The Second Chimurenga was a conflict in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) between the white minority government of Ian Smith and the black nationalists of the ZANU and ZAPU movements, led by Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo respectively. The name refers to an earlier chimurenga, or uprising, by the Shona and Matabele in 1896. Contemporary accounts referred to it as the Rhodesian Civil War or Rhodesian Bush War. National motto: Sit Nomine Digna (Latin: May she be worthy of the name} Official language English. ... Ian Smith Ian Douglas Smith (born April 8, 1919) was the Premier of the British Crown Colony of Southern Rhodesia from April 13, 1964 to November 11, 1965 and the Prime Minister of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) from November 11, 1965 to June 1, 1979, when Rhodesia was ruled by its... The Zimbabwe African National Union was a political party during the struggle for Rhodesias, ultimately Zimbabwes, independence, formed as a split from ZAPU. It won the 1980 elections under the leadership of Robert Mugabe, and eight years later merged again with Joshua Nkomos ZAPU to form Zanu... The Zimbabwe African Peoples Union was a political party in Zimbabwe. ... Robert Mugabe Robert Gabriel Mugabe (born February 21, 1924) has been the head of government in Zimbabwe, first as Prime Minister and later as first executive President, since 1980. ... // Early Life Joshua Nkomo (1918 (date uncertain) – July 1, 1999) was a Zimbabwean nationalist leader, a Ndebele, and the leader and founder of the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (ZAPU). ... Chimurenga is a style of music from Zimbabwe. ... Shona (IPA: ) is the name collectively given to several groups of people in Zimbabwe and western Mozambique. ... This article relates to the Ndebele people of Zimbabwe. ... 1896 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Rhodesian equipment and personnel

The war saw the extensive operation of Rhodesian regulars as well as elite units such as the Selous Scouts and the Rhodesian SAS. The Rhodesian Army fought bitterly against the black nationalist guerrillas. The Rhodesian Army comprised regiments such as the Rhodesian African Rifles and conscription was eventually introduced to supplement the professional soldiers and the many volunteers from overseas. By 1978 all white males up to the age of 60 were subject to periodic call-up into the army; younger men up to 35 might expect to spend alternating blocks of six weeks in the army and at home. Many of the overseas volunteers came from Britain, South Africa, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The Rhodesian Army was, considering the arms embargo, well-equipped. The standard infantry weapon was the Belgian FN FAL Rifle which was procured via South Africa however older weapons such as the British Lee-Enfield bolt action rifle were used by reservists and the British South Africa Police. After UDI Rhodesia was heavily reliant on South African and domestically-produced weapons and equipment. The Selous Scouts were a special forces regiment of the Rhodesian Army and operated from 1973 to majority rule and the countrys independence as Zimbabwe in 1980. ... The Rhodesian African Rifles, or RAR, was the oldest regiment in the Rhodesian Army, dating from the formation of the 1st Rhodesian Native Regiment in 1916 during the First World War. ... The Fusil Automatique Leger, or Light Automatic Rifle (LAR). ... Lee-Enfield No4 Mk1 with bayonet, scabbard attached The Lee-Enfield was the British armys standard bolt action, magazine-fed, repeating rifle from 1895 until 1956. ... A bolt-action firearm is one that is manually operated (i. ... The British South Africa Police (BSAP) was a regimented police force which operated in Britains Southern African territories such as Northern Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia. ... The Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) was declared on November 11, 1965 by the white minority regime of Ian Smith, whose Rhodesian Front party opposed moves by the United Kingdom towards black majority rule in the then British colony. ...

A Rhodesian Air Force Helicopter in action.

The Rhodesian Air Force (RhAF) operated a variety of equipment and carried out numerous roles. When the arms embargo was introduced, the RhAF was suddenly lacking spare parts from external suppliers and was forced to find alternate means of keeping their aircraft flying. The RhAF was relatively well equipped and used a large proportion of equipment which was obsolete, such as the Second World War vintage Douglas Dakota transport aircraft and the early British jet-fighter the De Havilland Vampire, as well as more modern types of aircraft like the Hawker Hunter and Aérospatiale Alouette III helicopters. Rhodesian Air Force Hellicopter in action Aérospatiale Alouette III File links The following pages link to this file: Second Chimurenga ... Rhodesian Air Force Hellicopter in action Aérospatiale Alouette III File links The following pages link to this file: Second Chimurenga ... World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons like the atom bomb World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a mid-20th-century conflict that engulfed much of the globe... The Douglas C-47 Skytrain was a military transport that was developed from the Douglas DC-3 airliner. ... A Royal Canadian Air Force deHavilland Vampire The de Havilland Vampire, or DH.100, was the second jet engined aircraft commissioned by the Royal Air Force during WW II, although it never saw combat. ... The Hawker Hunter was a British jet fighter aircraft of the 1950s. ... The Aérospatiale Allouette III is a general purpose, single-engined light utility helicopter originally manufactured by Aérospatiale of France (now Eurocopter). ...

