The Second English Civil War (1648–1649) was the second of three wars known as the English Civil War (or Wars) which refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1652 and include the First English Civil War (1642–1646) and the Third English Civil War (1649–1651). 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... This article is about the country. ... Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, King of Scotland and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. ... The English Interregnum was the period of parliamentary and military rule in the land occupied by modern-day England and Wales after the English Civil War. ... °°°°°°°°°°°→→→→→→→→→→→→§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ Prince Rupert, an archetypical cavalier For other uses, see Cavalier (disambiguation). ... The Roundheads was the nickname given to supporters of the Parliamentarian cause in the English Civil War. ... Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, King of Scotland and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. ... James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton (June 19, 1606 - March 9, 1649), Scottish nobleman, son of James Hamilton, 2nd Marquess of Hamilton, and of the Lady Anne Cunningham, daughter of the earl of Glencairn, was born on 19 June 1606. ... George Goring, 1st Earl of Norwich (1583? - 1663), English soldier, was the son of George Goring of Hurstpierpoint and Ovingdean, Sussex, and of Anne Denny, sister of Edward Denny, earl of Norwich. ... Arthur Capel, 1st Baron Capel (c. ... Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. ... Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Baron Fairfax of Cameron (January 17, 1612 - November 12, 1671), parliamentary general and commander-in-chief during the English Civil War, the eldest son of Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Baron Fairfax of Cameron, was born at Denton, near Otley, Yorkshire. ... Thomas Horton was born in 1603 in Gumley, Leicestershire, England to William and Isabell Horton and died October, 1649 in Ireland . ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... For other uses, see English Civil War (disambiguation). ... The English parliament in front of the King, c. ... °°°°°°°°°°°→→→→→→→→→→→→§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ Prince Rupert, an archetypical cavalier For other uses, see Cavalier (disambiguation). ... Events January 4 - Charles I attempts to arrest five leading members of the Long Parliament, but they escape. ... // Events April 6 - Dutch sailor Jan van Riebeeck establishes a resupply camp for the Dutch East India Company at the Cape of Good Hope, and founded Cape Town. ... The First English Civil War (1642–1646) was the first of three wars, known as the English Civil War (or Wars). The English Civil War refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1652, and includes the Second... Events January 4 - Charles I attempts to arrest five leading members of the Long Parliament, but they escape. ... 1646 (MDCXLVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Third English Civil War (1649–1651) was the third of three wars known as the English Civil War (or Wars) which refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1652 and include the First English Civil War... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... // Events January 1 - Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. ...

