NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Scottish English

Scottish English is usually taken to mean the standard form of the English language used in Scotland, often termed Scottish Standard English^[1]^[2]. It is the language normally used in formal, non-fiction written texts in Scotland. Although the terminology has often been used vaguely, modern usage distinguishes clearly between Scottish English and Scots. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... A standard language (also standard dialect or standardized dialect) is a particular variety of a language that has been given either legal or quasi-legal status. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... This article is about the country. ... Note: this article may be of particular interest to non-native users of English. ... This article is about the Anglic language of Scotland. ...

Background

Scottish English is the result of language contact between Scots and English after the 17th century (dialect contact may be more accurate in that the indigenous language Lowland Scots was a related variety). The resulting shift to English by Scots-speakers resulted in many phonological compromises and lexical transfers, often mistaken for mergers by linguists unfamiliar with the history of Scottish English (Macafee, 2004). Furthermore, the process was also influenced by interdialectal forms, hypercorrections and spelling pronunciations. (See Phonology below.) Language contact occurs when speakers of distinct speech varieties interact. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Hypercorrection comprises four linguistic phenomena: an elaborate, prescriptively based correction of common usage, often introduced in an attempt to avoid vulgarity or informality, that results in wording commonly considered clumsier than the usual, colloquial usage. ... A spelling pronunciation is a pronunciation that, instead of reflecting the way the word was pronounced by previous generations of speakers, is a rendering in sound of the words spelling. ... Scottish English is usually taken to mean the standard form of the English language used in Scotland, often termed Scottish Standard English[1][2]. It is the language normally used in formal, non-fiction written texts in Scotland. ...

The standard spelling, grammar, and punctuation of Scottish English tend to follow the style of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). However, there are some unique characteristics, mainly in the phonological and phonetic systems, many of which originate in the country's two autochthonous languages, the Scottish Gaelic language and Scots. The speech of the middle classes in Scotland often conforms to the grammatical norms of the written standard, particularly in situations that are regarded as formal. Highland English is slightly different from the variety spoken in the lowlands in that it is more phonologically, grammatically, and lexically influenced by a Gaelic substratum. The Oxford English Dictionary print set The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is a dictionary published by the Oxford University Press (OUP), and is the most successful dictionary of the English language, (not to be confused with the one-volume Oxford Dictionary of English, formerly New Oxford Dictionary of English, of... An autochthonous language is an indigenous language, one resident for a considerable length of time in a territory or region spoken by an autochthonous group. ... // Scottish Gaelic (GÃ idhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... This article is about the Anglic language of Scotland. ... Highland English is the variety of Gaelic influenced Scottish English spoken in the Scottish Highlands. ... Lowland-Highland divide The Scottish Lowlands (a Ghalldachd, meaning roughly the non-Gaelic region, in Gaelic), although not officially a geographical area of the country, in normal usage is generally meant to include those parts of Scotland not referred to as the Highlands (or GÃ idhealtachd), that is, everywhere due... // Scottish Gaelic (GÃ idhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Lexis

Scottish English has a number of lexical items which are rare in Southern British English (and possibly other forms of standard English). General items are outwith, meaning "outside of"; wee, the Scots word for small (which also occurs in Hiberno-English and Geordie English); pinkie for little finger and janitor for caretaker (both of which also occur in North American English). Examples of culturally specific items are caber, haggis, and landward for rural. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... This article is about the people and dialect of Tyneside. ... North American English is a collective term used for the varieties of the English language that are spoken in the United States and Canada. ... The caber toss is a traditional Scottish athletic event involving the tossing of a large wooden pole called a caber. ... an uncooked small haggis Haggis is a traditional Scottish dish. ...

In some areas there is a substantial^{[citation needed]} non-standard lexis (shared with Scots) apparently acquired from the Romany language and from Eastern European languages^{[citation needed]}; examples include shan (harsh, unfair), gadge (lad, chap) and peeve (alcoholic drink). Romany (or Romani) is the language of the Roma and Sinti, peoples often referred to in English as Gypsies. The Indo-Aryan Romany language should not be confused with either Romanian (spoken by Romanians), or Romansh (spoken in parts of southeastern Switzerland), both of which are Romance languages. ...

