The history of sculpture in the United States reflects the country's 18th century foundation in Roman republican civic values as well as Protestant Christianity, both of which sought truth in the spoken word of orator or minister and neither requiring the visualizaton of magnificence, power, solemnity, or profundity that characterized the sculptural traditions of European (as well as Asian) civilizations.

Decorative art

The art of the silversmith reflected the spiritual values of the prosperous Puritan, and these simple but elegant objects took their place in fashionable homes. Band made of Silver. ...

Coffee pot, 1770, Philadelphia, Joseph Richardson (1711-1784) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (664x800, 108 KB) Summary Joseph Richardson Sr. ...

Sauceboat (1740-1758), Boston, Jacob Hurd (1720-1758) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x613, 76 KB) Summary Jacob Hurd, (1720-1758) Sauceboat (1740-1758), Boston Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...

Folk art

There is always art in well-made tombstones, iron products, furniture, toys, and tools — perhaps better reflecting the character of a people than sculptures made in classical styles for social elites.

One of these specific applications, the wooden figure-heads for ships, launched the career the country's first famous sculptor, William Rush (1756-1833) of Philadelphia. William Rush (1756 - 1833) was a U.S. sculptor. ...

Ship's figure head, artist unknown, c. 1830, Art Institute of Chicago Image File history File links Download high resolution version (556x800, 50 KB) Summary Ships figure-head, c. ...

Preacher, c. 1830,Art Institute of Chicago Image File history File links Download high resolution version (505x800, 60 KB) Summary Preacher, c. ...

William Rush - portrait of General Andrew Jackson, 1815, Art Institute of Chicago Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1064x1600, 89 KB) Summary William Rush, General Andrew Jackson, 1815, Terracotta Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...

The Italian years

In the 1830s, the first generation of notable American sculptors studied and lived in Italy, particularly in Florence and Rome, carving marble and practicing Italian neo-classicism. They included Horatio Greenough (1805-1852), Hiram Powers 1805-1873, Thomas Crawford, and (somewhat later) William Henry Rinehart. Florences skyline Florence (Italian: ) is the capital city of the region of Tuscany, Italy. ... Nickname: The Eternal City Motto: SPQR: Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 8th century BC Mayor Walter Veltroni Area    - City 1,285 km²  (496. ... Horatio Greenough (September 6, 1805 - December 18, 1852) was an American sculptor. ... Hiram Powers, U.S. neoclassical sculptor. ... Thomas Crawford (March 22, 1813/14 – October 10, 1857) was a sculptor who was born in New York. ... William Henry Rinehart, American sculptor, was born in Maryland in 1825 and died in 1874. ...

Hiram Powers - portrait of Potter Palmer, 1871, Art Institute of Chicago Image File history File links Download high resolution version (599x900, 48 KB) Summary Hiram Powers, 1871, portrait of Potter Palmer, Art Institute of Chicago Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...

Horatio Greenough (1805-1852),Abdiel 1838-43 Image File history File links Download high resolution version (627x832, 51 KB) Summary Horatio Greenough (1805-1852) Abdiel 1838-43 Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...

The Paris years

In the following decades, American sculptors more often went to Paris to study — falling in with the more naturalistic and dramatic style exemplified by Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (1827-1875) and Antoine-Louis Barye (1796-1875). Among them were Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Daniel Chester French, and John Quincy Adams Ward. Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, sometimes called Jules Carpeaux (May 11, 1827 - October 12, 1875) was a French sculptor who studied under Fran ois Rude. ... Antoine-Louis Barye (September 24, 1796-June 25, 1875) was a French sculptor. ... Augustus Saint Gaudens, 1905 Augustus Saint-Gaudens (Dublin, March 1, 1848 - Cornish, New Hampshire, August 3, 1907), was the Irish born American sculptor of the Beaux Arts generation who most embodied the ideals of the American Renaissance. ... Daniel Chester French Signature, Daniel Chester French (April 20, 1850 – October 7, 1931) was an American sculptor. ... J.Q.A. Wards statue of George Washington (1882) in front of Federal Hall, New York John Quincy Adams Ward ( June 29, 1830 – 1910) was an American sculptor, who is most familiar for his colossal standing statue of Washington (illustration, right) on the steps of Federal Hall in...