Overview

The end of the First Civil War, in 1646, left a partial power vacuum in which any combination of the three English factions, royalists, independents of the New Model Army (henceforward called the Army), and presbyterians of the English Parliament, as well as the Scottish Parliament allied with the Scottish presbyterians (the Kirk), could prove strong enough to dominate the rest. Armed political Royalism was at an end, but despite being a prisoner, King Charles I was considered by himself and his opponents (almost to the last) as necessary to ensure the success of whichever group could come to terms with him. Thus he passed successively into the hands of the Scots, the Parliament and the Army. The King attempted to reverse the verdict of arms by coquetting with each in turn. On 3 June 1647 Cornet George Joyce of Thomas Fairfax's horse seized the King for the Army, after which the English Presbyterians and the Scots, began to prepare for a fresh civil war, this time against Independency, as embodied in the Army. After making use of the Army's sword, its opponents attempted to disband it, to send it on foreign service and to cut off its arrears of pay. The result was that the Army leadership was exasperated beyond control, and, remembering not merely their grievances but also the principle for which the Army had fought, it soon became the most powerful political force in the realm. From 1646 to 1648 the breach between Army and Parliament widened day by day until finally the Presbyterian party, combined with the Scots and the remaining Royalists, felt itself strong enough to begin a Second Civil War.^[1] The Wars of the Three Kingdoms were an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in Scotland, Ireland, and England between 1639 and 1651 at a time when these countries had come under the Personal Rule of the same monarch. ... The Bishops’ Wars—Bellum Episcopale—refers to two armed encounters between Charles I and the Scottish Covenanters in 1639 and 1640, which helped to set the stage for the English Civil War and the subsequent Wars of the Three Kingdoms // The Scottish Reformation in 1560 was intended to settle the... The Irish Confederate Wars were fought in Ireland between 1641 and 1653. ... The First English Civil War (1642–1646) was the first of three wars, known as the English Civil War (or Wars). The English Civil War refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1652, and includes the Second... Combatants Scottish Royalists and Irish Catholic Confederate troops Scottish Covenanters Commanders James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll and David Leslie Strength Fluctuating, 2000-4000 troops at any one time over 30,000 troops, but many based in England and Ireland Casualties Total of 28... The Third English Civil War (1649–1651) was the third of three wars known as the English Civil War (or Wars) which refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1652 and include the First English Civil War... The battle of St. ... The Battle of Maidstone was a battle in the Second English Civil War (1648). ... The Seige of Pembroke took place in 1648 during the Second English Civil War. ... The siege of Colchester occurred in the summer on 1648 when the English Civil War reignited in several areas of Britain. ... See Battle of Preston (1715) for the battle of the Jacobite Rising. ... For the band, see New Model Army (band). ... Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ... Kirk can mean church in general or the Church of Scotland in particular. ... Prince Rupert of the Rhine Cavaliers was the name used by Parliamentarians for the Royalist supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War (1642–1651). ... Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, King of Scotland and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. ... is the 154th day of the year (155th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1647 (MDCXLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Cornet George Joyce (b. ... Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Baron Fairfax of Cameron (January 17, 1612 - November 12, 1671), parliamentary general and commander-in-chief during the English Civil War, the eldest son of Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Baron Fairfax of Cameron, was born at Denton, near Otley, Yorkshire. ... Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ... 1646 (MDCXLVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...

South Wales

In February 1648 Colonel John Poyer, the Parliamentary Governor of Pembroke Castle, refused to hand over his command to one of Fairfax's officers, and he was soon joined by some hundreds of officers and men, who mutinied, ostensibly for arrears of pay, but really with political objects. At the end of March, encouraged by minor successes, Poyer openly declared for the King. Disbanded soldiers continued to join him in April, all South Wales revolted, and eventually he was joined by Major-General Rowland Laugharne, his district commander, and Colonel Rice Powel. In April also news came that the Scots were arming and that Berwick and Carlisle had been seized by the English Royalists.^[2] 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... John Poyer (died April 25, 1649) was a soldier in the Parliamentary army during the English Civil War. ... Pembroke Castle shown here in 1811. ... Approximate extent of South East Wales. ... Major General Rowland Laugharne (born c1607 died 1675 in London) was a soldier in the English Civil War. ... Berwick-upon-Tweed is a border town, now in England, formerly in Scotland. ... For other uses, see Carlisle (disambiguation). ...

Oliver Cromwell was at once sent off at the head of a strong detachment to deal with Laugharne and Poyer. But before he arrived Laugharne had been severely defeated on the 8 May by Colonel Thomas Horton at the Battle of St. Fagans. The English Presbyterians found it difficult to reconcile their principles with their allies when it appeared that the prisoners taken at St Fagans bore "We long to see our King" on their hats; very soon in fact the English war became almost purely a Royalist revolt, and the war in the north an attempt to enforce a mixture of Royalism and Presbyterianism on Englishmen by means of a Scottish army. The former were disturbers of the peace and no more. Nearly all the Royalists who had fought in the First Civil War had given their parole not to bear arms against the Parliament, and many honourable Royalists, foremost amongst them the old Lord Astley, who had fought the last battle for the King in 1646, refused to break their word by taking any part in the second war. Those who did so, and by implication those who abetted them in doing so, were likely to be treated with the utmost rigour if captured, for the Army was in a less placable mood in 1648 than in 1645, and had already determined to "call Charles Stuart, that man of blood, to an account for the blood he had shed."^[2] Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. ... is the 128th day of the year (129th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Thomas Horton was born in 1603 in Gumley, Leicestershire, England to William and Isabell Horton and died October, 1649 in Ireland . ... The battle of St. ... Presbyterianism is a Christian denomination following Jesus which is most prevalent within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity. ... Jacob Astley, 1st Baron Astley of Reading (1579–1652), was a royalist commander in the English Civil War. ... 1646 (MDCXLVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... // Events January 10 - Archbishop Laud executed on Tower Hill, London. ...

