Seán Francis Lemass (July 15, 1899 - May 11, 1971) was Taoiseach of Ireland and served as the second leader of Fianna Fáil from 1959 until 1966. He was a veteran of the 1916 Easter Rising, the War of Independence and the Civil War. Lemass was first elected as a TD in 1924 and was elected at each election until his retirement in 1969. He was a founder-member of Fianna Fáil in 1926, and served as Minister for Industry & Commerce (1932-1939, 1941-1948, 1951-1954 & 1957-1959) and Minister for Supplies (1939-1945). Lemass was appointed Tánaiste on three occasions (1945-1948, 1951-1954 and 1957-1959). He is remembered for his tireless work to develop Irish industry and for forging new links between the Republic and the Six Counties. Lemass is regarded by many as the finest Taoiseach in the history of the Irish state and as "the architect of modern Ireland." July 15 is the 196th day (197th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 169 days remaining. ... 1899 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... May 11 is the 131st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (132nd in leap years). ... 1971 is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar). ... The Taoiseach (plural: Taoisigh) or, more formally, An Taoiseach, is the head of government of the Republic of Ireland and the leader of the Irish cabinet1. ... The Republic of Ireland (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann) is the official description of an independent state which covers approximately five-sixths of the island of Ireland, off the coast of north-west Europe. ... Fianna Fáil - The Republican Party ( IPA in English and in Irish; English translation: Soldiers of Destiny) is the largest political party in Ireland. ... The Easter Rising (Irish: Éirí Amach na Casca) was a militarily unsuccessful rebellion staged in Ireland against British rule on Easter Monday in April 1916. ... An Irish War of Independence memorial in Dublin The Anglo-Irish War (also known as the Irish War of Independence) was a guerilla campaign mounted against the British government in Ireland by the Irish Republican Army. ... The Civil War (June 1922–April 1923) was a conflict between supporters and opponents of the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 6, 1921, which established the Irish Free State, precursor of todays Republic of Ireland. ... A TD or Teachta Dála (Irish for Dáil Deputy, pronounced chock-ta dawla) is a member of Dáil Éireann, the lower chamber of the Irish Oireachtas (pronounced orr-och-tas) or National Parliament. ... The Tánaiste (plural: Tánaistithe), or more formally An Tánaiste, is the deputy prime minister of the Republic of Ireland1. ... ...

Early Life

John (Seán) Francis Lemass was born on 15 July 1899 in Dublin. He was the second of seven children born to John and Frances Lemass. Within the family his name soon changed to 'Jack' and eventually after 1916 he himself preferred to be called 'Seán'. He was educated by the Christian Brothers in Dublin, where he was described as studious (his two best subjects being history and mathematics). One of Lemass' classmates was the popular Irish comedian Jimmy O'Dea. In January 1915 Lemass was persuaded to join the Irish Volunteers. His mature looks ensured he would be accepted as he was only fifteen-and-a-half at the time. Lemass became a member of the A Company of the 3rd Battalion of the Dublin City Regiment. The battalion adjutant was Eamon de Valera, future Taoiseach and President of Ireland. While out on a journey in the Dublin mountains at Easter 1916 Seán and his brother Noel met two sons of Professor Eoin MacNeill's. They informed the Lemass' of the Easter Rising that was taking place in the city. The following day (Monday) Seán and Noel were allowed to join the Volunteer garrison at the General Post Office. Seán was equipped with a shotgun and was positioned on the roof. However, by Friday the Rising had ended in ruins and all involved were imprisoned. Lemass, due to his age, was released from the 1,783 that were arrested. Following this Lemass' father wantd his son to continue with his studies and to become a barrister. However, Seán now had a different view of the world, a view which had wisdom far beyond his young years. July 15 is the 196th day (197th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 169 days remaining. ... 1899 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Dublins Hapenny Bridge. ... Dublins Hapenny Bridge. ... The Irish Volunteers (Óglaigh na hÉireann) were a paramilitary organization established by Irish Nationalists in 1913 to secure and maintain the rights and liberties common to the whole people of Ireland, and to enforce the imminent Home Rule Act. ... Eamon de Valera1 (born Edward George de Valera, Irish name Éamonn de Bhailéara) (October 14, 1882 - August 29, 1975), was a leader of Irelands struggle for independence from Britain in the early 20th Century, and of the Republican opposition in the ensuing Irish Civil War, and was subsequently... The Taoiseach (plural: Taoisigh) or, more formally, An Taoiseach, is the head of government of the Republic of Ireland and the leader of the Irish cabinet1. ... The President of Ireland (Irish: Uachtarán na hÉireann) is the head of state of the Republic of Ireland. ... 1916 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) Events January-February January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ... Eoin MacNeill (May 15, 1867 - October 15, 1945) was an Irish scholar and revolutionary. ... The Easter Rising (Irish: Éirí Amach na Casca) was a militarily unsuccessful rebellion staged in Ireland against British rule on Easter Monday in April 1916. ...

One of the '12 Apostles'?

Up to November 1920 Lemass remained a part-time member of the Volunteers. In that month, during the height of the Anglo-Irish War, 12 members of the Dublin Brigade of the IRA took part in an attack on British agents living in Dublin. The group was under the leadership of Michael Collins. The names of those who carried out Collins' orders on that morning have never been disclosed. It is generally believed, however it has never been proved that Lemass was one of the 12 Apostles that took part on that day which became known as Bloody Sunday in 1920. Lemass was arrested in December 1920 and interned at Ballykinlar in County Down. Note; the 12 apostles were Joe Leonard, Seán Doyle, Jim Slattery, Bill Stapleton, Pat McCrae, James Conroy, Ben Barret and Patrick Daly. Mick McDonnell, the first leader, was later succeeded by Daly and, in January 1920, three men were added - Tom Keogh, Mick O'Reilly and Vincent Byrne. 1920 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... An Irish War of Independence memorial in Dublin The Anglo-Irish War (also known as the Irish War of Independence) was a Ireland by the Irish Republican Army. ... This article needs copyediting (checking for proper English spelling, grammar, usage, etc. ... Michael Collins (October 16, 1890 – August 22, 1922), an Irish revolutionary leader, served as Minister for Finance in the Irish Republic, as a member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations, as Chairman of the Provisional Government and as Commander-in-Chief of the National Army. ... For other incidents referred to by this name, see Bloody Sunday. ... 1920 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... 1920 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... County Down, (An Dún in Irish) is one of the six counties of Northern Ireland, covering an area of 2,448 km² (945 square miles). ...

Anti-Treaty

In December 1921, after the signing of Anglo-Irish Treaty, Lemass was released. During the debates of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921, Lemass was one of the minority who opposed it along with de Valera. As a protest all the anti-Treaty side withdrew from the Dáil. In the Irish Civil War which followed Lemass was adjutant and second in command to Rory O'Connor when the group seized the Four Courts, the home of the High Court of Ireland. The group was eventually captured, however Lemass escaped with some others. (When withdrawing the anti-treaty IRA controversially blew up the Irish Public Records Office, destroying one thousand years of Irish archives.) He was later re-captured and imprisoned again. In June 1923 Noel Lemass, Seán's brother, was abducted in Dublin by a number of men, believed to be connected to the Irish National Army. He was held in secret until October when his body was found in the Dublin Mountains. Seán Lemass was released from prison on compassionate grounds as a result of this. On 18 November 1924 Lemass was elected for the very first time as a Sinn Féin TD. 1921 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Signature page of the Anglo_Irish Treaty The Anglo_Irish Treaty was a treaty between the British government and the Irish Republic which brought the Anglo-Irish War to an end and established the Irish Free State. ... Signature page of the Anglo_Irish Treaty The Anglo_Irish Treaty was a treaty between the British government and the Irish Republic which brought the Anglo-Irish War to an end and established the Irish Free State. ... Dáil Éireann is the lower house of the Oireachtas (parliament) of the Republic of Ireland1. ... The Civil War (June 1922–April 1923) was a conflict between supporters and opponents of the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 6, 1921, which established the Irish Free State, precursor of todays Republic of Ireland. ... The Four Courts in Dublin is the Republic of Irelands main courts building. ... November 18 is the 322nd day of the year (323rd in leap years), with 43 remaining. ... 1924 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... -1... A TD or Teachta Dála (Irish for Dáil Deputy, pronounced chock-ta dawla) is a member of Dáil Éireann, the lower chamber of the Irish Oireachtas (pronounced orr-och-tas) or National Parliament. ...