There is a wide range of (often anglicised) legal and administrative vocabulary inherited from Scots, e.g., depute /ˈdɛpjut/ for deputy, proven /ˈproːvən/ for proved, interdict for injunction and sheriff substitute for acting sheriff. Not proven is a verdict available to a court in Scotland. ...

Often, lexical differences between Scottish English and Southern Standard English are simply differences in the distribution of shared lexis, such as stay for "live" (as in: where do you stay?); doubt for "think the worst" (I doubt it will rain meaning "I fear it will rain"). Correct is often preferred to right (meaning "morally right" or "just") when the speaker means "factually accurate"..........

Phonology

While pronunciation features vary among speakers (depending on region and social status), there are a number of phonological aspects characteristic of Scottish English:

Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Standard English is a nebulous term generally used to denote a form of the English language that is thought to be normative for educated users. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... The alveolar approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. ... The alveolar tap or flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ... The alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ... Velarization is a secondary articulation of consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant. ... The velarized alveolar lateral approximant, which may actually be uvularized or pharyngealized, also known as dark l, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ... Scottish Gaelic (GÃ idhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... This article is on the Scottish town. ... Galloway (Scottish Gaelic, Gall-GhÃ idhealaibh or Gallobha, Lowland Scots Gallowa) is an area in southwestern Scotland. ... In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived duration of a vowel sound. ... The Scots Vowel-Length Rule, also known as Aitkens Law after Professor A.J. Aitken who formulated it, describes how vowel length in Scots and Scottish English is conditioned by environment. ... A nasal consonant is produced when the velumâ€”that fleshy part of the palate near the backâ€”is lowered, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. ... A stop or plosive or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... In English, the digraph ã€ˆthã€‰ represents in most cases one of two different phonemes: the voiced dental fricative (as in this) and the voiceless dental fricative (thing). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... In phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (Greek Î´Î¯Ï†Î¸Î¿Î³Î³Î¿Ï‚, diphthongos, literally with two sounds, or with two tones) is a monosyllabic vowel combination involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another, often interpreted by listeners as a single vowel sound or phoneme. ... In phonetics, an r-colored vowel or rhotacized vowel is a vowel either with the tip or blade of the tongue turned up during at least part of the articulation of the vowel (a retroflex articulation) or with the tip of the tongue down and the back of the tongue... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...

Grammar and syntax

Syntactical differences are few though the progressive verb forms are used rather more frequently than in other varieties of standard English, for example with some stative verbs (I'm wanting a drink). The future progressive frequently implies an assumption (You'll be coming from Glasgow).

Prepositions are often used differently. The compound preposition off of is often used parallel to English into (Take that off of the table).

Idiom

In colloquial speech shall and ought are wanting, must is marginal for obligation and may is rare. Many syntactical features of SSE are found in other forms of English, e.g. English English and North American English: English English is a term that has been applied to the English language as spoken in England. ... North American English is a collective term used for the varieties of the English language that are spoken in the United States and Canada. ...

The use of "How?" meaning "Why?" is distinctive of Scottish , Northern English and Northern Irish English. In linguistics, a contraction is the formation of a new word from two or more individual words. ... Hiberno-English â€” known more commonly as Irish English â€” is spoken in Ireland and is the result of the interaction of the English and Irish languages. ... Northern English is a group of dialects of the English language. ... Mid Ulster English (Ulster Anglo-Irish) is the dialect of most people in Ulster, including those in the two main cities. ...

Note that in Scottish English, the first person declarative I amn't invited and interrogative "Amn't I invited?" are both possible. Contrast English English, which has "Aren't I?" but no contracted declarative form. (All varieties have "I'm not invited".) English English is a term that has been applied to the English language as spoken in England. ...

Scots and Scottish English

As many Scots use both Scots and Scottish English depending on the situation, there is a strong influence of Scots, and sometimes it is difficult to say whether a Scots form also belongs to Scottish English or whether its occasional appearance in Scottish English is simply code-switching. Borderline examples might be aye for "yes", ken for "know" (Ken what I mean?), or no for "not" (Am I no invited?). The touchstone is whether the speaker would feel comfortable using these in a very formal situation.