Kentish revolt

A precursor to Kent's Second Civil War had come on Wednesday, 22 December, 1647, when Canterbury's town crier had proclaimed the county committee's order for the suppression of Christmas Day and its treatment as any other working day.^[3][4] However, a large crowd gathered 3 days later to demand a church service, decorate doorways with holly bushes, and keep the shops shut. This crowd - under the slogan 'For God, King Charles, and Kent' - then descended into violence and riot, with a soldier being assaulted, the mayor's house attacked, and the city under the rioters' control for several weeks until forced to surrender in early January.^[5] is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Canterbury is a cathedral city in east Kent in South East England and is the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Primate of All England, head of the Church of England and of the worldwide Anglican Communion. ... A town crier is a person who is employed by a town council to make public announcements in the streets. ... Joseph and Mary with baby Jesus, at the first Christmas Christmas (literally, the Mass of Christ) is a holiday in the Christian calendar, usually observed on December 25, which celebrates the birth of Jesus. ...

On 21 May 1648, Kent rose in revolt in the King's name, and a few days later a most serious blow to the Independents was struck by the defection of the Navy, from command of which they had removed Vice-Admiral William Batten, as being a Presbyterian. Though a former Lord High Admiral, the Earl of Warwick, also a Presbyterian, was brought back to the service, it was not long before the Navy made a purely Royalist declaration and placed itself under the command of the prince of Wales. But Fairfax had a clearer view and a clearer purpose than the distracted Parliament. He moved quickly into Kent, and on the evening of 1 June, stormed Maidstone by open force, after which the local levies dispersed to their homes, and the more determined Royalists, after a futile attempt to induce the City of London to declare for them, fled into Essex.^[2] is the 141st day of the year (142nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Kent (disambiguation). ... Sir William Batten ( c. ... Robert Rich Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick (1587 - 1658) was an English colonial administrator and admiral. ... Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. ... is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Battle of Maidstone was a battle in the Second English Civil War (1648). ... Motto: Domine dirige nos Latin: Lord, guide us Shown within Greater London Sovereign state Constituent country Region Greater London Status City and Ceremonial County Admin HQ Guildhall Government  - Leadership see text  - Mayor David Lewis  - MP Mark Field  - London Assembly John Biggs Area  - Total 1. ... For other meanings of Essex, see Essex (disambiguation). ...