Personal Life

On 24 August 1924 Lemass married Kathleen Hughes. It must be pointed out that this marriage took place much to the disapproval of the bride's mother and father. The wedding took place in the Church of the Holy Name, Ranelagh,Dublin. Jimmy O'Dea acted as Lemass' best man. Together Seán and Kathleen had four children - Maureen (b.1925), Peggy (b.1927), Noel (b.1929) and Sheila (b.1932). Maureen Lemass would later go on to marry a successor of Lemass as Fianna Fáil leader and Taoiseach - that man is Charles Haughey. August 24 is the 236th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (237th in leap years), with 129 days remaining. ... 1924 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Dublins Hapenny Bridge. ... Events January-May January 3 - Benito Mussolini announces he is taking dictatorial powers over Italy. ... Events January 7 - First transatlantic telephone call - New York City to London January 9 - Military rebellion crushed in Lisbon January 14 - Paul Doumer elected president of France January 19 - Britain sends troops to China February 12 - First British troops lad on Shanghai February 14 - Earthquake in Yugoslavia - 700 dead February... 1929 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. ... Fianna Fáil - The Republican Party ( IPA in English and in Irish; English translation: Soldiers of Destiny) is the largest political party in Ireland. ... The Taoiseach (plural: Taoisigh) or, more formally, An Taoiseach, is the head of government of the Republic of Ireland and the leader of the Irish cabinet1. ... Charles (Charlie) James Haughey ( Ir. ...

Fianna Fáil

In 1926 de Valera, supported by Lemass, sought to convince Sinn Féin to abandon its policy of refusing to accept the existence of the Irish Free State, the legitimacy of its Dáil Éireann and of its abstentionist policy of refusing to accept election to it. However the effort was unsuccessful and in March 1926 de Valera, along with Lemass, resigned from the party. At this point de Valera contemplated leaving public life, a momentous decision that could have changed the course of Irish history forever. It was Lemass who encouraged him to stay and form a party. In May de Valera, assisted by Gerald Boland and Lemass began to plan a new political party. This became known as Fianna Fáil (soldiers of destiny). Lemass began travelling around the country trying to get support for Fianna Fáil. Many former Sinn Féin TDs were persuaded to join. The new party was strongly opposed to partition but accepted the de-facto existence of the Irish Free State. It opposed the controversial Oath of Allegiance and campaigned for its removal; pending its removal the party announced that it would not take up its Dáil seats. A court case, taken in the name of Lemass and others was begun. However the assassination by the IRA of Kevin O'Higgins, the Vice-President of the Executive Council (deputy prime minister) led to the passing of a new Act requiring that all prospective Dáil candidates to take an oath guaranteeing that if elected they would take the Oath of Allegiance, a refusal to give the undertaking debarring someone from becoming a candidate in a general or by-election. Faced with the threat of legal disqualification from politics, de Valera capitulated and took the Oath of Allegiance, while claiming that he was simply signing a slip of paper to gain a right of participation in the Dáil, not actually taking an Oath. On 11 August 1927, having signed the Oath of Allegiance in front of a representative of the Governor-General of the Irish Free State, all the Fianna Fáil TDs entered the Dáil.-1... The Irish Free State (Irish: Saorstát Éireann) was (1922–1937) the name of the state comprising the 26 of Irelands 32 counties which were separated from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Irish Free State Agreement (or Anglo-Irish Treaty) signed by British and Irish... Dáil Éireann is the lower house of the Oireachtas (parliament) of the Republic of Ireland1. ... For alternative meanings, see March (disambiguation). ... 1926 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Gerald Boland (May 25, 1885 - January 5, 1973) was a senior Irish politician. ... Fianna Fáil - The Republican Party ( IPA in English and in Irish; English translation: Soldiers of Destiny) is the largest political party in Ireland. ... -1... The Irish Free State (Irish: Saorstát Éireann) was (1922–1937) the name of the state comprising the 26 of Irelands 32 counties which were separated from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Irish Free State Agreement (or Anglo-Irish Treaty) signed by British and Irish... The Irish Oath of Allegiance was a controversial provision in the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, which Irish TDs (members of the Irish parliament) and Senators were required to take, in order to take their seats in Dáil Éireann (The Chamber of Deputies) and Seanad Éireann (the Irish Senate). ... This article needs copyediting (checking for proper English spelling, grammar, usage, etc. ... Kevin Christopher OHiggins ( 7 June 1892- 10 July 1927), Irish politician. ... The Vice-President of the Executive Council (Irish: Leas-Uachtarán na hArd-Chomhairle) was in effect the deputy prime minister of the Irish Free State, the Executive Council. ... August 11 is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events January 7 - First transatlantic telephone call - New York City to London January 9 - Military rebellion crushed in Lisbon January 14 - Paul Doumer elected president of France January 19 - Britain sends troops to China February 12 - First British troops lad on Shanghai February 14 - Earthquake in Yugoslavia - 700 dead February... The Governor-General of the Irish Free State (Irish: Seanascal Shaorstáit Eireann) was the representative of the Crown in the Irish Free State between 1922 and 1936. ... Fianna Fáil - The Republican Party ( IPA in English and in Irish; English translation: Soldiers of Destiny) is the largest political party in Ireland. ... Dáil Éireann is the lower house of the Oireachtas (parliament) of the Republic of Ireland1. ...

Minister for Industry & Commerce

In 1932 Fianna Fáil won power in the Free State, remaining in power for sixteen uninterrupted years. The party which Lemass had described as only a "slightly constitutional party" in 1929 was now leading the Irish Free State, a state de Valera and Lemass had a decade earlier fought a civil war to destroy. de Valera appointed Lemass as Minister for Industry and Commerce, one of the most powerful offices in the Executive Council (cabinet), and a position he would occupy in every de Valera government. Lemass had the two difficult tasks of developing Irish industry behind tariff walls, and convincing the Department of Finance regarding state involvement in industry. However, he worked hard and tirelessly for the industrial betterment of Ireland. In 1933 Lemass set up the Industrial Credit Corporation to facilitate supplying funds for setting up industry. A number of 'semi-state' companies modelled on the success of the ESB were also set up. These include the Irish Sugar Company, to develop the sugar-beet industry, Turf Development Board for turf development and an Irish airline, Aer Lingus. Years later Lemass described Aer Lingus as his proudest achievement. The Irish market was still too small for multiple companies to exist so practically all the 'semi-states' had a monopoly on the Irish market. While Lemass concentrated on economic matters, de Valera focused primarily on constitutional affairs, leading to the passage of Bunreacht na hÉireann, a new Irish constitution, in 1937. De Valera became the new Taoiseach of the new state of Éire, while Lemass served in the new Government (the new name for the cabinet) again as Minister for Industry and Commerce. 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. ... 1929 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Irish Free State (Irish: Saorstát Éireann) was (1922–1937) the name of the state comprising the 26 of Irelands 32 counties which were separated from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Irish Free State Agreement (or Anglo-Irish Treaty) signed by British and Irish... Bank of Scotland (Ireland) is a bank in the Republic of Ireland owned by HBOS plc. ... ESB Logo The Electricity Supply Board (ESB), (Irish: Bord Soláthar Leictreachais) often called ESB Ireland to differentiate it with US utilities, is responsible for generating most of the electricity in the Republic of Ireland. ... Greencore is a food company in Ireland. ... Bord na Móna (lit. ... Aer Lingus is the national airline of Ireland. ... Aer Lingus is the national airline of Ireland. ... The Constitution of Ireland is the founding legal document of the state known today as the Republic of Ireland. ... The Taoiseach (plural: Taoisigh) or, more formally, An Taoiseach, is the head of government of the Republic of Ireland and the leader of the Irish cabinet1. ... Map of Éire Éire (pronounced AIR uh, in the Irish language, translated as Ireland) is the name given in Article 4 of the 1937 Irish constitution to the 26-county Irish state, created under the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty, which was known between 1922 and 1937 as the Irish Free...