References

The Scottish Corpus of Texts & Speech (SCOTS) is an ongoing project to build a corpus of modern-day texts in Scottish English and varieties of Scots. ... Part of an Ordnance Survey map at 1 inch to the mile scale from 1945 Ordnance Survey (OS) is an executive agency of the United Kingdom government. ... John Christopher Wells, MA (Cantab), Ph. ... The headquarters of the Cambridge University Press, in Trumpington Street, Cambridge. ...

See also

For dialects of programming languages, see Programming language dialect. ... The United Kingdom does not have a constitutionally defined official language. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... The Scottish Corpus of Texts & Speech (SCOTS) is an ongoing project to build a corpus of modern-day texts in Scottish English and varieties of Scots. ...

External links

Look up Multimedia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In linguistics, a corpus (plural corpora) or text corpus is a large and structured set of texts (now usually electronically stored and processed). ... This article is about the Anglic language of Scotland. ... Queen Margaret University (formerly Queen Margaret University College) is a university in Edinburgh, Scotland. ... For other uses, see Edinburgh (disambiguation). ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Scotland This is a list of articles relating to Scotland. ... This article is about the country. ... Stirling Castle has stood for centuries atop a volcanic crag defending the lowest ford of the River Forth. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Archaeology and geology continue to reveal the secrets of prehistoric Scotland, uncovering a complex and dramatic past before the Romans brought Scotland into the scope of recorded history. ... Motto Latin: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) (Scots: Wha daur meddle wi me) Capital EdinburghÂ¹ Language(s) Gaelic, Scots Government Monarchy King/Queen - 843-860 Kenneth I - 1587â€“1625 James VI - 1702-1714 Anne Legislature Parliament of Scotland History - United 843 - Union of the... Dunnottar Castle in the Mearns occupies one of the best defensive locations in Great Britain. ... Steel engraving and enhancement of the obverse side of the Great Seal of David I, portraying David in the European fashion the other wordly maintainer of peace and defender of jutice. ... The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between Scotland and England in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. ... The history of Scotland in the Late Middle Ages might be said to be dominated by the twin themes of crisis and transition. ... John Knox regarded as the leader of the Scottish Reformation The Scottish Reformation was Scotlands formal break with the papacy in 1560, and the events surrounding this. ... Scottish colonization of the Americas consisted of a number of failed or abandoned settlements in North America, a colony at Darien, Panama and a number of wholly or largely Scottish settlements made as part of Great Britain. ... The Acts of Union were a pair of Acts of Parliament passed in 1706 and 1707 (taking effect on 1 May 1707) by, respectively, the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. ... The Scottish Enlightenment was a period of intellectual ferment in Scotland, running from approximately 1740 to 1800. ... Charles Edward Stuart, Bonnie Prince Charlie, wearing the Jacobite blue bonnet Jacobitism was (and, to a very limited extent, remains) the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England and Scotland. ... The Highland Clearances (Scottish Gaelic: Fuadaich nan GÃ idheal, the expulsion of the Gael) is a name given to the forced displacement of the population of the Scottish Highlands from their ancient ways of warrior clan subsistence farming, leading to mass emigration. ... The Lowland Clearances (Scottish Gaelic: Fuadaich nan Galltachd) in Scotland were one of the results of the British Agricultural Revolution, which changed the traditional system of agriculture which had existed in Lowland Scotland for hundreds of years. ... Scotland has an incomparable variety of geology for an area of its size. ... Scotland covers an area of 78,782kmÂ² or 30,341miÂ², giving it a population density of 64 people/kmÂ². Around 70% of the countrys population live in the Central Lowlands - a broad, fertile valley stretching in a northeast-southwest orientation between the cities of Edinburgh and Glasgow, and including... Scotland is the most mountainous region of the United Kingdom. ... Freshwater Lochs Loch Arkaig Loch Awe, the third largest loch by surface area, also the longest Loch Dochfour Loch Ericht Loch Katrine, an important water reservoir Loch Leven, site of Loch Leven Castle Loch Lochy Loch Lomond, the largest by surface area Loch Lubnaig, Loch Maree, the fourth largest by... The Fauna of Scotland is generally typical of that of the north west European part of the Palearctic ecozone, although several of the larger mammals were hunted to extinction in historic times. ... Lowland-Highland divide Highland Sign with welcome in English and Gaelic The Scottish Highlands (A GhÃ idhealtachd in Gaelic) include the rugged and mountainous regions of Scotland north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault. ... Lowland-Highland divide The Scottish Lowlands (a Ghalldachd, meaning roughly the non-Gaelic region, in Gaelic), although