The Downs

Before leaving for Essex, Fairfax delegated command to Colonel Rich to deal with the remnants of the Kentish revolt in the east of the county, where the naval vessels in the Downs had gone over to the royalists and royalist forces had taken control of the three previously Parliamentarian "castles of the Downs" (Walmer, Deal, and Sandown) and were trying to take control of Dover Castle. Rich arrived at Dover on 5 June 1648 and prevented the attempt, before moving to the Downs. It took almost a month to retake Walmer (15 June-12 July), before moving on to Deal and Sandown castles. Even then, due to the small size of Rich's force, he was unable to surround both Sandown and Deal at once and the two garrisons were able to send help to each other. At Deal he was also under bombardment from the royalist warships, which had arrived on 15 July but been prevented from landing reinforcements. On 16th, thirty Flemish ships arrived with about 1500 mercenaries and - though the ships soon left when the Royalists ran out of money to pay them - this incited sufficient Kentish fear of foreign invasion to allow Sir Michael Livesey to raise a large enough force to come to Colonel Rich's aid. Walmer Castle was built by Henry VIII in 1539-1540 as an artillery fortress to counter the threat of invasion from Catholic France and Spain. ... Deal Castle was built by Henry VIII, the most impressive of the Device Forts. ... The remains of Sandown Castle Not to be confused with Sandgate Castle (further to the south), or Sandown Castle on the Isle of Wight. ... Dover Castle is situated at Dover, Kent and has been described as the Key to England due to its defensive significance throughout history. ... is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Downs was a roadstead in the English Channel off the east coast of Kent, between the North and the South Foreland. ... is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 193rd day of the year (194th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 196th day of the year (197th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Mercenary (disambiguation). ... Sir Michael Livesey (born 1614) was one of the regicides of King Charles I. He served as Sheriff of Kent in 1643, 1655 and 1656. ...

On 28 July, the royalist warships returned and, after 3 weeks of failed attempts to land a relief force at Deal, on the night of 13 August, managed to land 800 soldiers and sailors under cover of darkness. This force might have been able to surprise the besieging parliamentarian force from behind had it not been for a royalist deserter who alerted the besiegers in time to defeat the royalists, with less than a hundred of them managing to get back to the ships (though 300 managed to flee to Sandown Castle). Another attempt at landing soon afterwards also failed and, when on 23 August news was fired into Deal Castle on an arrow of Cromwell's victory at Preston, most Royalist hope was lost and 2 days later Deal's garrison surrendered, followed by Sandown on 5 September. This finally ended the Kentish rebellion. Rich was made Captain of Deal Castle, a position he held until 1653 and in which he spent around £500 on repairs.^[6] is the 209th day of the year (210th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... {| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 235th day of the year (236th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... See Battle of Preston (1715) for the battle of the Jacobite Rising. ... (Redirected from 25 August) August 25 is the 237th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (238th in leap years), with 129 days remaining. ... is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events February 2 - New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) is incorporated. ...

Revolt elsewhere

In Cornwall, Northamptonshire, North Wales and Lincolnshire the revolt collapsed as easily as that in Kent. Only in South Wales, Essex and the north of England was there serious fighting. In the first of these districts Cromwell rapidly reduced all the fortresses except Pembroke, where Laugharne; Poyer and Powel held out with the desperate courage of deserters. In the north, Pontefract was surprised by the Royalists, and shortly afterwards Scarborough Castle declared for the king. Fairfax, after his success at Maidstone and the pacification of Kent, turned northward to reduce Essex, where, under their ardent, experienced and popular leader Sir Charles Lucas, the Royalists were in arms in great numbers. He soon drove the enemy into Colchester, but the first attack on the town was repulsed and he had to settle down to a long and wearisome siege. A Surrey rising, remembered only for the death of the young and gallant Lord Francis Villiers in a skirmish at Kingston (July 7 1648), collapsed almost as soon as it had gathered force, and its leaders, the duke of Buckingham and the earl of Holland, escaped, after another attempt to induce London to declare for them, to St Albans and St Neots, where Holland was taken prisoner. Buckingham escaped overseas.^[2] For other uses, see Cornwall (disambiguation). ... Northamptonshire (abbreviated Northants or Nhants) is a landlocked county in central England with a population of 629,676 (2001 census). ... Approximate extent of North Wales North Wales (known in some archaic texts as Northgalis) is the northernmost unofficial region of Wales, bordered to the south by Mid Wales. ... For other places with the same name, see Lincolnshire (disambiguation). ... Approximate extent of South East Wales. ... For other meanings of Essex, see Essex (disambiguation). ... Pontefract Castle in the early 17th Century Pontefract is a town in the county of West Yorkshire, England, near the A1 (or Great North Road), the M62 motorway, and Castleford. ... The keep of Scarborough Castle Scarborough Castle is a 12th Century[1] fortress on the North Sea coast of North Yorkshire, England. ... Sir Charles Lucas (1613-1648) was an English soldier, a Royalist commander in the English Civil War. ... For other places with the same name, see Colchester (disambiguation). ... The siege of Colchester occurred in the summer on 1648 when the English Civil War reignited in several areas of Britain. ... This article is about the English county. ... Kingston upon Thames, part of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, is an ancient market town where Saxon kings were crowned, and is now a lively suburb of London. ... is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland was baptized on August 19, 1590 and he was probably born earlier in the same year. ... , St Albans is the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans in southern Hertfordshire, England, around 22 miles (35km) north of central London. ... , Not to be confused with St Neot. ...