Minister for Supplies

Lemass moved to a new portfolio in 1939 following the outbreak of World War II (known in the Free State as The Emergency), becoming Minister for Supplies. It was a crucial role for the officially neutral Ireland (in fact, as since released government papers show, the neutrality was to a significant part fiction, with the Free State secretly aiding the Allies; the date of D-Day, for example, was decided because of weather forecasts from Ireland, which indicated the incoming weather systems from the Atlantic, the right weather being crucial to the success of the Normandy landings). Officially neutral, the Free State had to achieve an unprecedented degree of self-sufficiency and it was Lemass's role to ensure this. The fact that he was charged with such a crucial role is indicative of he faith held in his abilities by de Valera. Lemass had the difficult task of organising what little resources existed. In 1941 the Irish Shipping Company was set up to keep a vital trickle of supplies coming into the country. However, petrol, gas and a number of basic foodstuffs remained in short supply. Lemass's seniority was shown when, following Sean T. O'Kelly's election as President of Ireland in 1945, de Valera chose Lemass over older cabinet colleagues to become Tánaiste (deputy prime minister). 1939 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... The Irish Free State (Irish: Saorstát Éireann) was (1922–1937) the name of the state comprising the 26 of Irelands 32 counties which were separated from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Irish Free State Agreement (or Anglo-Irish Treaty) signed by British and Irish... The Emergency is a euphemism which was first used officially in Ireland by the Irish Government during the 1940s to refer to World War II. In government media, direct references to the war were avoided and Ireland publicly maintained a strictly neutral position (which prompted some to ask the question... The Minister for Supplies was created by the Ministers and Secretaries (Amendment) Act, 1939, to assist Ireland through the World War II, or The Emergency, as referred to by the Irish Government. ... 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Sean Thomas OKelly ( Ir: Seán Tomás Ó Ceallaigh, pronounced Shaun Tho-mass O Kealla) ( August 25, 1882 - November 23, 1966) was the second President of Ireland (1945-1959). ... The President of Ireland (Irish: Uachtarán na hÉireann) is the head of state of the Republic of Ireland. ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Tánaiste (plural: Tánaistithe), or more formally An Tánaiste, is the deputy prime minister of the Republic of Ireland1. ...

Stagnation

In 1948, partly due to its own increasing isolation and also due to a republican backlash against its anti-IRA policies (which during the Emergency had seen the execution of IRA prisoners - in part due to IRA links with the Nazis), which had produced a rival republican party, Clann na Poblachta, Fianna Fáil lost power. The First Inter-Party Government, made up of Fine Gael, Labour, National Labour, Clann na Talmhan, Clann na Poblachta and others, was formed under Fine Gael TD John A. Costello. In opposition, Lemass played a crucial role in re-organising and streamlining Fianna Fáil. As a result (and also due to internal crises within the Inter-Party government over the declaration of the Republic of Ireland (a description that replaced the Irish Free State as the twenty-six county state's name) and also the controversial Mother and Child Scheme) In 1951 Fianna Fáil returned as a minority government. Lemass again returned as Minister for Industry and Commerce. Lemass believed that a new economic policy was needed, however de Valera disagreed. Seán MacEntee, the Minister for Finance, tried to deal with the crisis in the balance of payments. He was also unsympathetic to a new economic outlook. In 1954 the government fell and was replaced by the Second Inter-Party Government. Lemass was confined to the Opposition benches for another three years. In 1957 de Valera, at the age of seventy-five, announced to Fianna Fáil that he planned to retire. He was persuaded however to become Taoiseach one more time until 1959, when the office of President of Ireland would become vacant. Lemass returned as Tánaiste and Minister for Industry and Commerce. In 1958 the first Programme for Economic Development was launched. de Valera was elected President of Ireland in 1959 and retired as Fianna Fáil leader and Taoiseach. The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ... Clann na Poblachta was an Irish republican political party founded by former IRA Chief of Staff Sean MacBride in (1946). ... The 13th Dáil was elected on February 4, 1957 and first met on February 18 when the 5th Government of Ireland was appointed. ... Current Fine Gael logo Fine Gael (United Ireland) (pronounced fi-na gale) is the second largest political party in the Republic of Ireland. ... The Irish Labour Party is the third largest political party in the Republic of Ireland. ... Clann na Talmhan was an Irish political party from 1943 to 1961, established to represent farming interests and led by Michael Donnellan. ... Clann na Poblachta was an Irish republican political party founded by former IRA Chief of Staff Sean MacBride in (1946). ... John Aloysius Costello (20 June 1891 - 5 January 1976), a successful barrister, was one of the main legal advisors to the government of the Irish Free State after independence, Attorney-General of Ireland from 1926-1932 and Taoiseach from 1948-1951 and 1954-1957. ... The Republic of Ireland (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann) is the official description of an independent state which covers approximately five-sixths of the island of Ireland, off the coast of north-west Europe. ... Seán MacEntee ( 1889– 1984) was a senior Irish politician. ... 1954 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The 15th Dáil was elected on May 18, 1954 and first met on June 2 when the 7th Government of Ireland was appointed. ... 1957 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Taoiseach (plural: Taoisigh) or, more formally, An Taoiseach, is the head of government of the Republic of Ireland and the leader of the Irish cabinet1. ... The Tánaiste (plural: Tánaistithe), or more formally An Tánaiste, is the deputy prime minister of the Republic of Ireland1. ... 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1959 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... Fianna Fáil - The Republican Party ( IPA in English and in Irish; English translation: Soldiers of Destiny) is the largest political party in Ireland. ...

Taoiseach 1959-1966

(see also the Lemass Era) The Lemass Era is the term given to the period of economic change between 1959 and 1966 in the Republic of Ireland. ...

On June 23, 1959 Seán Lemass was appointed Taoiseach on the nomination of Dáil Éireann. Many had wondered if Fianna Fáil could survive without de Valera as leader. However, Lemass quickly established his control on the party. Although he was one of the founder-members of Fianna Fáil he was still only fifty-nine years old, seventeen years younger than the nearly blind de Valera. Consequently, this change in leader and his lifelong devotion to economic matters left him more in tune with the needs of the 1960s in Ireland. June 23 is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 191 days remaining. ... 1959 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Taoiseach (plural: Taoisigh) or, more formally, An Taoiseach, is the head of government of the Republic of Ireland and the leader of the Irish cabinet1. ... Dáil Éireann is the lower house of the Oireachtas (parliament) of the Republic of Ireland1. ... Fianna Fáil - The Republican Party ( IPA in English and in Irish; English translation: Soldiers of Destiny) is the largest political party in Ireland. ... A true colour image of Ireland, captured by a NASA satellite on January 4, 2003. ...