Freedman, 1862,John Quincy Adams Ward (1830-1910) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (801x1057, 138 KB) Summary John Quincy Adams Ward (1830-1910) , Freedman, 1862 Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...

The Daniel Chester French sculpture at the Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D.C.. Download high resolution version (1112x1004, 131 KB)Picture of the Abraham Lincoln statue in the Lincoln memorial. ... Daniel Chester French Signature, Daniel Chester French (April 20, 1850 – October 7, 1931) was an American sculptor. ... The Lincoln Memorial at night. ... Nickname: DC, The District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia. ...

Daniel Chester French, Lincoln (detail), 1916, Art Institute of Chicagosdgd f Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x698, 67 KB) Summary Abraham Lincoln (detail) Daniel Chester French, 1916, Art Institute of Chicago Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...

American women sculptors

American women also became active sculptors in that period despite the sexism of the trades. Among them were Harriet Hosmer and Emma Stebbins (the Bethesda fountain in New York's Central Park). H. G. Hosmer: Beatrice Cenci Harriet Goodhue Hosmer (October 9, 1830 - February 21, 1908), American sculptor, was born at Watertown, Massachusetts. ... Biography Emma Stebbins, Amreican sculptor [born September 1, 1815 - died October 25, 1882 ]. Born and raised in a wealthy New York family Stebbins was encouraged in her pursuit of art at an early age by her family. ... A Central Park landscape Central Park ( ) is a large public, urban park (843 acres or 3. ...

Harriet Hosmer (1830-1908), Zenobia - Queen of Palmyra, 1857, Art Institute of Chicago Image File history File links Download high resolution version (665x900, 66 KB) Summary Harriet Hosmer (1830-1908) Zenobia - Queen of Palmyra, 1857 Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...

Home grown

American sculpture of the mid- to late-19th century was often classical, often romantic, but showed a special bent for a dramatic, narrative, almost journalistic realism (especially appropriate for nationalistic themes) like frontier life depicted by Frederick Remington. This was the beginning of the style of "western art" that continued with Alexander Phimister Proctor and others through the 20th into the 21st century. The Hunters Supper, 1909, National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Frederic Sackrider Remington (October 4, 1861 - December 26, 1909) was an American painter, illustrator, and sculptor who specialized in depictions of the American West. ... An example of Alexander Phimister Proctors work On the Warpath, Denver, CO Alexander Phimister Proctor (September 27, 1862 – September 4, 1950) was an American sculptor and one of her foremost animaliers, born in Bozanquit, Ontario, his family moved to Denver, Colorado when he was young. ...

The Bronco Buster by Frederick Remington, limited edition#17 of 20, 1909. The Bronco Buster. ... The Hunters Supper, 1909, National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Frederic Sackrider Remington (October 4, 1861 - December 26, 1909) was an American painter, illustrator, and sculptor who specialized in depictions of the American West. ...

Wildlife sculptors

The naturalism of the French school, exemplified by Barye, had a great impact on the first sculptors of American wildlife.

Edward Kemeys (1833-1907),Locked in Death, 1886 Image File history File links Download high resolution version (900x718, 57 KB) Summary Edward Kemeys, 1833-1907 --Locked in death, 1886 Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...

Public monuments

As the century closed, the pace of monument building quickened in the great cities of the east, especially to memorialize the Civil War, and several outstanding sculptors emerged most of them trained in the beaux arts academies of Paris. Daniel Chester French stands out, as does Frederick William Macmonnies and Lorado Taft. This tradition continued to the 1940s with Charles Keck, Alexander Stirling Calder and others. Daniel Chester French Signature, Daniel Chester French (April 20, 1850 – October 7, 1931) was an American sculptor. ... Dancing Bacchante with an Infant Faun: fountain at the Boston Public Library Frederick William Macmonnies (Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn September 28, 1863 - New York March 22,1937) was the best known expatriate American sculptor of the Beaux-Arts school, as successful and lauded in France as he was in the United... Self-portrait from the Fountain of Time, Chicago, IL Columbus Fountain, Washington D.C. Lorado Zadoc Taft (April 29, 1860–October 30, 1936) was an American sculptor, writer and educator, was born in Elmwood, Illinois in 1860. ... An example of Kecks work: A panel in the Nelson Gallery in Kansas City, Missouri. ... Swann Memorial Fountain, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania // Biography Alexander Stirling Calder (January 11, 1870 – 1945) was an American sculptor, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ...