Lambert in the North

By 10 July 1648, therefore the military situation was well defined. Cromwell held Pembroke, Fairfax Colchester, Lambert Pontefract under siege; elsewhere all serious local risings had collapsed, and the Scottish army had crossed the Border. It is on the adventures of the latter that the interest of the war centres. It was by no means the veteran army of the Earl of Leven, which had long been disbanded. For the most part it consisted of raw levies, and as the kirk had refused to sanction the enterprise of the Scots Parliament, David Leslie and thousands of experienced officers and men declined to serve. The Duke of Hamilton proved to be a poor substitute for Leslie; his army, too, was so ill provided that as soon as England was invaded it began to plunder the countryside for the bare means of sustenance.^[7] is the 191st day of the year (192nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Pontefract Castle in the early 17th Century Pontefract is a town in the county of West Yorkshire, England, near the A1 (or Great North Road), the M62 motorway, and Castleford. ... Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven (c. ... Kirk can mean church in general or the Church of Scotland in particular. ... The parliament of Scotland, officially the Estates of Parliament, was the legislature of the independent Kingdom of Scotland. ... David Leslie, Lord Newark (c. ... James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton by Daniel Mytens. ...

Major-General John Lambert, a brilliant young general of twenty-nine, was more than equal to the situation. He had already left the sieges of Pontefract Castle and Scarborough Castle to Colonel Edward Rossiter, and hurried into Cumberland to deal with the English Royalists under Sir Marmaduke Langdale. With his cavalry he got into touch with the enemy about Carlisle and slowly fell back, fighting small rearguard actions to annoy the enemy and gain time, to Bowes and Barnard Castle. Langdale did not follow him into the mountains, but occupied himself in gathering recruits and supplies of material and food for the Scots. Lambert, reinforced from the midlands, reappeared early in June and drove him back to Carlisle with his work half finished. About the same time the local horse of Durham and Northumberland were put into the field by Sir Arthur Hesilrige, governor of Newcastle, and under the command of Colonel Robert Lilburne won a considerable success (30 June) at the River Coquet.^[7] John Lambert (1619 - 1684) served as an English Parliamentary general in the English Civil War. ... Pontefract Castle in the early 17th Century. ... The keep of Scarborough Castle Scarborough Castle is a 12th Century[1] fortress on the North Sea coast of North Yorkshire, England. ... Colonel Sir Edward Rossiter (1618-1669) of Somerby by Bigby Lincolnshire England - Soldier Knight Parliamentarian Colonel Sir Edward Rossiter of Lincolnshire fought alongside Cromwell at the Battle of Naseby in 1645. ... Cumberland is one of the 39 traditional counties of England. ... Marmaduke Langdale (1598 - 1661) was married to Ann Howard, a granddaughter of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk. ... For other uses, see Carlisle (disambiguation). ... Bowes is a village in the Pennines of England, situated close to Barnard Castle. ... Statistics Population: 5,326 (2001) [1] Ordnance Survey OS grid reference: NZ047166 Administration District: Teesdale Shire county: County Durham Region: North East England Constituent country: England Sovereign state: United Kingdom Other Ceremonial county: County Durham Historic county: County Durham Services Police force: Durham Constabulary Ambulance service: North East Post office... Durham (IPA: locally, in RP) is a small city and main settlement of the City of Durham district of County Durham in North East England. ... Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. ... Sir Arthur Haselrig, 2nd Baron(died January 7, 1661), English parliamentarian, is best remembered as one of the five members of parliament whom King Charles I of England attempted to arrest in 1642, an event that helped precipitate the English Civil War. ... This article is about a city in the United Kingdom. ... Colonel Robert Lilburne (1613–1665), was the older brother of John Lilburne, the well known Leveller, but unlike his brother who severed his relationship with Oliver Cromwell, Robert Lilburne remained in the army. ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The River Coquet runs through the Alnwick district of the County of Northumberland, England, discharging into the North Sea on the east coast of England at Amble. ...