New Changes

The change of personnel in Fianna Fáil was also accompanied by a change of personnel with James Dillon becoming leader of Fine Gael and Brendan Corish becoming leader of the Labour Party. A generation of leaders who had dominated Irish politics since for over three decades had moved off the stage of history. Lemass also inititaed several changes in the Cabinet. He is credited with providing a transition phase between the old guard and a new generation of professional politicians. Younger men such as Brian Lenihan, Charles J. Haughey, Patrick Hillery and Michael Hilliard were all given their first Cabinet portolios by Lemass, and ministers who joined under de Valera, such as Jack Lynch, Neil Blaney and Kevin Boland were promoted by the new Taoiseach. Similarly, several members of the old guard such as Paddy Smith, Seán MacEntee and James Ryan retired from politics during the Lemass era. Frank Aiken was the only founder-member of Fianna Fáil to survive Lemass as a member of the government and Dáil. James Dillon (26 September 1902 - 10 February 1986) was an Irish politician and leader of Fine Gael from 1959 to 1965. ... Current Fine Gael logo Fine Gael (United Ireland) (pronounced fi-na gale) is the second largest political party in the Republic of Ireland. ... Brendan Corish ( 1918- 1990), Irish Labour leader ( 1960- 1977). ... Brian Lenihan (November 17, 1930 _ November 1, 1995) was a senior Irish Fianna Fáil politician. ... Charles James Haughey (born September 16, 1925) was the sixth Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland. ... Patrick John Hillery (born May 2, 1923) was the sixth President of Ireland (1976-1990). ... Michael Hilliard was a senior Irish politician. ... John Mary Jack Lynch (Ir. ... Neil Blaney (October 1, 1922 - November 8, 1995), was a senior Irish politician. ... Kevin Boland (1917 - 2001), was a senior Irish politician. ... Paddy Smith was from Cootehill in County Cavan. ... Seán MacEntee ( 1889– 1984) was a senior Irish politician. ... Dr. James Ryan (December 6, 1891 - September 25, 1970), was a senior Irish politician. ... Frank Aiken (February 13, 1898 - May 18, 1983), was a senior Irish politician. ...

The Economy

Lemass summed up his economic philosophy in one simple but often quoted phrase: "A risng tide lifts all boats." By this he meant that an upsurge in the Irish economy would benefit both the richest and the poorest. Although the White Paper entitled "Economic Development" was first intoduced in 1958 in de Valera's last government, its main recommendations formed the basis for the First Programme for Economic Expansion, which was adopted by Lemass as government policy. The programme, which was the brainchild of T.K. Whitaker, involved a move away from the protectionist policies that had been in place since the 1920s. Tax breaks and grants were also to be provided to foreign firms wishing to set up a company in Ireland. The programme also allowed for the spending of £220 million of state capital in investing in an integrated system of national development. 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Government (Irish: Rialtas) is the cabinet that exercises executive authority in the Republic of Ireland. ... Dr. T.K. Whitaker (b. ...

Following the introduction of this programme the policy of protection was eventually ended and the Control of Manufacturers Act, which had been in place since 1932 and had been introduced by Lemass himself, was also abolished. Although the implementation of the programme coincided with favourable trading conditions the results of the programme speak for themselves. Unemployment fell by a third, emigration reduced considerably and the population grew for the first time since the Famine. Agriculture was the only sector which failed to respond to the programme. A second programme was launched in 1963, with even more ambitious targets, however this was discontinued after Lemass left office in 1967. 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. ... Events January-February January 11 - The Whisky A Go-Go night club in Los Angeles, the first disco in the USA, is opened. ... 1967 was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ...

The programme also paved the way for free trade. In 1960 Ireland signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), a worldwide agreement to reduce tariffs. In 1961 Ireland applied unsuccessfully for membership of the European Economic Community. Ireland's failure to join was said to be Lemass's biggest regret and disappointment as Taoiseach. Ireland eventually joined in 1973, two years after Lemass's death. 1965 paved the way for the signing of the Anglo-Irish Free Trade Agreement between Lemass's government and Harold Wilson's government. 1960 was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (usually abbreviated GATT) functions as the foundation of the WTO trading system, and remains in force, although the 1995 Agreement contains an updated version of it to replace the original 1947 one. ... 1961 (As MAD Magazine pointed out on its first cover for the year) was the first upside-down year - i. ... The European Community (EC), most important of three European Communities, was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. ... The Taoiseach (plural: Taoisigh) or, more formally, An Taoiseach, is the head of government of the Republic of Ireland and the leader of the Irish cabinet1. ... 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. ... 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, PC (March 11, 1916 - May 24, 1995) was one of the more successful Labour Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom and a 1960s icon. ...

Social Change

As a result of the economic expansion there was an increase in industrialisation and urbanisation. An increase in prosperity also led to a move awy from insularity and conservatism in Irish life. This was facilitated in no small part by the establishment of the state television service, Telefís Éireann on December 31, 1961. Television programmes, such as The Late Late Show and imported American and British ones, had a profound effect on a change in attitude. Subjects such as contraception, the Catholic Chirch and divorce were being discussed openly in a way which previous generations would never have imagined. The pontificate of Pope John XXIII and the Second Vatican Council also had a profound effect on the changing attititudes of Irish Catholics. Radio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ; English: Radio and Television of Ireland) is the national publicly-funded broadcaster of Ireland. ... December 31 is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1961 (As MAD Magazine pointed out on its first cover for the year) was the first upside-down year - i. ... For the American late-night talk show presented by Tom Snyder, Craig Kilborn and Craig Ferguson, see The Late Late Show (CBS). ... The Blessed John XXIII wearing a Papal Tiara Angelo Roncalli was born in Sotto il Monte (province of Bergamo), Italy on November 25, 1881. ...

1963 saw the first visit of a sitting US President to Ireland. John F. Kennedy, the great-grandson of an Irish emigrant, returned came on an official visit. His visit seemed to symbolise a new age for the post Famine Irish. During his visit Kennedy visited relatives in County Wexford, as well as Dublin, Cork and Limerick. Kennedy later said that his four day-visit to Ireland was one of his most enjoyable. Kennedy later personally invited Lemass back to Washington in October of the same year. One month later the young President would be dead. Events January-February January 11 - The Whisky A Go-Go night club in Los Angeles, the first disco in the USA, is opened. ... President of the United States - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... Order: 35th President Vice President: Lyndon B. Johnson Term of office: January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963 Preceded by: Dwight D. Eisenhower Succeeded by: Lyndon B. Johnson Date of birth: May 29, 1917 Place of birth: Brookline, Massachusetts Date of death: November 22, 1963 Place of death: Dallas, Texas First... Wexford (Loch Garman in Irish) is a maritime county in the southeast of Ireland, in the province of Leinster. ... Dublins Hapenny Bridge. ... Cork - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... This article is about the city in Ireland. ... This article deals with the U.S. state. ... October is the tenth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ...