not officially a geographical area of the country, in normal usage is generally meant to include those parts of Scotland not referred to as the Highlands (or GÃ idhealtachd), that is, everywhere due... The Central Belt of Scotland is a common term used to describe the area of highest population density within Scotland. ... Berwick-upon-Tweed from south of the river The Anglo-Scottish border (or English-Scottish border) runs for between the River Tweed on the east coast and the Solway Firth in the west. ... List of Scottish companies is an incomplete list of companies incorporated in Scotland, organised by industry sector. ... -1... The Royal Bank of Scotland Plc (Scottish Gaelic: [1]) is one of the retail banking subsidiaries of Royal Bank of Scotland Group plc, which together with NatWest, provides branch banking facilities in the United Kingdom. ... // North Sea Oil Platforms North Sea oil refers to oil and natural gas (hydrocarbons) produced from oil reservoirs beneath the North Sea. ... Scotch whisky is whisky made in Scotland. ... The ruins of Melrose Abbey, Scottish Borders Scotland is a well-developed tourist destination, with tourism generally being responsible for sustaining 200,000 jobs mainly in the service sector, with tourist spending averaging at Â£4bn per year [1]. Tourists from the United Kingdom make up the bulk of visitors to... For other uses, see Harris Tweed (disambiguation). ... Wind, wave and tide make up more than 80% of Scotlands renewable energy potential. ... Scots law is a unique legal system with an ancient basis in Roman law. ... The Courts of Scotland are the civil, criminal and heraldic courts responsible for the administration of justice in Scotland. ... The Lord President of the Court of Session is head of the judiciary in Scotland and presiding judge of the College of Justice and Court of Session. ... The Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service is a government department in Scotland that is responsible for the public prosecution of alleged criminals. ... Her Majestys Advocate, known as the Lord Advocate (Morair Tagraidh in Scottish Gaelic) is the chief legal adviser to the Scottish Executive and the Crown in Scotland for both civil and criminal matters that fall within the devolved powers of the Scottish Parliament. ... Her Majestys Solicitor General for Scotland (Ã€rd-neach-lagha a ChrÃ¹in an Alba) is one of the Law Officers of the Crown, and the deputy of the Lord Advocate, whose duty is to advise the Crown and the Scottish Executive on Scots Law. ... The procurator fiscal is the local public prosecutor in Scotland. ... Udal law is a near-defunct Norse derived legal system, which was formerly found in the Shetland islands and Orkney. ... List of Scots is an incomplete list of notable people from Scotland. ... List of Scottish actors is a list of Scottish actors, This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. ... John Logie Baird, television pioneer. ... List of Scottish musicians is a list of Scottish musicians, please see Scottish composers for classical writers. ... William Aiton (1731-1793), botanist Alexander Anderson (mathematician), (c. ... List of Scottish writers is an incomplete alphabetical list of Scottish writers. ... The Politics of Scotland forms a distinctive part of the wider politics of the United Kingdom, with Scotland one of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom. ... // Parties represented in the Scottish Parliament (in order of number of representatives): Scottish National Party (SNP) - centre-left, social democratic, pro-independence- 47 MSPs Labour - centre-left, unionist - 46 MSPs Conservative - centre-right, conservative, unionist - 17 MSPs Liberal Democrat - centre-left, federalist - 16 MSPs Scottish Green Party - left-wing, environmentalist... Scotland has elections to several bodies: the Scottish Parliament, the United Kingdom Parliament, the European Parliament, local councils and community councils. ... For the national legislative body up to 1707, see Parliament of Scotland. ... The logo of the Governemnt, incorporating the Saltire. ... The First Minister of Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: ; Scots: ) is, in practice, the political leader of Scotland, as head of Scotlands national devolved government, the Scottish Executive, which was established in 1999 along with the Scottish Parliament. ... The Secretary of State for Scotland (RÃ¹naire StÃ ite na h-Alba in Scottish Gaelic) is the chief minister in the government of the United Kingdom with responsibilites for Scotland, at the head of the Scotland Office (formerly The Scottish Office). ... The Scotland Office (Oifis na h-Alba in Scottish Gaelic) is a department of the United Kingdom government, responsible for reserved Scottish affairs. ... The local government of Scotland is organised into 32 unitary authorities covering the mainland and islands of Scotland. ... The Royal Coat of Arms of Scotland, as used before 1603 The monarch of Scotland was the head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. ... Scottish independence is a political ambition of a number of political parties, pressure groups and individuals within and outside of Scotland. ... The Church of Scotland (CofS; Scottish Gaelic: ), known informally by its pre-Union Scots name, The Kirk, is the national church of Scotland. ... The 2004 Assembly with Dr Alison Elliot as Moderator The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland is the sovereign and highest court of the Church of Scotland, and is thus the Churchs governing body. ... The Roman Catholic Church in Scotland describes the organisation of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church in the geographic area of Scotland, distinct from the Catholic Church in England & Wales and the Catholic Church in Ireland. ... The earliest date at which Jews arrived in Scotland is not known. