the story of the siege of the city of Ilium, i. ... Jean-Baptiste Gaspard dAnsse (or Dannse) de Villoison (March 5, 1750 (or 1753) – April 25, 1805) was a classical scholar born at Corbeil-sur-Seine, France. ... Hesiod (Hesiodos) was an early Greek poet and rhapsode, believed to have lived around the year 700 BCE. From the 5th century BCE, literary historians have debated the priority of Hesiod or of Homer. ... Pindar (or Pindarus) (522 BC – 443 BC), the greatest lyric poet of ancient Greece, was born at Cynoscephalae, a village in Thebes. ... A Roman bust of Sophocles. ... A bust of Aristophanes Aristophanes (c. ... Apollonius of Rhodes (Apollonius Rhodius), librarian at Alexandria, was a poet, the author of Argonautica, a literary epic retelling of ancient material concerning Jason and the Argonauts quest for the Golden Fleece in the mythic land of Colchis. ... Latin is the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Maurus (or Marius) Servius Honoratius, Roman grammarian and commentator on Virgil, flourished at the end of the 4th century AD. He is one of the interlocutors in the Saturnalia of Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius, and allusions in that work and a letter from Quintus Aurelius Symmachus to Servius show that he... For other uses see Virgil (disambiguation). ... Acrophobia, commonly referred to as Acro for short and also known as Acromania, is a multi-round, multi-player on-line IRC game where contestants vie to create the most cleverly popular definitions for randomly generated acronyms. ... Pomponius Porphyrion (or Porphyrio) was Latin grammarian and commentator on Horace, possibly a native of Africa, who flourished during the 2nd or 3rd century. ... Quintus Horatius Flaccus, (December 8, 65 BC - November 27, 8 BC), known in the English world as Horace, was the leading lyric poet in Latin. ... Aelius Donatus (flourished late 4th century) was a Roman grammarian and teacher of rhetoric. ... Publius Terentius Afer, better known as Terence, was a comic playwright of the Roman Republic. ...

See E.F. Grafenhan, Geschichte der classischen Philologie, iii. (1843-1850); W.H. Suringar, Historia critica scholiastarum Latinorum (1835).

This article incorporates text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, which is in the public domain. Supporters contend that the Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1911) represents, in many ways, the sum of knowledge at the beginning of the 20th century. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...