At the beginning of the war much of Rhodesia's military hardware was of British and Commonwealth origin but during the course of the conflict new equipment such as armoured cars was procured from the South Africans or was produced by the Rhodesians themselves. The means with which the Rhodesians procured weaponry meant that the arms embargoes had little effect on the Rhodesian war effort. During the course of the war most citizens carried personal weapons and it was not unusual to see housewives carrying submachine guns. A siege mentality set in and all civilian transport had to be escorted in convoys. Farms and villages in rural areas were attacked frequently and ambushes were the norm. // Definition and linguistics The original phrase common wealth or the common weal is a calque translation of the Latin term res publica (public matters), from which the word republic comes, which was itself used as a synonym for the greek politeia as well as for the republican (i. ... A siege mentality is a shared feeling of helplessness, victimization and defensiveness. ...

Nationalist Rebel equipment and personnel

The Zimbabwean Liberation Medal, awarded to nationalist cadres after the Second Chimurenga.

The two main armed resistance campaigns against Smith's government were conducted by ZANU (Zimbabwe African National Union) and ZAPU (Zimbabwe African People's Union) units. Both were unabashedly Marxist-socialist, although ZAPU was considered slightly more moderate than ZANU. Consequently both groups fought separate guerrilla wars against the Rhodesian Security Forces. The ZANU fighters were backed by the governments of Communist China and North Korea whereas the ZAPU fighters were funded by the Soviet Union and East Germany. In typical guerrilla style, the rebels were armed with a wide range of weapons but the most common infantry weapon was the AK-47. The nationalist movements also used a variety of Soviet and Chinese-made equipment which eventually included surface-to-air missiles and landmines. The use of ambushes and surprise attacks on civilian convoys and rural farms and villages was a common tactic as these areas were often hard to defend. Nationalists derailed several Rhodesian Railways trains with explosives. Image File history File links Zimbabwe-medal. ... Image File history File links Zimbabwe-medal. ... Quick Definition: Marxism is the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded by communism-- www. ... The color red and particularly the red flag are traditional symbols of Socialism. ... Guerrilla War redirects here. ... In the technical terminology of political science the PRC was a communist state for much of the 20th century, and is still considered a communist state by many, though not all political scientists. ... The German Democratic Republic (GDR) (German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik), also commonly known as East Germany, was a communist state that existed from 1949 to 1990 in the former Soviet occupation zone of Germany. ... Avtomat Kalashnikova model 1947 g. ... A surface-to-air missile (SAM) is a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft. ... A landmine is a type of mine which is placed onto or into the ground and explodes when triggered by a vehicle or person. ... Zimbabwe Railway The National Railways of Zimbabwe (NRZ) operates about 3,000 km of rail in Zimbabwe at the 1. ...

Timeline of the war

The conflict intensified after the Unilateral Declaration of Independence from Britain in 1965. Sanctions were implemented by the British government after UDI, and member states of the United Nations endorsed the British embargo. The Rhodesian Forces were hampered by a lack of modern equipment but used other means to receive vital war supplies such as receiving oil via the supportive government of South Africa. A declaration of independence is a proclamation of the independence of a newly formed or reformed independent state, usually from a part or the whole of the territory of another nation, or a document containing such a declaration. ... 1999-The Bomb 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (link goes to calendar). ... International sanctions are actions taken by countries against others for political reasons, either unilaterally or multilaterally, and consist of three major forms: Diplomatic sanctions - the reduction or removal of diplomatic ties, such as embassies. ... The United Nations, or UN, is an international organization established in 1945. ... This article is about the economic term. ... Nodding donkey pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario, 2001 Petroleum (from Greek petr – rock and oleum – oil), crude oil, sometimes colloquially called black gold, is a thick, dark brown or greenish liquid. ...

In the latter months of 1971, the black nationalist factions united and formed a coalition which became known as the joint guerrilla alliance to overthrow the government. 1971 is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar). ...

Rhodesian Forces often torched and destroyed facilities they found in insurgent base camps.

The black guerrillas operated from secluded bases in neighbouring Zambia and from FRELIMO-controlled areas in the Portuguese colony of Mozambique and made periodic raids into Rhodesia. With the decline of the Portuguese empire in 1974-76, Ian Smith realised his country was now surrounded on three borders by hostile African nations and declared a formal state of emergency in order to combat the rebel guerrillas. An attack on a rebel camp during the Rhodesian Bush War. ... The Liberation Front of Mozambique (better known under its abbreveration FRELIMO, pronounced fray-LEE-moo; Portuguese: Frente de Libertação de Moçambique) is a political party that has ruled Mozambique since independence in 1975. ...