This reverse, coupled with the existence of Langdale's force on the Cumberland side, practically compelled Hamilton to choose the west coast route for his advance, and his army began slowly to move down the long couloir between the mountains and the sea. The campaign which followed is one of the most brilliant in English history.^[7] A couloir (from the French word meaning corridor,) is a formation of snow or ice, often only defined in winter, forming a breach in a cliff-face. ...

Campaign of Preston

On 8 July 1648, the Scots, with Langdale as advanced guard, were about Carlisle, and reinforcements from Ulster were expected daily. Lambert's horse were at Penrith, Hexham and Newcastle, too weak to fight and having only skillful leading and rapidity of movement to enable them to gain time. Far away to the south Cromwell was still tied down before Pembroke, Fairfax before Colchester. Elsewhere the rebellion, which had been put down by rapidity of action rather than sheer weight of numbers, smouldered, and Charles, the Prince of Wales, with the fleet cruised along the Essex coast. Cromwell and Lambert, however, understood each other perfectly, while the Scottish commanders quarrelled with Langdale and each other.^[8] is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the nine-county Irish province. ... Statistics Population: 14,756 Ordnance Survey OS grid reference: NY515305 Administration District: Eden Shire county: Cumbria Region: North West England Constituent country: England Sovereign state: United Kingdom Other Ceremonial county: Cumbria Historic county: Cumberland Services Police force: Cumbria Constabulary Fire and rescue: {{{Fire}}} Ambulance: North West Post office and telephone... St. ... Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. ...