The Robert Gould Shaw Memorial, Boston Common, commemorates Shaw and the Afro-American 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Robert Gould Shaw Memorial (Robert Gould Shaw Memorial) From http://www. ... The Storming of Fort Wagner, the most famous battle fought by the 54th Massachusetts The 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was one of the first[1] official African-American units in the United States armed forces, an infantry regiment that fought in the American Civil War. ...

Frederick MacMonnies (1863-1937),Nathan Hale, 1890 Image File history File links Download high resolution version (469x900, 54 KB) Summary Frederick MacMonnies (1863-1937) Nathan Hale, 1890 Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...

Lorado Taft (1860-1936) "Solitude of the Soul", 1901 - carved 1914 Image File history File links Download high resolution version (649x900, 76 KB) Summary Lorado Taft 1860-1936 Solitude of the Soul 1901 - carved 1914, Art Institute of Chicago Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...

Twentieth century

As the new century began, many young European sculptors migrated to the free, booming economy of across the Atlantic, and European-born sculptors account for much of the great work done before 1950 (C. Paul Jennewein, Maldarelli, Ruotolo, Elie Nadelman, Albin Polasek, Gaston Lachaise, Carl Milles, Karl Bitter). Pediment, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Carl Paul Jennewein (December 2, 1890 - February 23, 1978) American sculptor, was born in Stuttgart, Germany and arrived in the United States in 1907. ... Elie Nadelman (February 20, 1882, Warsaw - December 28, 1946) was a Poland-born US sculptor. ... Albin Polasek (1879-1965) was a Czech-American sculptor and educator. ... Categories: Stub | 1882 births | 1935 deaths ... Triton Blowing a Shell, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN Carl Milles, born Carl Emil Wilhelm Andersson son of lieutenant Emil Mille Andersson and his wife Walborg Tisell, (June 23, 1875–September 19, 1955) was a Swedish sculptor, best known for his fountains. ... Karl Bitter (December 6, 1867 – April 9, 1915) was an Austrian born United States sculptor best known for his architectural sculpture, memorials and residential work. ...

Architectural sculpture

Public buildings of the first half of the 20th century provided an architectural setting for sculpture, especially in relief. Bitter, Lee Lawrie, Adolph Alexander Weinman, C. Paul Jennewein, Rene Paul Chambellan and many others worked in the simple, often narrative style that fit these spaces. Grill work from Education Building, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Lee Oscar Lawrie (October 16, 1877 - January 23, 1963) was one of Americas foremost architectural sculptors and a key figure in the American art scene preceding World War II. His work includes the details on the Capitol building in Lincoln, Nebraska and... Elks Memorial in Chicago Adolph Alexander Weinman (December 11, 1870 – August 8, 1952) was an American sculptor, born in Karlsruhe, Germany. ... Pediment, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Carl Paul Jennewein (December 2, 1890 - February 23, 1978) American sculptor, was born in Stuttgart, Germany and arrived in the United States in 1907. ... Shrine of the Little Flower, Royal Oak, Michigan Rene Paul Chambellan (September 15, 1893 – November 29, 1955) was an American sculptor, born in West Hoboken, New Jersey. ...

Lee Lawrie grille work from the Education Building, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1930s. photo by Einar Einarsson Kvaran Lee Lawrie File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Grill work from Education Building, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Lee Oscar Lawrie (October 16, 1877 - January 23, 1963) was one of Americas foremost architectural sculptors and a key figure in the American art scene preceding World War II. His work includes the details on the Capitol building in Lincoln, Nebraska and... Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania County Dauphin Incorporated 1791 Charter 1860 Mayor Stephen R. Reed (D) Area    - City 26. ...