Soon Mozambique closed its 800-mile-long border with Rhodesia, but Rhodesian forces often crossed the border in "hot pursuit" raids, attacking guerrillas and their training camps. In 1976, Rhodesian Selous Scout soldiers destroyed a camp containing many hundreds of guerilla trainees, called cadres. The Rhodesians also operated into Zambia after Nkomo's nationalists shot down two unarmed Vickers Viscount civilian airliners with Soviet supplied SAM-7 heat-seeking missiles. As the conflict intensified, the United States and Great Britain attempted to negotiate a peaceful settlement. However this was rejected by the Rhodesian government as they were unwilling to relinquish political and economic control, and the black nationalists were bitterly divided by feudal, tribal and political differences. The Viscount was a medium-range turboprop airliner introduced in 1953 by Vickers-Armstrongs, making it the first such aircraft to enter service in the world. ... A soldier posing with a Strela launcher. ...

During 1978, the guerrillas launched an attack on the town of Umtali with intensive mortar fire. In retaliation for these acts the Rhodesian Air Force bombed guerilla camps 125 miles inside Mozambique. The conflict continued until 1978 when an agreement was reached on a constitution to transfer power to a moderate black government. Mutare is the third largest city in Zimbabwe, with a population of approximately 200,000. ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1978 calendar). ...

Resolution

The Rhodesian General Service Medal, awarded to Rhodesian armed forces during the Rhodesian Bush War. The figure featured on the medal is Cecil Rhodes.

Under the agreement of March 1978, the country was to be known as Zimbabwe Rhodesia, and in the general election of 24 April 1979, Bishop Abel Muzorewa became the country's first black prime minister. Image File history File links Rhodesia-GSmedal. ... Image File history File links Rhodesia-GSmedal. ... Cecil John Rhodes (July 5, 1853 – March 26, 1902) was an English businessman and the effective founder of the state of Rhodesia (which was named after him). ... Zimbabwe Rhodesia was the (largely unrecognised) name of Zimbabwe during 1979, adopted by Rhodesia soon after an Internal Settlement between the white minority Rhodesian Government led by Ian Smith and small, moderate African nationalist parties not involved in the war that had been raging in the country since 1977. ... April 24 is the 114th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (115th in leap years). ... This page refers to the year 1979. ... Bishop Abel Muzorewa Abel Tendekayi Muzorewa (born 1925 in former Rhodesia), a Methodist bishop and nationalist leader, was prime minister of the short-lived coalition government in what was called Zimbabwe Rhodesia; he held office for only a few months in 1979. ...

The two major black nationalist factions led by Nkomo and Mugabe denounced the new government as a puppet of the white Rhodesians and the fighting continued. Later in 1979, the new Conservative British government under Margaret Thatcher called a peace conference in London to which all nationalist leaders were included. The outcome of this conference would become known as the Lancaster House Agreement. The economic sanctions imposed on the country were lifted in late 1979, and British rule resumed under a transitional arrangement leading to full independence. The Conservative Party is the largest political party on the centre-right in the United Kingdom. ... The Right Honourable Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925), is a British stateswoman. ... The Lancaster House Agreement was the independence agreement for Rhodesia, nowadays known as Zimbabwe. ...

The elections of 1980 resulted in victory for Robert Mugabe, who assumed the post of prime minister after his ZANU-PF party received approximately 63 percent of the vote. On April 18 of that year, the country gained independence as Zimbabwe. Two years later the capital, Salisbury, was renamed Harare. 1980 (MCMLXXX) is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... The Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) has been the ruling political party in Zimbabwe since independence in 1980, led by Robert Mugabe, first as Prime Minister with the party simply known as ZANU, and then as President from 1988 after taking over ZAPU and renaming the party... April 18 is the 108th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (109th in leap years). ... Harare (formerly Salisbury), estimated population 5,480,645 (2004), is the capital of Zimbabwe. ...

Mugabe has referred to the seizure of white-owned farms during the early 2000s as the "Third Chimurenga." Saddam Hussein shortly after his capture Major controversy over U. S. presidential election (November 7-December 13, 2000) September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on New Yorks World Trade Center and Virginias Pentagon killing almost 3000 people. ...

See also

• Rhodesian African Rifles
• Rhodesian Light Infantry
• Selous Scouts
• British South Africa Police
• ZIPRA
• ZANLA