The Second Eastern Turkistan Republic, usually known simply as the East Turkistan Republic, was a short-lived Soviet-backed separatist republic in what is now the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Xinjiang (Chinese: æ–°ç–†; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hsin1-chiang1; Postal Pinyin: Sinkiang; literal meaning: New Frontier; Uyghur: ), full name Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ...

Background

From 1934 to 1941 Xinjiang was under the influence of the Soviet Union in a similar way to Outer Mongolia. The local warlord Sheng Shicai (盛世才)was dependent on the Soviet Union for military support and trade. The Soviet government kept a regiment of soldiers from the Ministry of Internal Affairs at Kumul and in exchange were allowed concessions for oil wells and mines, as well as conducting trade on terms highly favorable to the USSR. Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, and the entry of the United States into the war in December 1941, the Soviet Union became far less attractive, and the Guomindang far more attractive as a patron. At the end of 1941 Sheng demanded that the Soviet Union withdraw all military forces and political officers from Xinjiang. In 1942 Sheng was appointed the head of the Guomindang branch in Xinjiang and allowed GMD cadres into the province. In 1943, following the German defeat at Stalingrad, he attempted to reassert control over Xinjiang and turned to the Soviet Union for support once more. This time Stalin refused to deal with him and the Guomindang removed him from the province by appointing him to a low-level post in the Ministry of Forestry in Chongqing. Outer Mongolia makes up the independent state of Mongolia, while Inner Mongolia (内蒙古; Nèi MÄ›nggÇ”) is an autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Sheng Shicai Sheng Shicai (Chinese: 盛世才; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Sheng Shih-tsai) (1897 - 1970) was a Chinese warlord who ruled Xinjiang from 1933 to 1944. ... Kumul or Hami (Uyghur: قۇمۇل/K̢umul; Chinese: 哈密; Pinyin: Hāmì) is an oasis in Xinjiang (China); it is also the name of a modern city and the sourrounding district. ... The Kuomintang (KMT) or Nationalist Party of China (Traditional Chinese: 中國國民黨; Simplified Chinese: 中国国民党; pinyin: Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng; Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang; Tongyong Pinyin: Jhongguo Guomindang; literally the National Peoples Party of China) is a conservative political party currently active in the Republic of China (ROC) on... Stalingrad is the former name of two cities: Volgograd, Russia Karviná-Nové Město, near Ostrava, Czech Republic Other uses: The Battle of Stalingrad (a major turning-point of World War II and arguably the bloodiest battle in human history) Stalingrad (German film set during the above battle) Stalingrad (metro station... Chongqing (Simplified Chinese: 重庆; Traditional Chinese: 重慶; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Chungking; literally Double Celebration) is the largest and most populous of the Peoples Republic of Chinas four provincial-level municipalities, and the only one in the less densely populated western half of China. ...

The Rebellion

Following Sheng Shicai's departure from Xinjiang, the new Guomindang administration had increasing trouble maintaining law and order. On September 16, 1944, troops that had been sent to Gongha county, a majority Kazak region, were unable to contain a group of rioters. By October 8, the rioters had captured Nilka the county seat. During October the Three District Rebellion broke out generally south of Ghulja in the Ili, Altay and Tarbagatay districts of northern Xinjiang. Aided by the Soviet Union, and backed by a number of Xinjiang exiles trained in the Soviet Union, the rebels quickly established control over the three districts, capturing Ghulja in November. The ethnic Chinese population of the region was reduced by massacre and expulsion. According to United States consular officials the Islamic scholar Elihan Töre declared a "Turkistan Islam Government" declaring Yining (also Kuldja, Kulja, Gulja, Ghulja, Ining) (Simplified Chinese: 伊宁; Traditional Chinese: 伊寧) is a city in western Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of northwestern China, and the capital of the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. ... Ili or Illi can refer to: Ili River Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Altai or Altay can refer to: The Altay Mountains The Altai Republic The city of Altay in Xinjiang, also spelled Aletai The city of Altay in Govi-Altay Province, Mongolia This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

The Turkestan Islam Government is organized: praise be to Allah for his manifold blessings! Allah be praised! The aid of Allah has given us the heroism to overthrow the government of the oppressor Chinese.