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... The arrival of Islam in Scotland is relatively recent. ... Hinduism in Scotland is of relatively recent provenance, with the bulk of Scottish Hindus having settled there in the second half of the 20th century. ... // Scottish Gaelic (GÃ idhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... This article is about the Anglic language of Scotland. ... Highland English is the variety of Gaelic influenced Scottish English spoken in the Scottish Highlands. ... A mod is a festival of Scottish Gaelic song, arts and culture. ... Addressing the haggis during Burns supper: Fair fa your honest, sonsie face, Great chieftain o the puddin-race! The culture of Scotland is the national culture of Scotland. ... Clan map of Scotland Scottish clans (from Old Gaelic clann, children), give a sense of identity and shared descent to people in Scotland and to their relations throughout the world, with a formal structure of Clan Chiefs officially registered with the court of the Lord Lyon, King of Arms which... Scottish cuisine shares much with that of other parts of the British Isles but has distinctive attributes and recipes of its own, thanks to foreign and local influences both ancient and modern. ... This is a list of flags that are used exclusively in Scotland. ... The Royal Coat of Arms of Scotland, as used before 1603 The Royal Coat of Arms of Scotland was the official coat of arms of the monarchs of Scotland, and were used as the official coat of arms of the Kingdom of Scotland until the Union of the Crowns in... There is no official national anthem of Scotland[1]. However, there is a complex and on-going social and political dispute amongst many contenders for the title of the nations de jure song, which has polarised much of the public. ... Hogmanay (pronounced â€” with the main stress on the last syllable - hog-muh-NAY) is the Scots word for the last day of the year and is synonymous with the celebration of the New Year (Gregorian calendar) in the Scottish manner. ... John Logie Baird, the Scottish inventor of television. ... Scottish literature is literature written in Scotland or by Scottish writers. ... The Tannahill Weavers Scotland is internationally known for its traditional music, which has remained vibrant throughout the 20th century, when many traditional forms worldwide lost popularity to pop music. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Modern formal Highland black tie, including kilt and Prince Charlie jacket. ... This is a list of varieties of the English language. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... English language skills of European Union citizens The English language in Europe, as a native language, is mainly spoken in the two countries of the British Isles: the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) and the Republic of Ireland. ... English English is a term that has been applied to the English language as spoken in England. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Estuary English is a name given to the form of English widely spoken in South East England, especially along the river Thames and its estuary. ... St Mary-le-Bow The term cockney is often used to refer to working-class people of London, particularly east London, and the slang used by these people. ... East Anglia - the easternmost area of England - was probably home to the first-ever form of language which can be called English. ... Traditionally, East Midlands English was spoken in those parts of Mercia lying East of Watling Street (the A5 London - Shrewsbury Road). ... West Midlands English is a group of dialects of the English language. ... The West Country dialects and West Country accents are generic terms applied to any of several English dialects and accents used by much of the indigenous population of the southwestern part of England, the area popularly known as the West Country. ... 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Welsh English, Anglo-Welsh, or Wenglish (see below) refers to the dialects of English spoken in Wales by Welsh people. ... Mid Ulster English (Ulster Anglo-Irish) is the dialect of most people in Ulster, including those in the two main cities. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Guernsey English is the dialect of English spoken by natives of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, distinguished by the fact that it has considerable influence from DgÃ¨rnÃ©siais, the variety of Norman indigenous to Guernsey. ... North American English is a collective term used for the varieties of the English language that are spoken in the United States and Canada. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Appalachian English is a common name for the Southern Midland dialect of American English. ... Baltimorese, sometimes phonetically written Bawlmerese or Ballimerese, is a dialect of American English which originated among the white blue-collar residents of working class South and Southeast Baltimore. ... The Boston accent is found not only in the city of Boston, Massachusetts itself but also much of eastern Massachusetts. ... Buffalo English, sometimes colloquially referred to as Buffalonian, is the unique variety of English used in and around Buffalo, New York. ... California English is a dialect of the English language spoken in the U.S. state of California. ... Chicano English is a dialect of American English used by Chicanos (persons of Mexican descent in America). ... Acadiana, the tradtitional Cajun homeland and the stronghold of both the Cajun French and English dialects. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... It has been suggested that Vermont English be merged into this article or section. ... For a small state, New Jersey is dialectally quite diverse, with two regions of the state overlapping with other dialect areas, New York and Philadelphia, and several autochthonous dialects. ... The New York dialect of the English language is spoken by most European Americans who were raised in New York City and much of its metropolitan area including the lower Hudson Valley, western Long Island, and in northeastern New Jersey. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Northeast Pennsylvania English is the local dialect of American English spoken in northeastern Pennsylvania, specifically in the Wyoming Valley area, which includes Wilkes-Barre and Scranton. ... The Inland North Dialect of American English was the standard Midwestern speech that was the basis for General American in the mid-20th Century, though it has been recently modified by the northern cities vowel shift. ... Pacific Northwest English is a dialect of the English language spoken in the Pacific Northwest. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... City Hall The Philadelphia Dialect is the accent of English spoken in Philadelphia and extending into Philadelphias suburbs in the Delaware Valley and southern New Jersey. ... Pittsburgh English, popularly known as Pittsburghese, is the dialect of American English spoken by many residents of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA and surrounding Western Pennsylvania. ... // Southern American English as defined by the monophthongization of to before obstruents (Labov, Ash, and Boberg 2006:126). ... Tidewater Accent is a American English accent. ... Utah English, sometimes humorously referred to as Utahnics, is a dialect of the English language spoken in the U.S. state of Utah. ... Yat refers to a unique collection of dialects of English spoken in New Orleans, Louisiana. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Dictionary of Newfoundland English Newfoundland English is a name for several dialects of English found in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, often regarded as the most distinctive dialect of English in Canada. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... The West/Central Canadian English dialect is one of the largest and most homogeneous dialect areas in North America. ... Caribbean English is a broad term for the dialects of the English language spoken in the Caribbean, most countries on the Caribbean coast of Central America, and Guyana. ... Australian Aboriginal English (AAE) is a term referring to the various varieties of the English language used by Indigenous Australians. ... Torres Strait English is a dialect of the English language spoken by the Torres Strait Islanders of north Queensland, Australia. ... Sri Lankan English (SLE) is the English language as spoken in Sri Lanka. ... South African English is a dialect of English spoken in South Africa and in neighbouring countries with a large number of Anglo-Africans living in them, such as Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe. ... Look up Appendix:Basic English word list in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... International English is the concept of the English language as a global means of communication in numerous dialects, and the movement towards an international standard for the language. ... Globish is a portmanteau neologism of the words Global and English. ... For the region within the United States, see: Mid-Atlantic States Mid-Atlantic English describes a version of the English language which is neither predominantly American or British in usage. ... Plain English focuses on being a flexible and efficient writing style that readers can understand in one reading. ... Disambiguation: see also simple English Simplified English is a controlled language originally developed for aerospace industry maintenance manuals. ... Special English is a simplified version of the English language used by the United States broadcasting service Voice of America in daily broadcasts. ... Standard English is a nebulous term generally used to denote a form of the English language that is thought to be normative for educated users. ... This is one of a series of articles about the differences between American English and British English, which, for the purposes of these articles, are defined as follows: American English (AmE) is the form of English used in the United States. ... E-Prime, short for English Prime, is a modification of the English language that prohibits the use of the verb to be in all its forms. ...

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