The Second Battle of Newbury was a battle of the English Civil War fought on October 27, 1644, in Speen, adjoining Newbury in Berkshire. The battle was fought close to the site of the First Battle of Newbury, which took place in late September of the previous year. The combined armies of Parliament inflicted a tactical defeat on the Royalists, but failed to gain any strategic advantage. The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651. ... October 27 is the 300th day of the year (301st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 65 days remaining. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... Newbury is the principal town in the west of the county of Berkshire in the United Kingdom. ... English parliament in front of the king c. ... Prince Rupert of the Rhine Cavaliers was the name used by Parliamentarians for the Royalist supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War (1642–1651). ... Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, (January 11 1591 – 14 September 1646), was the son and heir of the unfortunate Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and succeeded to his fathers title in 1604, three years after the previous earl had been executed for treason. ... For the former governor of Mississippi, see Bill Waller. ... Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester (1602 - May 5, 1671), eldest son of the 1st earl by his first wife, Catherine Spencer, granddaughter of Sir John Spencer of Althorpe, was born in 1602, and was educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. ... Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. ... Prince Maurice von Simmern KG (December 17, 1620 – September 1652), Count Palatine of the Rhine, was the fourth son of Frederick V, Elector Palatine and Elizabeth of Bohemia. ... The First English Civil War (1642–1646) was the first of three wars, known as the English Civil War (or Wars). The English Civil War refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1652, and includes the Second... The Battle of Powick Bridge, fought on 23 September 1642, was the first major cavalry engagement of the English Civil War and it was a decisive victory for the Royalists who overthrew of the Parliamentary cavalry. ... The Battle of Brentford was fought in 1642 between Royalist and Parliamentarian forces. ... On the 1st November 1642, Royalist forces, under the command of Prince Rupert engaged Aylesburys Parliamentarian garrison, at Holmans Bridge. ... The Battle of Alton took place on December 13, 1643, during the English Civil War. ... The Battle of Edgehill (or Edge Hill) was the first pitched battle of the First English Civil War. ... The Battle of Hopton Heath, in Staffordshire, was a battle of the First English Civil War, fought on Sunday 19 March 1643 between Parliamentarian forces led by Sir John Gell and Sir William Brereton and a Royalist force under Spencer Compton, 2nd Earl of Northampton. ... The Battle of Chalgrove was a skirmish of the English Civil War in the county of Oxfordshire. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ... The Battle of Cropredy Bridge was the last battle won on English soil under the command of an English King. ... The English Civil War battle of Lansdowne (or Lansdown) was fought on July 5, 1643, near Bath. ... The Battle of Adwalton Moor was a battle in the English Civil War on 30 June 1643. ... The two Battles of Newbury took place near Newbury, Berkshire during the English Civil War in 1643 and 1644. ... The Battle of Winceby took place in 1643 during the English Civil War near the village of Winceby, Lincolnshire about 6 km east of Horncastle Sir Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell, leading the Parlimentary Forces, defeated the Royalists led by Sir John Henderson. ... The Battle of Boldon Hill was a battle fought during the English Civil War in 1644, between a Royalist army based in Newcastle-Upon-Tyne and a Parliamentarian army based in Sunderland. ... The Battle of Gainsborough was a battle in the English Civil War. ... Combatants Scottish Covenanters Parliamentarians Royalists Commanders Earl of Leven Earl of Manchester Lord Fairfax Prince Rupert of the Rhine Marquess of Newcastle Strength 7000 horse 500+ dragoons 14000 foot 30 - 40 guns 6000 horse 11000 foot 14 guns Casualties 300 killed 4000 killed 1500 prisoners The Battle of Marston Moor... 1. ... Combatants Parliamentarians Royalists Commanders Sir Thomas Fairfax King Charles I Strength 6000 horse 7000 foot 4100 horse 3300 foot Casualties unknown 3500 The Battle of Naseby was the key battle of the first English Civil War. ... The Battle of Langport was a Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War, which destroyed the last Royalist field army, and ultimately gave Parliament control of the West of England, which had hitherto been a major source of manpower, raw materials and imports for the Royalists. ... The Battle of Rowton Heath was a Parliamentarian victory late in the English Civil War. ... Generally, a battle is an instance of combat in warfare between two or more parties wherein each group will seek to defeat the others. ... The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651. ... October 27 is the 300th day of the year (301st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 65 days remaining. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... Speen (Roman Spinae) is a village on the main Cirencester to Silchester Roman road. ... Newbury is the principal town in the west of the county of Berkshire in the United Kingdom. ... Berkshire (IPA: or  ; sometimes abbreviated to Berks) is a county in England and forms part of the South East England region. ... The two Battles of Newbury took place near Newbury, Berkshire during the English Civil War in 1643 and 1644. ... English parliament in front of the king c. ... Prince Rupert of the Rhine Cavaliers was the name used by Parliamentarians for the Royalist supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War (1642–1651). ...