Appleby Castle surrendered to the Scots on 31 July, whereat Lambert, who was still hanging on to the flank of the Scottish advance, fell back from Barnard Castle to Richmond so as to close Wensleydale against any attempt of the invaders to march on Pontefract. All the restless energy of Langdale's horse was unable to dislodge him from the passes or to find out what was behind that impenetrable cavalry screen. The crisis was now at hand. Cromwell had received the surrender of Pembroke on 11 July, and had marched off, with his men unpaid, ragged and shoeless, at full speed through the midlands. Rains and storms delayed his march, but he knew that the Duke of Hamilton in the broken ground of Westmorland was still worse off. Shoes from Northampton and stockings from Coventry met him, at Nottingham, and, gathering up the local levies as he went, he made for Doncaster, where he arrived on 8 August, having gained six days in advance of the time he had allowed himself for the march. He then called up artillery from Hull, exchanged his local levies for the regulars who were besieging Pontefract, and set off to meet Lambert. On 12 August he was at Wetherby, Lambert with horse and foot at Otley, Langdale at Skipton and Gargrave, Hamilton at Lancaster, and Sir George Monro with the Scots from Ulster and the Carlisle Royalists (organized as a separate command owing to friction between Monro and the generals of the main army) at Hornby. On 13 August, while Cromwell was marching to join Lambert at Otley, the Scottish leaders were still disputing whether they should make for Pontefract or continue through Lancashire so as to join Lord Byron and the Cheshire Royalists.^[8] Appleby, fully Appleby-in-Westmorland, is a town in Northwest England. ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Statistics Population: 5,326 (2001) [1] Ordnance Survey OS grid reference: NZ047166 Administration District: Teesdale Shire county: County Durham Region: North East England Constituent country: England Sovereign state: United Kingdom Other Ceremonial county: County Durham Historic county: County Durham Services Police force: Durham Constabulary Ambulance service: North East Post office... The town of Richmond as seen from the top of the keep of Richmond Castle Richmond is a market town on the River Swale in North Yorkshire, UK and is the administrative centre of the district of Richmondshire. ... Wensleydale is the valley (dale) of the River Ure on the east side of the Pennines in North Yorkshire, England. ... Pontefract Castle in the early 17th Century Pontefract is a town in the county of West Yorkshire, England, near the A1 (or Great North Road), the M62 motorway, and Castleford. ... is the 192nd day of the year (193rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Northampton is a large market town and a local government district in the English East Midlands region. ... For other uses, see Coventry (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Nottingham (disambiguation). ... For other places with the same name, see Doncaster (disambiguation). ... is the 220th day of the year (221st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Hull or Kingston upon Hull is a British city situated on the north bank of the Humber estuary. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Otley on a market day, looking up Kirkgate with The Chevin in the background Otley is a town in northern England by the River Wharfe. ... Skipton is a town in North Yorkshire, England that lies along the River Aire and Leeds and Liverpool Canal. ... Gargrave church Gargrave is a small village located 3 miles from Skipton in North Yorkshire, England. ... A view of Lancaster showing the Lune, the Millennium Bridge and the Ashton Memorial Lancaster (2001 census population 45,952: source ONS) is a city in Lancashire, in the north-west of England, UK. It is a commercial, cultural and educational centre. ... George Monro (1801 – January 5, 1878) was a businessman and political figure in Canada West. ... The name Hornby can refer to : Hornby, Lancashire - an English town Hornby - A manufacturer of model railways Hornby, New York - Town. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea. ... John Byron, 1st Baron Byron (c. ...

Battle of Preston

On 14 August 1648 Cromwell and Lambert were at Skipton, on 15 August at Gisburn, and on 16 August they marched down the valley of the Ribble towards Preston with full knowledge of the enemy's dispositions and full determination to attack him. They had with them horse and foot not only of the Army, but also of the militia of Yorkshire, Durham, Northumberland and Lancashire, and withal were heavily outnumbered, having only 8,600 men against perhaps 20,000 of Hamilton's command. But the latter were scattered for convenience of supply along the road from Lancaster, through Preston, towards Wigan, Langdale's corps having thus become the left flank guard instead of the advanced guard.^[9] is the 226th day of the year (227th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 227th day of the year (228th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... is the 228th day of the year (229th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The River Ribble at Ribchester The River Ribble is a river that runs through North Yorkshire and Lancashire, in the North of England. ... This article is about Preston, Lancashire. ... Yorkshire is a historic county of northern England. ... , Wigan is a town in Greater Manchester, England. ...

Langdale called in his advanced parties, perhaps with a view to resuming the duties of advanced guard, on the night of 13 August, and collected them near Longridge. It is not clear whether he reported Cromwell's advance, but, if he did, Hamilton ignored the report, for on 17 August Monro was half a day's march to the north, Langdale east of Preston, and the main army strung out on the Wigan road, Major-General William Baillie with a body of foot, the rear of the column, being still in Preston. Hamilton, yielding to the importunity of his lieutenant-general, the Earl of Callendar, sent Baillie across the Ribble to follow the main body just as Langdale, with 3,000 foot and 500 horse only, met the first shock of Cromwell's attack on Preston Moor. Hamilton, like Charles at Edgehill, passively shared in, without directing, the Battle of Preston, and, though Langdale's men fought magnificently, they were after four hours' struggle driven to the Ribble.^[9] is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Longridge is a small town in the borough of Ribble Valley in Lancashire, England, at the end of Longridge Fell, a long ridge above the River Ribble and is situated several miles north-east of the city of Preston. ... is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... General William Baillie, was a Scottish professional soldier who commanded a regiment under Gustavus Adolphus in Sweden before returning to Scotland in 1639. ... See Battle of Preston (1715) for the battle of the Jacobite Rising. ...

