The sea-eagles are a group of birds of prey in the genus Haliaeetus^[1] of the bird of prey family (Accipitridae). Sea-eagles vary in size, from the Sanford's Fish-eagle averaging 2.2-4.5 lb (1-2 kg) to the huge Steller's Sea-eagle weighing up to 26 lb (12 kg). Orders Accipitriformes     Cathartidae     Pandionidae     Accipitridae     Sagittariidae Falconiformes     Falconidae A bird of prey or raptor is a bird that hunts its food, especially one that preys on mammals or other birds. ... For other uses of the word, please see Genus (disambiguation). ... Orders Accipitriformes     Cathartidae     Pandionidae     Accipitridae     Sagittariidae Falconiformes     Falconidae A bird of prey or raptor is a bird that hunts its food, especially one that preys on mammals or other birds. ... In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is 1) a rank or 2) a taxon in that rank. ... Subfamilies Elaninae Perninae Milvinae Accipitrinae Buteoninae Aegypiinae Circinae Circaetinae The Accipitridae is one of the two main families within the order Falconiformes (the diurnal birds of prey). ... Binomial name Haliaeetus pelagicus (Pallas, 1811) The Stellers Sea Eagle, (Haliaeetus pelagicus) is a large bird of prey in the family Accipitridae which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as kites, buzzards and harriers. ...

Bald Eagles can weigh up to 15.4 lb (7 kg) making them the second largest species of eagle native to North America. The White-bellied Sea-eagle can weigh up to 14 lb (6 kg).

Three obvious sister species exist: the White-tailed and Bald Eagles, Sanford's and the White-bellied Sea-eagle, and the African and Madagascar Fish-eagles (Wink et al. 1996). Each of these consists of a white- and a tan-headed species, and the tails are entirely white in all adult Haliaeetus except Sanford's, the White-bellied's, and Pallas's. This cladogram shows the relationship among various insect groups. ...

There are eighty two living species: In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ...

• White-tailed Eagle (H. albicilla)
• Bald Eagle (H. leucocephalus)

• Steller's Sea-eagle (H. pelagicus)
  • Korean Sea-eagle (H. pelagicus niger) - extinct (1950s); validity doubtful

• Pallas's Sea-eagle (H. leucoryphus)

• Sanford's Fish-eagle (H. sanfordi)
• White-bellied Sea-eagle (H. leucogaster)

• African Fish-eagle (H. vocifer)
• Madagascar Fish-eagle (H. vociferoides)

Haliaeetus is possibly one of the oldest genera of living birds. A distal left tarsometatarsus (DPC 1652) is similar in general pattern and some details to a modern sea-eagle's. It was recovered from Early Oligocene (Jebel Qatrani Formation, c.33 mya) deposits of Fayyum, Euzbakistan (Rasmussen et al. 1987:5). The genus was present in the middle Miocene (12-16 mya) with certainty (Lambrecht 1933). Binomial name Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus, 1758) Light Green: nesting area Blue: wintering area Dark Green: all-year Synonyms Falco albicilla Linnaeus, 1758 Haliaeetus albicilla albicilla Haliaeetus albicilla groenlandicus The White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla[1]), also known as the Sea Eagle, Erne (sometimes Ern), or White-tailed Sea-eagle is... Binomial name Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Linnaeus, 1766) Bald Eagle range Subspecies (Linnaeus, 1766) Southern Bald Eagle Audubon, 1827) Northern Bald Eagle or Washingtons Eagle Synonyms Falco leucocephalus Linnaeus, 1766 The Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), also known in the United States as the American Eagle, is a bird of prey found... Binomial name Haliaeetus pelagicus (Pallas, 1811) The Stellers Sea Eagle, (Haliaeetus pelagicus) is a large bird of prey in the family Accipitridae which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as kites, buzzards and harriers. ... In biology and ecology, extinction is the ceasing of existence of a species or group of species. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Binomial name Haliaeetus leucoryphus Pallas, 1771 Synonyms Aquila leucorypha Pallas, 1771 Pallass Sea-eagle (Haliaeetus leucoryphus[1]), also known as Pallass Fish-eagle or Band-Tailed Fish-eagle, is a large, brownish sea-eagle. ... Binomial name Haliaeetus sanfordi Mayr, 1935 The Sanfords Fish Eagle (Haliaeetus sanfordi) sometimes listed as Sanfords Sea Eagle, or Solomon Eagle is endemic to the Solomon Islands. ... Binomial name Haliaeetus leucogaster Gmelin, 1788 The White-bellied Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) is a large bird of prey in the family Accipitridae which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as kites, buzzards and harriers. ... Binomial name Haliaeetus vocifer (Daudin, 1800) An African Fish Eagle in the Okavango Delta The African Fish Eagle, Haliaeetus vocifer, is a large species of eagle and a bird of prey. ... Binomial name Haliaeetus vociferoides Des Murs, 1845 The Madagascar Fish Eagle (Haliaeetus vociferoides) is a large bird of prey in the family Accipitridae which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as kites, buzzards and harriers. ... In zootomy, several terms are used to describe the location of organs and other structures in the body of bilateral animals. ... The Oligocene epoch is a geologic period of time that extends from about 34 million to 23 million years before the present. ... In astronomy, geology, and paleontology, mya is an acronym for million years ago and is used as a unit of time to denote length of time before the present. ... Al Fayyum is one of the governorates of Egypt located in the centre of the country. ... The Miocene Epoch is a period of time that extends from about 23. ...