Copper repoussé relief sculpture by Maurice Ascalon adorned the façade of the 1939 New York World's Fair's Jewish Palestine Pavilion. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1350x1095, 394 KB) Summary The Scholar, The Laborer, and The Toiler of the Soil copper repoussé relief sculpture by Maurice Ascalon, adorned the façade of the 1939 New York Worlds Fairs Jewish Palestine Pavilion. ... Repoussé bracelet by Thomas Feeser, ©2005. ... Maurice Ascalon at the Duomo di Milano in Italy circa 1934 Maurice Ascalon hammering The Scholar, The Laborer, and The Toiler of the Soil for the 1939 New York Worlds Fair Maurice Ascalons The Scholar, The Laborer, and The Toiler of the Soil copper relief sculpture. ... The 1939 New York Worlds Fair, located on the current site of Flushing Meadows-Corona Park (also the location of the 1964 New York Worlds Fair), was one of the largest worlds fairs of all time. ...

Modern Classicism

Several notable American sculptors joined in the revitalization of the classical tradition at this time, most notably Paul Manship, who discovered archaic Greek sculpture while studying on a scholarship in Rome. Edward McCartan was another leader in this direction who fit easily with the art-deco tastes of the 1920s. Into the 1930s and 1940s, the ideologies that rent European politics began to be reflected in associations of American sculptors. On the right was the group, mostly native born, mostly old-school classical, mostly modelers of clay, who founded the National Sculpture Society, led by the heiress/sculptor Anna Hyatt Huntington and preserved in the sculpture park that she endowed — Brookgreen Gardens in South Carolina. Paul Howard Manship (December 24, 1885 - January 28, 1966) was a prominent American sculptor of the early 20th century. ... Edward McCartan was an American sculptor, best known for his decorative bronzes done in an elegant style popular in the 1920s. ... The Art Deco spire of the Chrysler Building in New York, built 1928-1930. ... Founded in 1893 the National Sculpture Society was the first organization of professional sculptors formed in the United States. ... Anna Vaughn Hyatt Huntington (American sculptor, 1876 - 1973) was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... Brookgreen Gardens is a sculpture garden and wildlife preserve in Pawleys Island, South Carolina. ...

Paul Manship, Dancer with Gazelles, 1916 Image File history File links Download high resolution version (950x879, 84 KB) Summary Paul Manship Dancer with Gazelles 1916 Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Paul Howard Manship (December 24, 1885 - January 28, 1966) was a prominent American sculptor of the early 20th century. ...

American Expressionism

On the left, often immigrant, often expressionistic, was the New York based Sculptor's Guild, with an emphasis on more current themes and direct carving in wood or stone. Its most famous member was William Zorach. William Zorach (February 28, 1887 – November 15, 1966) was a Lithuanian-American sculptor, painter and writer. ...

African American sculptors

With the Harlem Renaissance, an African-American sculpture emerged. Richmond Barthé was an outstanding example. Others included Elizabeth Catlett and Martin Puryear. James Richmond Barthé (January 28, 1901 - March 5, 1989) was an American Creole sculptor recognized as one of the foremost sculptors of his generation, and is known for his many public works, including the Toussaint L’Ouverture Monument in Port-au-Prince, Haiti and a sculpture of Rose McClendon for... Elizabeth Catlett, or Elizabeth Catlett Mora, is an African-American sculptor and printmaker, born c. ... Puryears Box and Pole, 1977 Puryears Sanctuary, 1982 Martin Puryear (born May 23, 1941) is an African-American sculptor. ...

Richmond Barthé "Boxer" (the Cuban featherweight, "Kid Chocolate"),1942]] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (613x880, 95 KB) Summary Richmond Barthe (1901 -1989)Boxer (portrait of Cuban featherweight, Kid Chocolate)1942, Art Institute of Chicago Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... James Richmond Barthé (January 28, 1901 - March 5, 1989) was an American Creole sculptor recognized as one of the foremost sculptors of his generation, and is known for his many public works, including the Toussaint L’Ouverture Monument in Port-au-Prince, Haiti and a sculpture of Rose McClendon for...

The turn towards abstraction

Some Americans, like Isamu Noguchi had already moved from figurative to non-figurative design, but after 1950, the entire American artworld took a dramatic turn away from the figurative traditions, especially as exemplified by its application by the totalitarian and genocidal regimes of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, and America led the free world into a more iconoclastic and theoretical approach to modernism. Isamu Noguchi, 1941. ...