In 1965 a new report called "Investment in Education" was published. After over forty years of independence the report painted a depressing picture of a system where no changes had taken place. Lemass appointed several young and intelligent men to the post of Minister for Education, including Patrick Hillery and George Colley. Under these people a slow process of change eventually began to take place. However, the must innovative change came in 1966 when Donagh O'Malley was appointed minister. Shortly after taking over O'Malley announced that from 1969 all schools up to Intermediate level would be free and free buses would provide transport for the students. This plan had the backing of Lemass, however, O'Malley never discussed this hugely innovative and hugely expensive plan with any other cabinet ministers, least of all the Minister for Finance Jack Lynch. Unfortunately, O'Malley was dead by the time his brainchild came to fruition. 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... The Minister for Education & Science is the chief person at the Department of Education & Science is engaged in a wide range of activities covering pllicy planning, quality assurance and providing a broad range of services for education in the Republic of Ireland. ... -1... Donagh OMalley ( 1921- 1968) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. ... 1969 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... The Irish Minister for Finance is the second most important ministerial position in the Irish Cabinet after that of the Taoiseach. ... John Mary Jack Lynch (Ir. ...

Northern Ireland

The failure of the IRA border campaign in the 1950s and the accession of Lemass as Taoiseach heralded a new policy towards Northern Ireland. The new Taoiseach played down the nationalist rhetoric which had done little to further the situation over the previous forty years. As long as the hardline Lord Brookeborough was Prime Minister of Northern Ireland there was little hope of a rapprochment. However, in 1963 Terence O'Neill, a younger man with a more pragmatic outlook, succeeded as Prime Minister. A friendship had developed between O'Neill's secretary, Jim Malley, and the Irish civil servant, T.K. Whitaker. A series of behind-the-scenes negotiations resulted in O'Neill issuing an invitation to Lemass to visit him at Stormont in Belfast. Events and trends Technology United States tests the first fusion bomb. ... Northern Ireland is an administrative region and one of four parts of the United Kingdom. ... The Prime Minister of Northern Ireland was the head of the Government of Northern Ireland, appointed by the Governor of Northern Ireland under the Government of Ireland Act 1920. ... Events January-February January 11 - The Whisky A Go-Go night club in Los Angeles, the first disco in the USA, is opened. ... Captain Terence ONeill, Baron ONeill of the Maine ( September 10, 1914 - June 12, 1990), was the fourth Prime Minister of Northern Ireland. ... Stormont is Stormont, a suburb of Belfast Stormont Castle, a castle in the area Parliament Building of Northern Ireland, known as Stormont a nickname for the former Parliament of Northern Ireland and its unionist-dominated executive, the Government of Northern Ireland Stormont County an old county that is now a... This article is about the city of Belfast in Northern Ireland. ...

On January 14, 1965 Lemass travelled to Belfast in the utmost of secrecy. The media and even his own Cabinet hadn't been informed until the very last minute. The meeting got a mixed reaction in the North, howver, in the Republic it was a clear indication that the "Irish Cold War" had ended, or a thaw was prevailing at least. Lemass returned the invitation on February 9 of the same year by inviting O'Neill to Dublin. Further meetings between ministers from both parts of the island occurred. The meetings heralded a new era of optimism, although many unionists felt the 50th Anniversary celebrations of Easter Rising in 1966 were insulting. The refusal to acknowledge the civil rights campaign and the outbreak of violence in 1969 also did damage to the new era of accomodation. January 14 is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... The Republic of Ireland (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann) is the official description of an independent state which covers approximately five-sixths of the island of Ireland, off the coast of north-west Europe. ... February 9 is the 40th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Dublins Hapenny Bridge. ... The Easter Rising (Irish: Éirí Amach na Casca) was a militarily unsuccessful rebellion staged in Ireland against British rule on Easter Monday in April 1916. ... -1... 1969 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ...

Foreign Policy

The Lemass era saw some significant developments in Irish foreign policy. Frank Aiken served as Minister for External Affairs during the whole of Lemass's tenure as Taoiseach. At the United Nations he took an independent stance and backed the admission of China to the organisation, in spite of huge protests from the United States. However, Ireland played a large role at the UN, serving on the Security Council in 1962, condemning Chinese aggression in Tibet and advocating nuclaer arms limitation. One of the main areas of foreign policy which emerged during the Lemass years was a debate over Ireland's neutrality. lemass was always sceptical about remaining neutral, particulatly if Ireland were to join the EEC. Aiken was much more in favour of a neutral, independent stance. In 1962 Irish troops embarked on their first peace-keeping mission in the Congo, however, nine of them would never return alive. Frank Aiken (February 13, 1898 - May 18, 1983), was a senior Irish politician. ... The Minister for Foreign Affairs is one of the most important ministerial positions in the Irish cabinet, with responsibility for the relations between the Republic of Ireland and foreign states. ... The United Nations, or UN, is an international organization made up of 191 states established in 1945. ... The Great Wall of China, stretching over 6,700 km, was erected beginning in the 3rd century BC to guard the north from raids by men on horses. ... The United States of America — also referred to as the United States, the U.S.A., the U.S., America, the States, or (archaically) Columbia—is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in central North America (with the exception of two states: Alaska and Hawaii). ... A session of the Security Council in progress The United Nations Security Council is the most powerful organ of the United Nations. ... 1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... This article is on Historic Tibet. ... The European Community (EC), most important of three European Communities, was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. ... 1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Republic of the Congo (light green) Democratic Republic of the Congo (dark green) Congo is a name shared by two neighbouring countries in Africa, usually distinguished either by using their full official names or adding their capitals: The Republic of the Congo is often known as Congo-Brazzaville. It is...

Retirement

In 1966 the Republic of Ireland celebrated the 50th anniversary of the 1916 Easter Rising. The celebrations were alleged by some to have undone the good work that resulted from the Lemass-O Neill meetings. Others perceived it as the last gasp symbolically of irredentist Irish nationalism. A sign of the mood shift can be gauged by the fact the last surviving senior leader of the Rising, Eamon de Valera, came within 1% of defeat in an Irish presidential election less than two months after the celebrations he played such a central part of. In November 1966 Lemass announced his decision to retire as Fianna Fáil leader and Taoiseach. The anniversary celebrations possibly cemented his decision. On November 10, 1966 he officially announced to the Dáil with his usual penchant for efficiency, "I have resigned." That very day Jack Lynch became the new leader. He was the first Taoiseach not to have been influenced by "Civil War politics". Lemass, who had served his country for fifty years, now retired to the backbenches. He remained a TD until 1969. The Republic of Ireland (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann) is the official description of an independent state which covers approximately five-sixths of the island of Ireland, off the coast of north-west Europe. ... Eamon de Valera1 (born Edward George de Valera, Irish name Éamonn de Bhailéara) (October 14, 1882 - August 29, 1975), was a leader of Irelands struggle for independence from Britain in the early 20th Century, and of the Republican opposition in the ensuing Irish Civil War, and was subsequently... November is the eleventh month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four Gregorian months with the length of 30 days. ... -1... Fianna Fáil - The Republican Party ( IPA in English and in Irish; English translation: Soldiers of Destiny) is the largest political party in Ireland. ... The Taoiseach (plural: Taoisigh) or, more formally, An Taoiseach, is the head of government of the Republic of Ireland and the leader of the Irish cabinet1. ... November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining. ... -1... Dáil Éireann is the lower house of the Oireachtas (parliament) of the Republic of Ireland1. ... John Mary Jack Lynch (Ir. ... The Taoiseach (plural: Taoisigh) or, more formally, An Taoiseach, is the head of government of the Republic of Ireland and the leader of the Irish cabinet1. ... A TD or Teachta Dála (Irish for Dáil Deputy, pronounced chock-ta dawla) is a member of Dáil Éireann, the lower chamber of the Irish Oireachtas (pronounced orr-och-tas) or National Parliament. ... 1969 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ...