The demands of the rebels included an end to Chinese rule, equality for all nationalities, recognised use of local languages, friendly relations with the Soviet Union, and opposition to Chinese immigration into Xinjiang. The military forces available to the rebellion were the newly formed Ili National Army (armed and trained by the Soviet Union), and a group of Kazak tribesmen under the command of Osman Batur. The Kazaks expanded to the north, while the INA expanded to the south. By September 1945, the Guomindang Army and the INA occupied positions on either side of the Manas River near Urumchi. By this time the ETR held Zungaria while the Guomindang held the mainly Uyghur-inhabited parts of southern Xinjiang. Kazakh may refer to An ethnic group: the Kazakhs The Kazakh language The Culture of Kazakhstan Suhbat. ... Ürümqi (Uyghur: ئۈرۈمچى; Uyghur Latin script: Ürümqi; Chinese: 烏魯木齊; Pinyin: Wūlǔmùqí; population about 1. ... Dzungaria (also Junggar, Jungaria, Sungaria, Zungaria) is a physical region, covering approximately 777,000 km², within the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, in northwestern China. ...

The Negotiations

In August 1945 China signed a Treaty of Friendship and Alliance granting the Soviet Union a range of concessions the US had promised at the Yalta conference. This ended overt Soviet support for the East Turkistan Republic. The Guomindang reached a negotiated settlement with the leaders of the ETR in July 1946. In effect little changed. The ETR remained a de facto separate pro-Soviet state with their own currency and military forces. Political activity in the Republic was limited to the Union for the Defense of Peace and Democracy, a party on the Leninist one-party model. Guomindang officials were prohibited from the Three Districts and in return the Guomindang actively supported opposition politicians. By this time these included Elihan Töre who disappeared visiting the Soviet Union and the Kazak leader Osman Batur who broke with the other rebels when their pro-Soviet orientation became clear. The Guomindang appointed several important Uyghurs as advisors to the Xinjiang administration and made Exmetjan Qasimi, the leader of the ETR, Provincial Vice-Chairman. The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from February 4 to 11, 1945 between the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. ...

The End of the East Turkistan Republic

Towards the end of 1949 the advancing People’s Liberation Army crossed the Yangtze River and cut off the Guomindang administration in southern Xinjiang. Some GMD officials fled to India, Afghanistan and Pakistan, but most surrendered to the CCP. This “peaceful liberation” of Xinjiang was complete by the end of October 1949 however Osman Batur and his Kazaks continued to resist until 1954. In July 1949 the Party sent Deng Lichun to negotiate with the ETR’s leadership in Yining. Mao Zedong invited the leaders of the ETR to take part in the National People’s Consultative Conference later that year. The leaders of the ETR traveled to the Soviet Union, where they were told to co-operate with the Chinese Communist Party. In August the Exmetjan Qasimi, Abdulkerim Abbas, Ishaq Beg and Luo Zhi boarded a plane in Alma-ata, the capital of Kazakhstan headed for Beijing. On September 3, the Soviet Union informed the Chinese government that the plane had crashed killing all on-board. Stripped of their more experienced leaders, the remaining important figures in the ETR agreed to incorporate the Three Districts into the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and accept important positions within the administration. Mao Zedong (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976; Mao Tse-Tung in Wade-Giles) was the chairman of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1943 and the chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from 1945 until his death. ... Almaty (Алматы; formerly known as Alma-Ata, also Verny, Vyernyi (Верный) in Imperial Russia) is a city in Kazakhstan, with a population of 1,168,000. ...   Beijing? (Chinese: 北京; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Pei-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Peking) is the capital city of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ...

Sources

• Benson, Linda, The Ili Rebellion: The Moslem challenge to Chinese authority in Xinjiang, 1944-1949, Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1990. ISBN 0-87332-509-5

• James A. Millward and Nabijan Tursun, "Political History and Strategies of Control, 1884-1978" in Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland (ISBN 0765613182).