Within the next 10 years, traditional sculpture education would almost be completely replaced by a Bauhaus influenced concern for abstract design. To accompany the triumph of abstract expressionist painting, heroes of abstract sculpture, like David Smith, emerged, and many new materials were explored for sculptural expression. Reconstructed main building of the Bauhaus Dessau (2003). ... David Smith may be: Athlete: David Smith (wrestler) (1962–2002), aka The British Bulldog, professional wrestler David Smith (Australian cricketer) David Smith (footballer) David Smith (England and Gloucestershire cricketer) David Smith (England, Surrey, Sussex and Worcestershire cricketer) David Smith (curler), world champion curler Politician or jurist: David Paul Smith, (b. ...

Isamu Noguchi's Black Slide Mantra Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x1105, 220 KB) Isamu Noguchi - Black Slide mantra, Outside, in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. ...

Baron's Moon, 1958, David Smith (1906-1965) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (662x900, 68 KB) Summary David Smith (1906-1965) --Barons Moon, 1958 Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...

Alexander Calder's L'empennage (1953) Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 734 KB) Alexander Calders Lempennage (1953) Pictured in 2002 when it was displayed in the sculpture garden of the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art. ... Alexander Calder Alexander Calder (July 22, 1898 – November 11, 1976), also known as Sandy Calder, was an American sculptor and artist most famous for inventing the mobile. ...

Spoonbridge and Cherry by Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x847, 137 KB) Spoonbridge and Cherry sculpture by w:Claes Oldenburg and w:Coosje van Bruggen at the w:Minneapolis Sculpture Garden in w:Minneapolis, Minnesota. ... Soft Bathtub (Model)—Ghost Version by Claes Oldenburg 1966, acryllic and pencil on foam-filled canvas with wood, cord, and plaster. ...

Pushing the boundaries of art

The figure returned in the 1960s, but without the beaux-arts figurative tradition, sometimes even as life-casts such as George Segal made with plaster. Jim Gary created life-sized figures composed of metal washers and hardware almost invisibly welded together, as well as, ones of stained glass and, even used automobile parts and tools in his sculptures. 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... George Segal was originally a painter, who later moved into sculpture. ... Jim Gary (March 17, 1939 – January 14, 2006) was an American sculptor popularly known for his large, colorful creations of dinosaurs made from discarded automobile parts and recognized internationally for his fine, architectural, landscape, and whimsical monumental art. ... Strictly speaking, stained glass is glass that has been painted with silver stain and then fired. ...

Concerns for the qualities of forms and design continued—but usually without representing a human figure. Minimalist sculpture by artists such as Richard Serra and Norman Carlberg often replaced the figure in public settings. Artworld and university sculpture of the late 20th century was mostly a playful exploration on the boundaries of what could be called art. Fulcrum 1987, 55 ft high free standing sculpture of Cor-ten steel near Liverpool Street station, London Richard Serra (born 2 November 1939) is an American minimalist sculptor known for working with large scale assemblies of sheet metal. ... Norman Carlberg (full name Norman Kenneth Carlberg) American sculptor, was born in 1928 in Roseau, Minnesota. ...

Late 20th century revival of figurative sculpture

Other kinds of sculpture continued throughout the century and grew in importance. Leaders in ironwork included Samuel Yellin A center for the western style of American sculpture was developed at Loveland, Colorado, and many studios, magazines, and even a museum (the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City) pursued this interest. A neo-Victorian style emerged pioneered by the sculptor of the National Cathedral, Frederick Hart. Meanwhile, many American sculptors persisted in their pre-war, modern/classical style training. Some of these include Milton Horn, Charles Umlauf, John Waddell , RodPatterson and Joseph Erhardy. Samuel Yellin (1885 -1940) Samuel Yellin, 1927 Biography American blacksmith, born in Galicia Poland where, at the age of eleven he was apprenticed to an iron master. ... Loveland is a city in Larimer County, Colorado (USA). ... Bronze Wrangler The National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum is a museum and art gallery, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, housing one of the largest collections of: Western, American cowboy, American rodeo, and American Indian; art, artifacts, and archival materials, in the world. ... Frederick Hart Frederick Hart (1943 – 1999) was an American sculptor, best known for his public monuments and works of art in bronze, marble, and clear acrylic (a technique he coined as sculpting with light). // Biography Hart was born in Atlanta in 1943 while his father was serving in World War... Creation of Adam, detail from Hymn to Water // Biography 1906 Born near Kiev, Russia, September 1 1913 Immigrated to United States with his parents, Pinchos and Bessie 1917 Became an American citizen 1918 Began drawing and painting 1921-23 Studied with sculptor Henry H. Kitson and at the Copley Society... Charles Umlauf, was an American sculptor, who was born is South Haven, Michigan on July 17, 1911 and died in 1994. ... Much of Waddels work is situated in Arizona, like Marlo Seated in the Phoenix Public Library. ... This article lacks information on the importance of the subject matter. ...