Campaign

After forcing the surrender of much of the Earl of Essex's army at Lostwithiel in Cornwall, King Charles marched back into the southern counties of England to relieve several garrisons (Banbury, Basing House and Donnington Castle, near Newbury), which had been isolated while he had been campaigning in the west. Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, (January 11 1591 – 14 September 1646), was the son and heir of the unfortunate Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and succeeded to his fathers title in 1604, three years after the previous earl had been executed for treason. ... 1. ... Cornwall (Cornish: Kernow) is a county in South West England on the peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar. ... Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. ... The modern Castle Quay Shopping Centre in Banbury alongside the Oxford Canal, with Banbury Museum in the background Banbury is a market town on the River Cherwell in Oxfordshire, England. ... Basing House, Hampshire, was a major English Tudor palace and castle that once rivalled Hampton Court Palace in its size and opulence. ... Categories: Berkshire | Castles in England | English Heritage | Stub ...

Meanwhile, Parliament had been alarmed by the surrender at Lostwithiel, and other reverses suffered by the Army of the Southern Association under Sir William Waller. However, Essex's paroled units were re-equipped, and the Parliamentarian forces in southern England were reinforced by the Army of the Eastern Association under the Earl of Manchester, which had taken part in the victory at Marston Moor and had been released for further service by the surrender of York. For the former governor of Mississippi, see Bill Waller. ... Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester (1602 - May 5, 1671), eldest son of the 1st earl by his first wife, Catherine Spencer, granddaughter of Sir John Spencer of Althorpe, was born in 1602, and was educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. ... Combatants Scottish Covenanters Parliamentarians Royalists Commanders Earl of Leven Earl of Manchester Lord Fairfax Prince Rupert of the Rhine Marquess of Newcastle Strength 7000 horse 500+ dragoons 14000 foot 30 - 40 guns 6000 horse 11000 foot 14 guns Casualties 300 killed 4000 killed 1500 prisoners The Battle of Marston Moor... The Siege of York in 1644 was a prolonged contest for York during the English Civil War, between the Scottish Army of the Solemn Oath and Covenant and the Parliamentarian Armies of the Northern Association and Eastern Association on the one hand, and the Royalist Army under the Marquess of...

Charles was joined briefly by Prince Rupert, who gave his account of his defeat at Marston Moor. Charles ordered Rupert to march into Gloucestershire, in an attempt to draw some of the Parliamentarian armies after him. The Earl of Essex kept his three armies together (although Manchester was slow to join the other two armies) and the result of Rupert's manoevre was to divide the Royalist forces, rather than those of Parliament. Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria (German: Ruprecht Pfalzgraf bei Rhein, Herzog von Bayern), commonly called Prince Rupert of the Rhine, (17 December 1619 – 19 November 1682), soldier and inventor, was a younger son of Frederick V, Elector Palatine and Elizabeth Stuart, and the nephew of King... Gloucestershire (pronounced ; GLOSS-ter-sher) is a county in South West England. ...

Charles relieved Donnington Castle and hoped to relieve Basing House, but the combined Parliamentarian armies were too strong for him to risk an advance. He therefore waited around Newbury for Rupert and a detachment sent to relieve Banbury to rejoin him. His army held three strong points: Donnington Castle north of Newbury, Shaw House east of the town (defended by Lord Astley), and the village of Speen to the west, held by Prince Maurice with a detachment from the Royalist forces from the west country. Charles's cavalry under George, Lord Goring were in reserve. Jacob Astley, 1st Baron Astley of Reading (1579–1652), was a royalist commander in the English Civil War. ... Prince Maurice von Simmern KG (December 17, 1620 – September 1652), Count Palatine of the Rhine, was the fourth son of Frederick V, Elector Palatine and Elizabeth of Bohemia. ... George Goring, Lord Goring (14 July 1608 - 1657) was an English Royalist soldier. ...