Baillie attempted to cover the Ribble and Darwen bridges on the Wigan road, but Cromwell had forced his way across both before nightfall. Pursuit was at once undertaken, and not relaxed until Hamilton had been driven through Wigan and Winwick to Uttoxeter and Ashbourne. There, pressed furiously in rear by Cromwell's horse and held up in front by the militia of the midlands, the remnant of the Scottish army laid down its arms on 25 August. Various attempts were made to raise the Royalist standard in Wales and elsewhere, but Preston was the death-blow. On 28 Augus, starving and hopeless of relief, the Colchester Royalists surrendered to Lord Fairfax.^[9] The River Darwen is a river running through Darwen and Blackburn in Lancashire. ... Winwick is a village in the town of Warrington, Cheshire, in the north-west of England. ... , Uttoxeter is a small market town in East Staffordshire, in the West Midlands region of England. ... Ashbourne is a small picturesque market town in the Derbyshire Dales, England. ... is the 237th day of the year (238th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Execution of Charles I

The victors in the Second Civil War were not merciful to those who had brought war into the land again. On the evening of the surrender of Colchester, Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle were shot. Laugharne, Poyer and Powel were sentenced to death, but Poyer alone was executed on 25 April 1649, being the victim selected by lot. Of five prominent Royalist peers who had fallen into the hands of Parliament, three, the Duke of Hamilton, the Earl of Holland, and Lord Capel, one of the Colchester prisoners and a man of high character, were beheaded at Westminster on 9 March. Above all, after long hesitations, even after renewal of negotiations, the Army and the Independents conducted "Pride's Purge" of the House removing their ill-wishers, and created a court for the trial and sentence of King Charles I.^[9] At the end of the trial the 59 Commissioners (judges) found Charles I guilty of high treason, as a "tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy".^[10][11] He was beheaded on a scaffold in front of the Banqueting House of the Palace of Whitehall on 30 January 1649. (After the Restoration in 1660, the regicides who were still alive and not living in exile were either executed or sentenced to life imprisonment.) Sir Charles Lucas (1613-1648) was an English soldier, a Royalist commander in the English Civil War. ... Sir George Lisle (c. ... is the 115th day of the year (116th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... Arthur Capel, 1st Baron Capel (c. ... is the 68th day of the year (69th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Prides Purge was the occasion when troops under the command of Colonel Thomas Pride forcibly removed from the House of Commons all those who were not supporters of Oliver Cromwell. ... Regicides of Charles I are considered to be the 59 Commissioners (Judges) who formed the tribunal that tried King Charles I of England and signed his death warrant, along with other officials who participated in his trial or execution, and Hugh Peters an influential republican preacher. ... {{main|Treason}} High treason, broadly defined, is an action which is grossly disloyal to ones country or sovereign. ... Banqueting House, Whitehall, London The Banqueting House at Whitehall is a famous London building, formerly part of the Palace of Whitehall, designed by architect Inigo Jones in 1619, and completed in 1622, with assistance from John Webb. ... The Palace of Whitehall by Hendrick Danckerts. ... is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ...

See also

• English Civil War timeline

This is a timeline of events leading up to, culminating in, and resulting from the English Civil Wars. ...

References

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition article "GREAT REBELLION", a publication now in the public domain. Encyclopædia Britannica, the eleventh edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

Further reading

• House of Lords Journal Volume 10 19 May 1648: Letter from L. Fairfax, about the Disposal of the Forces, to suppress the Insurrections in Suffolk, Lancashire, and S. Wales; and for Belvoir Castle to be secured
• House of Lords Journal Volume 10 19 May 1648: Disposition of the Remainder of the Forces in England and Wales (not mentioned in the Fairfax letter)

Footnotes