The Three Soldiers at the Vietnam War memorial in Washington, D.C. by Frederick Hart ImageMetadata File history File links Three_Soldiers. ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam People’s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... Nickname: DC, The District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia. ... Frederick Hart Frederick Hart (1943 – 1999) was an American sculptor, best known for his public monuments and works of art in bronze, marble, and clear acrylic (a technique he coined as sculpting with light). // Biography Hart was born in Atlanta in 1943 while his father was serving in World War...

Milton Horn (1906-1995) "Chicago Rising from the Lake" (detail), 1954 Image File history File links Download high resolution version (600x800, 142 KB) Summary Milton Horn (1906-1995) Chicago Rising 1954 (detail) Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...

Other genres of sculpture

The art-doll and ceramic sculpture communities also grew in numbers and importance in the late 20th century, while the entertainment industry required large scale, spectacular (sometimes monstrous or cartoon-like ) sculpture for movie sets, theme parks, casinos, and athletic stadiums. Industrial product design, especially automobiles, should not be ignored.

References

• Armstrong, Craven, et al, 200 Years of American Sculpture, Whitney Museum of Art, NYC, 1976
• Caffin, Charles H., American Masters of Sculpture, Doubleday, Page & Company, New York 1913
• Conner, Janis and Joel Rosenkranz, Rediscoveries in American Sculpture, Studio Works 1893 – 1939, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 1989
• Contemporary American Sculpture, The California Palace of the Legion of Honor, Lincoln Park, San Francisco, The National Sculpture Society 1929
• Craven, Wayne, Sculpture in America, Thomas Y. Crowell Co, NY, NY 1968
• Falk, Peter Hastings, Editor, Who Was Who in American Art, Sound View Press, Madison Connecticut, 1985
• Fort, Ilene Susan, The Figure in American Sculpture: A Question of Modernity, Los Angeles County Museum of Art & University of Washington Press, Los Angeles, CA 1995
• Gadzinski, Susan James and Mary Mullen Cunningham, American Sculpture in the Museum of American Art of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Museum of American Art of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts Philadelphia 1997
• Greenthal, Kozol, Rameirez & Fairbanks, American Figurative Sculpture in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 1986
• Gridley, Marion E., America’s Indian Statues, Marion E. Gridley, Chicago, Illinois 1966
• Kvaran, Einar Einarsson, Architectural Sculpture in America, unpublished manuscript
• McSpadden, J. Walker, Famous Sculptors of America, Dodd, Mead and Company, Inc. New York 1924
• Navarra, Tova, Jim Gary: His Life and Art, HFN, New York 1987
• Opitz, Glenn B , Editor, Mantle Fielding’s Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors & Engravers, Apollo Book, Poughkeepsie NY, 1986
• Proske, Beatrice Gilman, Brookgreen Gardens Sculpture, Brookgreen Gardens, South Carolina, 1968
• Reynalds, Donald Martin, Masters of American Sculpture: The Figurative Tradition From the American Renaissance to the Millennium, Abbeville Press, NY 1993
• Rubenstein, Charlotte Streifer, American Women Sculptors, G.K. Hall & Co., Boston 1990
• Taft, Lorado, The History of American Sculpture, MacMillan Co., New York, NY 1925

External links

• 20th Century Figure sculpture