Death

During the last few years of his leadership Lemass' health began to deteriorate. He had been a heavy pipe smoker all his life, smoking almost a pound of tobacco a week in his later life. At the time of his retirement it was suspected that Lemass had cancer, however this assumption was later disproved. In February 1971, while attending a rugby game at Lansdowne Road, Lemass became unwell. He was rushed to hospital and later told by his doctor that one of his lungs was about to collapse. He never left that hospital When normal cells are damaged or old they undergo apoptosis; cancer cells, however, avoid apoptosis. ... 1971 is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar). ... Lansdowne Road is situtated in Ballsbridge, Dublin 4, Ireland. ...

On Tuesday, May 11, 1971 Seán Lemass, a man often desribed as the finest individual ever to occupy the office of Taoiseach, died in the Mater Hospital in Dublin. Tuesday is the day of the week between Monday and Wednesday. ... May 11 is the 131st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (132nd in leap years). ... 1971 is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar). ... The Taoiseach (plural: Taoisigh) or, more formally, An Taoiseach, is the head of government of the Republic of Ireland and the leader of the Irish cabinet1. ... Dublins Hapenny Bridge. ...

Legacy

Sean Lemass remains one of the most highly regarded of Irish Taoisigh, being described even by later Fine Gael Taoisigh Garret FitzGerald and John Bruton as the best holder of the office, and the man whose cabinet leadership style they wished to follow. (Bruton hung a picture of Lemass in his office.) Some historians have questioned whether Lemass came to the premiership too late, arguing that had he replaced deV as Fianna Fáil leader and taoiseach in 1951 he could have begun the process of reform of Irish society and the industrialisation of the Republic of Ireland a decade earlier than 1959, when he eventually achieved the top governmental job. Others speculate whether he had been able to achieve some of his policy reforms he did initiate in the 1950s because de Valera was still the leader, his opponents being unwilling to challenge him given that he appeared to have deV's backing. What is not in doubt is that Eamon de Valera and Sean Lemass held diametrically different visions of Ireland; deV's was of a pastoral rural based society "given to frugal living", Lemass has a vision of a modern industrialised society, a member of the EEC. Current Fine Gael logo Fine Gael (United Ireland) (pronounced fi-na gale) is the second largest political party in the Republic of Ireland. ... Dr. Garret FitzGerald (Irish: Gearóid MacGearailt) (born February 9, 1926) was the seventh Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland. ... John Bruton (born May 18, 1947) was the ninth Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland from 1994 to 1997, leading a Fine Gael-Labour-Democratic Left Rainbow Coalition. ...

Sean F. Lemass has been called "Ireland's Pope John XXIII." Like Pope John replaced Pope Pius XII so Lemass replaced another old man of towering intellect who embodied tradition, Eamon de Valera. Like Pope John, Lemass appeared like an old man in a hurry for change, who in a few short years changed his society in a way few thought imaginable. Like Pope John, Lemass saw old problems in new ways, in his case his new rapprochment with Northern Ireland. Like Pope John's reforms within Roman Catholicism with Vatican II, some of Lemass's changes proved double edged swords; of his new ministers embodied lower standards of behaviour than their predecessors - Charles Haughey retired as taoiseach under a cloud, with a Tribunal of Inquiry later investigating allegations of financial impropriety, while other ministers in the 1960s were linked to dubious fundraising efforts for Fianna Fáil and associations with property developers. Perhaps the ultimate parallel between the elderly Irish prime minister and the elderly pope, who both came to power at the end of the 1950s and had short periods in power, is the universal affection with which both men are held, and the extent to which their successors are compared to the two old men in a hurry who took power at the end of the 1950s within a year of each other, and brought change in a speed, scale and depth no-one could have thought possible. The Blessed John XXIII wearing a Papal Tiara Angelo Roncalli was born in Sotto il Monte (province of Bergamo), Italy on November 25, 1881. ... The Venerable Pius XII, born Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Eugenio Pacelli (Rome, March 2, 1876 - October 9, 1958) served as the Pope from March 2, 1939 to 1958. ... The Second Vatican Council, or Vatican II, was an Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church opened under Pope John XXIII in 1962 and closed under Pope Paul VI in 1965. ...

Lemass Quotes

• 'Fianna Fáil is a slightly constitutional party...but before anything we are a republican party.' (1928)
• 'A rising tide lifts all boats.' (Lemass speaking about the upsurge in the Irish economy).
• 'The historical task of this generation, as I see it, is to consolidate the economic foundations of our political independence.' (1959)
• 'First and foremost we wish to see the re-unification of Ireland restored. By every test Ireland is one nation with a fundamental right to have its essential unity expressed in its political institutions.' (1960)
• 'The country is, I think, like an aeroplane at the take-off stage. It has become airborne; that is the stage of maximum risk and any failure of power could lead to a crash. It will be a long time before we can throttle back to level flight.' (1961)
• 'A defeatist attitude now would surely lead to defeat...We can't opt out of the future.' (1965)
• 'I regret that time would not stand still for me so that I could go on indefinitely.' (1966)

Fianna Fáil - The Republican Party ( IPA in English and in Irish; English translation: Soldiers of Destiny) is the largest political party in Ireland. ... 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1959 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1960 was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1961 (As MAD Magazine pointed out on its first cover for the year) was the first upside-down year - i. ... 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... -1...

Footnote

¹ Lemass, the pragmatist, wanted to call the new party simply The Republican Party. De Valera, attached to gaelic symbolism, insisted on the Irish language name Fianna Fáil (meaning 'soldiers of destiny' (after contemplating the name Fine Gael (meaning 'family of the Gael') which ironically became the name of the main opposition party to Fianna Fáil later). The eventual name for the new party chosen was a combination of deV gaelic and Lemass's English. It was indicative of Lemass's status in 1926 that his preferred choice of name was included in the final title, albeit in secondary location to deV's chosen name. Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...

² In 1929 Lemass himself was move above restoring to extra-legal behaviour. He discussed with the IRA the possibility of discussing Remembrance Day ceremonies due to be held in College Green in the centre of Dublin and which drew thousands of people. However the discussed attack never took place and Lemass broke off contact with the IRA soon afterwards. National Archives of Ireland files. This article needs copyediting (checking for proper English spelling, grammar, usage, etc. ... Wreaths of artifical poppies used as a symbol of remembrance Remembrance Day or Armistice Day is a day of commemoration observed in the Commonwealth of Nations and various European countries (including France and Belgium) to commemorate World War I and other wars. ... College Green, previously called Hoggen Green, is a three sided square in the centre of Dublin. ...

First Cabinet, June 1959-October 1961

• An Taoiseach: Seán F. Lemass
• An Tánaiste: Seán MacEntee
• Minister for Finance: James Ryan
• Minister for External Affairs: Frank Aiken
• Minister for Industry & Commerce: Jack Lynch
• Minister for Justice: Oscar Traynor
• Minister for Agriculture: Patrick Smith
• Minister for Defence: Kevin Boland
• Minister for Education: Patrick Hillery
• Minister for the Gaeltacht: Micheál Ó Moráin
• Minister for Health: Seán MacEntee
• Minister for Social Welfare: Seán MacEntee
• Minister for Local Government: Neil Blaney
• Minister for Lands: Erskine Hamilton Childers
• Minister for Posts & Telegraphs: Michael Hilliard