Meanwhile, the combined Parliamentarian armies advanced to Clay Hill, a few miles east of Newbury. Essex had been taken ill, and Waller and Manchester decided that a direct attack on Donnington Castle and Shaw House would be too costly. They opted instead to divide their forces. Waller would take 12,000 men (including most of the horse units) on a long march around the Royalist position to fall on Speen from the west, while Manchester demonstrated with the remaining 7,000.

The Battle

The ruins of Donnington Castle

Waller set off late on October 26, and camped overnight far to the north. His force broke camp and resumed its advance on October 27, while Manchester launched a diversionary attack on Shaw House. Although the Royalists at Donnington Castle observed Waller's move, and even tried to harry his rearguard, the troops at Speen were not warned of the danger. Waller formed up and attacked at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, with horse under Oliver Cromwell on his left flank, infantry under Philip Skippon in the centre and horse under Sir William Balfour on the right. Download high resolution version (852x1136, 340 KB)Remains of the castle gatehouse, Donnington Castle, Donnington, Berkshire, England. ... Download high resolution version (852x1136, 340 KB)Remains of the castle gatehouse, Donnington Castle, Donnington, Berkshire, England. ... October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. ... October 27 is the 300th day of the year (301st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 65 days remaining. ... For the Monty Python song based on the historical figure, see Oliver Cromwell (song) Oliver Cromwell (April 25, 1599 – September 3, 1658) was an English military and political leader, considered by critics to be a dictator, best known for making England a republic and leading the Commonwealth of England. ... Philip Skippon (died 1660) was an English soldier in the English Civil War. ...

Maurice's forces had been dispersed to forage, and were caught unprepared. Although they still repelled the first attack on Speen, the Parliamentarian infantry rallied and stormed the village, capturing several cannon (including some which the Royalists had captured at Lostwithiel). Sir William Balfour routed Maurice's cavalry but Oliver Cromwell was apparently slow in coming into action and his wing was thrown back by a charge by Goring's cavalry. Balfour was also checked by the fresh Queen's Regiment of horse. For the Monty Python song based on the historical figure, see Oliver Cromwell (song) Oliver Cromwell (April 25, 1599 – September 3, 1658) was an English military and political leader, considered by critics to be a dictator, best known for making England a republic and leading the Commonwealth of England. ...

The Earl of Manchester was slow to throw in his own attack. He was supposed to do so on hearing Waller's opening cannonade, but pleaded that the noise of this had not been heard over the exchanges of artillery fire at Shaw House. Just before dark, he made a determined attack on Shaw House, but was beaten back.

Casualties in the fighting were heavy, but roughly even.

Aftermath

Charles knew that he was outnumbered, and with the loss of Speen, his forces were vulnerable to another attack the next morning. He hastily retreated north, leaving his wounded and most of his guns and baggage in Donnington Castle.

The Parliamentarians' operations after the battle appear to have been slow and half-hearted. They did not pursue Charles very hard, and a hasty attack on Donnington Castle was easily defeated. Charles was reinforced by Rupert and other forces, and was able to relieve Donnington Castle again on November 9. He thus ended the campaigning season with a notable success. The dissatisfaction expressed by Cromwell and other Parliamentarians over the failure to trap Charles resulted in the formation of the New Model Army, with which Parliament gained victory the next year. November 9 is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 52 days remaining. ... The New Model Army became the best known of the various Parliamentarian armies in the English Civil War. ...

Newbury was one of the few battles of the English Civil War in which an army attempted a wide outflanking move. Waller and Manchester took a risk in dividing their army, but were aware that they enjoyed superiority of numbers.

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External links

• British Civil War site

Sources

• Colonel H.C.B. Rodgers, Battles and Generals of the Civil Wars, Seeley Service & Co. Ltd, 1968, hardback, 327 pages.