The relationships of the sea-eagles are not well resolved. Traditionally, they are united with the buteonine hawks or (in Europe) buzzards and true eagles in the Buteoninae subfamily. This is more an arrangement of convenience, and it appears that the entire kite - hawk - eagle assemblage is paraphyletic in regard to the currently used subfamilies; these birds appear closer to the buteonine hawks and possibly the Milvus kites than to the true eagles.(Wink et al. 1996) A buzzard is a type of bird of prey, in any of several different but related senses: A medium-sized wide-ranging raptor with a robust body and broad wings. ... Genera 22 genera. ... ... Genera Milvinae    Harpagus    Ictinia    Rostrhamus    Haliastur    Milvus    Lophoictinia    Hamirostra Elaninae    Elanus    Chelictinia    Machaerhamphus    Gampsonyx    Elanoides Kites are raptors with long wings and weak legs which spend a great deal of time soaring. ... Genera Accipiter Micronisus Melierax Urotriorchis Erythrotriorchis The term hawk refers to birds of prey in any of three senses: Strictly, to mean any of the species in the bird sub-family Accipitrinae in the genera Accipiter, Micronisus, Melierax, Urotriorchis, and Megatriorchis. ... Genera Several, see below. ... Paraphyletic - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... A buzzard is a type of bird of prey, in any of several different but related senses: A medium-sized wide-ranging raptor with a robust body and broad wings. ... Species - Black-eared Kite - Black Kite - Red Kite Milvus is a genus of medium-sized birds of prey. ... Genera Several, see below. ...

The origin of the sea-eagles - and the related Ichthyophaga fish-eagles - is probably in the general area of the Bay of Bengal. During the Eo-/Oligocene, as the Indian subcontinent slowly collided with Eurasia, this was a vast expanse of fairly shallow ocean; the initial sea-eagle divergence seems to have resulted in the 4 tropical (and Southern Hemisphere subtropical) species found around the Indian Ocean today. The Central Asian Pallas's Sea-eagle's relationships to the other taxa is more obscure; it seems closer to the 3 Holarctic species which evolved later and may be an early offshoot of this northward expansion; it does not have the hefty, yellow bill of the northern forms.(Wink et al. 1996) Look up Bay of Bengal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... hfajhfiudshfas == == == --24. ... Map of South Asia (see note) This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia. ... Eurasia African-Eurasian aspect of Earth Eurasia is the Earths largest landmass covering about 21215121321km² compared with the Americas (approximately 42,000,000 km²), Africa (approximately 30,000,000 km²), and Antarctica (approximately 13,000,000 km²). Eurasia comprises the traditional continents of Europe and Asia. ... The tropics are the geographic region of the Earth centered on the equator and limited in latitude by the two tropics: the Tropic of Cancer in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. ... southern hemisphere highlighted in yellow (Antarctica not depicted). ... Subtropical (or semitropical) areas are those adjacent to the tropics, usually roughly defined as the ranges 23. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... A taxon (plural taxa) is an element of a taxonomy, e. ... The Holarctic is a term used by zoologists to define the ecozone covering much of Eurasia and North America, which have often been connected by the Bering land bridge. ...

The rate of molecular evolution in Haliaeetus is fairly slow, as is to be expected in long-lived birds which take years to successfully reproduce. In the mtDNA cytochrome b gene, a mutation rate of 0.5-0.7% per million years (if assuming an Early Miocene divergence) or maybe as little as 0.25-0.3% per million years (for a Late Eocene divergence) has been shown (Wink et al. 1996). Molecular evolution is the process of the genetic material in populations of organisms changing over time. ... Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is DNA which is not located in the nucleus of the cell but in the mitochondria. ... CoQ Cytochrome c reductase The Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase complex, sometimes called the cytochrome bc1 complex, and at other times Complex III, is the third complex in the electron transfer chain (PDB 1KYO, EC 1. ... It has been suggested that mutant be merged into this article or section. ...

References

• Lambrecht, Kálmán (1933): Handbuch der Palaeornithologie. Gebrüder Bornträger, Berlin.

• Rasmussen, D. Tab; Olson, Storrs L. & Simons, Elwyn L. (1987): Fossil Birds from the Oligocene Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum Province, Egypt. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 62: 1-20. PDF Fulltext (file size 8.1 MB)

• Wink, M.; Heidrich, P. & Fentzloff, C. (1996): A mtDNA phylogeny of sea eagles (genus Haliaeetus) based on nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome b gene. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 24: 783-791. DOI:10.1016/S0305-1978(96)00049-X PDF fulltext

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

Footnotes

1. ^ Etymology: New Latin "sea-eagle", from Ancient Greek halio, the sea + -aetos, "-eagle". The proper Ancient Greek name for sea-eagles was the contracted form Haliaetos.