The Taoiseach (plural: Taoisigh) or, more formally, An Taoiseach, is the head of government of the Republic of Ireland and the leader of the Irish cabinet1. ... The Tánaiste (plural: Tánaistithe), or more formally An Tánaiste, is the deputy prime minister of the Republic of Ireland1. ... Seán MacEntee ( 1889– 1984) was a senior Irish politician. ... The Irish Minister for Finance is the second most important ministerial position in the Irish Cabinet after that of the Taoiseach. ... Dr. James Ryan (December 6, 1891 - September 25, 1970), was a senior Irish politician. ... The Minister for Foreign Affairs is one of the most important ministerial positions in the Irish cabinet, with responsibility for the relations between the Republic of Ireland and foreign states. ... Frank Aiken (February 13, 1898 - May 18, 1983), was a senior Irish politician. ... The Department of Enterprise Trade and Employment is one of the most important economic ministeries in the Irish Cabinet. ... John Mary Jack Lynch (Ir. ... The Minister for Justice, Equality & Law Reform is the chief minister in charge of law and order in the Republic of Ireland. ... Oscar Traynor ( March 21, 1886- December 15, 1963), Fianna Fáil politician and revolutionary. ... The Minister for Agriculture and Food is an important position in the Irish Government. ... Paddy Smith was a senior Irish politician. ... The Minister for Defence is in charge of the Department of Defence in the Republic of Ireland. ... Kevin Boland (1917 - 2001), was a senior Irish politician. ... The Minister for Education & Science is the chief person at the Department of Education & Science is engaged in a wide range of activities covering pllicy planning, quality assurance and providing a broad range of services for education in the Republic of Ireland. ... Patrick John Hillery (born May 2, 1923) was the sixth President of Ireland (1976-1990). ... The Minister for Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs is responsible for one of Irelands newest Departments of State. ... The Minister for Health & Children has overall constitutional and political responsibility for the Department of Health & Children, while his or her duties include the creation and assessment of policy for the health services. ... Seán MacEntee ( 1889– 1984) was a senior Irish politician. ... The Minister for Social & Family Affairs is the chief person at the Department of Social & Family Affairs in the Irish Government. ... Seán MacEntee ( 1889– 1984) was a senior Irish politician. ... The Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government is responsible for: election matters such as the general election and presidential elections, including electronic voting; the environment, Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland; heritage; local authorities and related services. ... Neil Blaney (October 1, 1922 - November 8, 1995), was a senior Irish politician. ... The Minister for Communications, Marine & Natural Resources is the chief minister at the Department of the same name in the Irish Government. ... Erskine Hamilton Childers (November 11, 1905 - November 17, 1974), the son of Robert Erskine Childers (the author of The Riddle of the Sands), served as the fourth President of Ireland from 1973 until his death in 1974. ... The Minister for Posts & Telegraphs was responsible for Irelands postal and telecommunications services since the foundation of the State until 1984, the department was one of the largest civil service departments in Ireland. ... Michael Hilliard was a senior Irish politician. ...

Changes

• July 23, 1957: Micheál Ó Moráin becomes the Minister for Lands. Erskine Childers remains in the Cabinet as a Minister without portfolio. Gerald Bartley joins the Cabinet as Minister for the Gaeltacht.
• July 27, 1957: The new Department of Transport & Power is created with Erskine Childers becoming the first Minister.

July 23 is the 204th day (205th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 161 days remaining. ... 1957 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Erskine Hamilton Childers (November 11, 1905 - November 17, 1974), the son of Robert Erskine Childers (the author of The Riddle of the Sands), served as the fourth President of Ireland from 1973 until his death in 1974. ... A Minister without Portfolio is a government minister with no specific responsibilities. ... Gerald Bartley was a senior Irish politician. ... July 27 is the 208th day (209th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 157 days remaining. ... 1957 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Erskine Hamilton Childers (November 11, 1905 - November 17, 1974), the son of Robert Erskine Childers (the author of The Riddle of the Sands), served as the fourth President of Ireland from 1973 until his death in 1974. ...

Second Cabinet, October 1961-April 1965

• An Taoiseach: Seán F. Lemass
• An Tánaiste: Seán MacEntee
• Minister for Finance: James Ryan
• Minister for External Affairs: Frank Aiken
• Minister for Industry & Commerce: Jack Lynch
• Minister for Justice: Charles J. Haughey
• Minister for Agriculture: Patrick Smith
• Minister for Defence: Gerald Bartley
• Minister for Education: Patrick Hillery
• Minister for Health: Seán MacEntee
• Minister for Social Welfare: Kevin Boland
• Minister for Local Government: Neil Blaney
• Minister for Lands: Micheál Ó Moráin
• Minister for the Gaeltacht: Micheál Ó Moráin
• Minister for Posts & Telegraphs: Michael Hilliard
• Minister for Transport & Power: Erskine Hamilton Childers

The Taoiseach (plural: Taoisigh) or, more formally, An Taoiseach, is the head of government of the Republic of Ireland and the leader of the Irish cabinet1. ... The Tánaiste (plural: Tánaistithe), or more formally An Tánaiste, is the deputy prime minister of the Republic of Ireland1. ... Seán MacEntee ( 1889– 1984) was a senior Irish politician. ... The Irish Minister for Finance is the second most important ministerial position in the Irish Cabinet after that of the Taoiseach. ... Dr. James Ryan (December 6, 1891 - September 25, 1970), was a senior Irish politician. ... The Minister for Foreign Affairs is one of the most important ministerial positions in the Irish cabinet, with responsibility for the relations between the Republic of Ireland and foreign states. ... Frank Aiken (February 13, 1898 - May 18, 1983), was a senior Irish politician. ... The Department of Enterprise Trade and Employment is one of the most important economic ministeries in the Irish Cabinet. ... John Mary Jack Lynch (Ir. ... The Minister for Justice, Equality & Law Reform is the chief minister in charge of law and order in the Republic of Ireland. ... Charles James Haughey (born September 16, 1925) was the sixth Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland. ... The Minister for Agriculture and Food is an important position in the Irish Government. ... Paddy Smith was a senior Irish politician. ... The Minister for Defence is in charge of the Department of Defence in the Republic of Ireland. ... Gerald Bartley was a senior Irish politician. ... The Minister for Education & Science is the chief person at the Department of Education & Science is engaged in a wide range of activities covering pllicy planning, quality assurance and providing a broad range of services for education in the Republic of Ireland. ... Patrick John Hillery (born May 2, 1923) was the sixth President of Ireland (1976-1990). ... The Minister for Health & Children has overall constitutional and political responsibility for the Department of Health & Children, while his or her duties include the creation and assessment of policy for the health services. ... Seán MacEntee ( 1889– 1984) was a senior Irish politician. ... The Minister for Social & Family Affairs is the chief person at the Department of Social & Family Affairs in the Irish Government. ... Kevin Boland (1917 - 2001), was a senior Irish politician. ... The Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government is responsible for: election matters such as the general election and presidential elections, including electronic voting; the environment, Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland; heritage; local authorities and related services. ... Neil Blaney (October 1, 1922 - November 8, 1995), was a senior Irish politician. ... The Minister for Communications, Marine & Natural Resources is the chief minister at the Department of the same name in the Irish Government. ... The Minister for Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs is responsible for one of Irelands newest Departments of State. ... The Minister for Posts & Telegraphs was responsible for Irelands postal and telecommunications services since the foundation of the State until 1984, the department was one of the largest civil service departments in Ireland. ... Michael Hilliard was a senior Irish politician. ... The Minister for Transport is the chief person at the Department of Transport in the Irish Government. ... Erskine Hamilton Childers (November 11, 1905 - November 17, 1974), the son of Robert Erskine Childers (the author of The Riddle of the Sands), served as the fourth President of Ireland from 1973 until his death in 1974. ...

Changes

• October 8, 1964: Patrick Smith resigns as Minister for Agriculture. Charles Haughey is appointed as his successor. Seán Lemass takes over the Justice portfolio from Haughey on a temporary basis.
• November 3, 1964: Brian Lenihan enters the Cabinet as Minister for Justice.

October 8 is the 281st day of the year (282nd in leap years). ... 1964 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Paddy Smith was a senior Irish politician. ... Charles (Charlie) James Haughey ( Ir. ... November 3 is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 58 days remaining. ... 1964 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Brian Lenihan (November 17, 1930 _ November 1, 1995) was a senior Irish Fianna Fáil politician. ...

Third Cabinet, April 1965-November 1966

• An Taoiseach: Seán F. Lemass
• An Tánaiste: Frank Aiken
• Minister for Finance: Jack Lynch
• Minister for External Affairs: Frank Aiken
• Minister for Industry & Commerce: Patrick Hillery
• Minister for Justice: Brian Lenihan
• Minister for Agriculture: Charles J. Haughey
• Minister for Defence: Michael Hilliard
• Minister for Education: George Colley
• Minister for Health: Donagh O'Malley
• Minister for Social Welfare: Kevin Boland
• Minister for Local Government: Neil Blaney
• Minister for Lands: Micheál Ó Moráin
• Minister for the Gaeltacht: Micheál Ó Moráin
• Minister for Posts & Telegraphs: Joseph Brennan
• Minister for Transport & Power: Erskine Hamilton Childers

The Taoiseach (plural: Taoisigh) or, more formally, An Taoiseach, is the head of government of the Republic of Ireland and the leader of the Irish cabinet1. ... The Tánaiste (plural: Tánaistithe), or more formally An Tánaiste, is the deputy prime minister of the Republic of Ireland1. ... Frank Aiken (February 13, 1898 - May 18, 1983), was a senior Irish politician. ... The Irish Minister for Finance is the second most important ministerial position in the Irish Cabinet after that of the Taoiseach. ... John Mary Jack Lynch (Ir. ... The Minister for Foreign Affairs is one of the most important ministerial positions in the Irish cabinet, with responsibility for the relations between the Republic of Ireland and foreign states. ... Frank Aiken (February 13, 1898 - May 18, 1983), was a senior Irish politician. ... The Department of Enterprise Trade and Employment is one of the most important economic ministeries in the Irish Cabinet. ... Patrick John Hillery (born May 2, 1923) was the sixth President of Ireland (1976-1990). ... The Minister for Justice, Equality & Law Reform is the chief minister in charge of law and order in the Republic of Ireland. ... Brian Lenihan (November 17, 1930 _ November 1, 1995) was a senior Irish Fianna Fáil politician. ... The Minister for Agriculture and Food is an important position in the Irish Government. ... Charles James Haughey (born September 16, 1925) was the sixth Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland. ... The Minister for Defence is in charge of the Department of Defence in the Republic of Ireland. ... Michael Hilliard was a senior Irish politician. ... The Minister for Education & Science is the chief person at the Department of Education & Science is engaged in a wide range of activities covering pllicy planning, quality assurance and providing a broad range of services for education in the Republic of Ireland. ... George Colley (1925 - 1983), was a senior Irish politician. ... The Minister for Health & Children has overall constitutional and political responsibility for the Department of Health & Children, while his or her duties include the creation and assessment of policy for the health services. ... Donagh OMalley ( 1921- 1968) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. ... The Minister for Social & Family Affairs is the chief person at the Department of Social & Family Affairs in the Irish Government. ... Kevin Boland (1917 - 2001), was a senior Irish politician. ... The Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government is responsible for: election matters such as the general election and presidential elections, including electronic voting; the environment, Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland; heritage; local authorities and related services. ... Neil Blaney (October 1, 1922 - November 8, 1995), was a senior Irish politician. ... The Minister for Communications, Marine & Natural Resources is the chief minister at the Department of the same name in the Irish Government. ... The Minister for Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs is responsible for one of Irelands newest Departments of State. ... The Minister for Posts & Telegraphs was responsible for Irelands postal and telecommunications services since the foundation of the State until 1984, the department was one of the largest civil service departments in Ireland. ... Joseph Brennan (1930 - 1980), was a senior Irish politician. ... The Minister for Transport is the chief person at the Department of Transport in the Irish Government. ... Erskine Hamilton Childers (November 11, 1905 - November 17, 1974), the son of Robert Erskine Childers (the author of The Riddle of the Sands), served as the fourth President of Ireland from 1973 until his death in 1974. ...

Changes

• July 6, 1965: The Department of Agriculture changes its title to the Department of Agriculture & Fisheries.
• July 13, 1966: The new Department of Labour is established with Patrick Hillery as its first Minister. George Colley replaces Dr. Hillery as Minister for Industry & Commerce, and Donagh O'Malley replaces Colley as Minister for Education. Seán Flanagan joins the Cabinet as Minister for Health.

July 6 is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 178 days remaining. ... 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... July 13th is the 194th day (195th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 171 days remaining. ... -1... Patrick John Hillery (born May 2, 1923) was the sixth President of Ireland (1976-1990). ... George Colley (1925 - 1983), was a senior Irish politician. ... Donagh OMalley ( 1921- 1968) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. ... Seán Flanagan was a senior Irish politician. ...

Political Career

Patrick McGilligan (1889-1979), Irish politician and lawyer. ... The Department of Enterprise Trade and Employment is one of the most important economic ministeries in the Irish Cabinet. ... Seán MacEntee ( 1889– 1984) was a senior Irish politician. ... The Minister for Supplies was created by the Ministers and Secretaries (Amendment) Act, 1939, to assist Ireland through the World War II, or The Emergency, as referred to by the Irish Government. ... Seán MacEntee ( 1889– 1984) was a senior Irish politician. ... The Department of Enterprise Trade and Employment is one of the most important economic ministeries in the Irish Cabinet. ... Daniel Morrissey was a senior Irish politician. ... Sean Thomas OKelly (Ir: Seán Tomás Ó Ceallaigh, pronounced Shaun Tho-mass O Kealla) (August 25, 1882 - November 23, 1966) was the second President of Ireland (1945-1959). ... The Tánaiste (plural: Tánaistithe), or more formally An Tánaiste, is the deputy prime minister of the Republic of Ireland1. ... William Norton (1900-1963), Irish politician, Labour Party leader (1932-1960). ... William Norton (1900-1963), Irish politician, Labour Party leader (1932-1960). ... The Tánaiste (plural: Tánaistithe), or more formally An Tánaiste, is the deputy prime minister of the Republic of Ireland1. ... Thomas F. OHiggins was a senior Irish politician. ... The Department of Enterprise Trade and Employment is one of the most important economic ministeries in the Irish Cabinet. ... William Norton (1900-1963), Irish politician, Labour Party leader (1932-1960). ... The Tánaiste (plural: Tánaistithe), or more formally An Tánaiste, is the deputy prime minister of the Republic of Ireland1. ... Seán MacEntee ( 1889– 1984) was a senior Irish politician. ... The Department of Enterprise Trade and Employment is one of the most important economic ministeries in the Irish Cabinet. ... John Mary Jack Lynch (Ir. ... Eamon de Valera1 (born Edward George de Valera, Irish name Éamonn de Bhailéara) (October 14, 1882 - August 29, 1975), was a leader of Irelands struggle for independence from Britain in the early 20th Century, and of the Republican opposition in the ensuing Irish Civil War, and was subsequently... Fianna Fáil - The Republican Party ( IPA in English and in Irish; English translation: Soldiers of Destiny) is the largest political party in Ireland. ... John Mary Jack Lynch (Ir. ... The Taoiseach (plural: Taoisigh) or, more formally, An Taoiseach, is the head of government of the Republic of Ireland and the leader of the Irish cabinet1. ...