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Bessemer converter

The Second Industrial Revolution (1870–1914) is a phrase used by some historians to describe an assumed second phase of the Industrial Revolution. Since this period includes the rise of industrial powers other than France and Britain, such as Germany or the USA, it may be used by writers who want to stress the contribution of these countries or relativize the position of the UK. 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... A Watt steam engine, the steam engine that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. ...

Several developments within the chemical, electrical, petroleum, and steel industries took place.^[1] Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time, for the mechanization of manufacture of food and drink, clothing and transport and even entertainment with the early cinema, radio and gramophone both served the needs of the population and also provided employment for the increasing numbers. This increasing production, however, was a factor leading up to the Long Depression and the so-called "New Imperialism".^{[citation needed]} The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals. ... The article on electrical energy is located elsewhere. ... The oil industry is a type of industry which brings petroleum to a financial market. ... Steel framework Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon being the primary alloying material. ... Mass production is the production of large amounts of standardised products on production lines. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Food and Drink was a long-running British television series on BBC Two during the 1980s and 90s. ... A baby wearing many items of winter clothing: headband, cap, fur-lined coat, shawl and sweater. ... A stilt-walker entertaining shoppers at a shopping centre in Swindon, England Entertainment is an activity designed to give pleasure or relaxation to an audience (although in the case of a computer game the audience may be only one person). ... Edison cylinder phonograph from about 1899 The phonograph, or gramophone, was the most common device for playing recorded sound from the 1870s through the 1980s. ... The Long Depression (1873 – 1896) affected much of the world from the early 1870s until the mid-1890s and was contemporary with the Second Industrial Revolution. ... {{}} // The term imperialism was used from the third quarter of the nineteenth century to describe various forms of political control by a greater power over less powerful territories or nationalities, although analytically the phenomena which it denotes may differ greatly from each other and from the New imperialism. ...

Dating the era

The second industrial revolution is termed the second phase of the Industrial Revolution, since from a technological and a social point of view there is no clean break between the two. Indeed, it might be argued that it branches from the middle of the nineteenth century with the growth of railways and steam ships, for crucial inventions such as the Bessemer and Siemens open hearth furnace steel making processes were invented in the decades preceding 1871, producing cheaper steel which allowed cheaper, quicker steam transport. A Watt steam engine, the steam engine that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. ... The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from a molten pig iron. ... Wilhelm Siemens Carl Wilhelm Siemens (en: Charles William Siemens) (April 4, 1823 – November 19, 1883) was a German engineer. ... Open hearth furnaces are one of a number of kinds of furnace where excess carbon and other impurities are burnt out of pig iron to produce steel. ...

Edison in 1878

In the United States of America the Second Industrial Revolution is commonly associated with electrification as pioneered by Nikola Tesla, Thomas Alva Edison and George Westinghouse and by scientific management as applied by Frederick Winslow Taylor. Adjusted grayscale tonal values: contrast and brightness. ... Adjusted grayscale tonal values: contrast and brightness. ... Electrification refers to changing a thing or system to operate using electricity. ... Nikola Tesla (Serbian Cyrillic: ) (10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943) was a inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer, and electrical engineer. ... Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 - October 18, 1931) was an inventor and businessman who developed many important devices. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Taylorism redirects here. ... Frederick Winslow Taylor Frederick Winslow Taylor (March 20, 1856 to March 21, 1915) was an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. ...

George Westinghouse

In the past, the term "second industrial revolution" has also often been used in the popular press and by technologists or industrialists to refer to the changes following the spread of new technology after World War I. The excitement and the debate over the dangers and the benefits of the Atomic Age were more intense and lasting than those over the Space age but they both were perceived (separately or together) to lead to another industrial revolution. At the start of the 21st century the term "second industrial revolution" has also been used to describe the anticipated effects of hypothetical molecular nanotechnology systems upon society. In this more recent scenario, the nanofactory would render the majority of today's modern manufacturing processes obsolete, vastly impacting all facets of the modern economy. This article refers exclusively to the earlier period. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 419 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1073 × 1536 pixel, file size: 110 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 419 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1073 × 1536 pixel, file size: 110 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... The Atomic Age was a phrase used for a time in the 1950s in which it was believed that all power sources in the future would be atomic in nature. ... The Space Shuttle takes off on a manned mission to space. ... Molecular nanotechnology (MNT) is the concept of engineering functional mechanical systems at the molecular scale. ... A nanofactory is a proposed system in which nanomachines (resembling molecular assemblers, or industrial robot arms) would combine reactive molecules via mechanosynthesis to build larger atomically precise parts. ...

Industrial revolutions may also be renumbered by taking earlier developments, such as the rise of medieval technology in the 12th century, or of ancient Chinese technology during the Tang Dynasty, or of ancient Roman technology, as first. Medieval treadwheel crane Reading Saint Peter with eyeglasses (1466) During the 12th and 13th centuries, medieval Europe saw a radical change in the rate of new inventions, innovations in the ways of managing traditional means of production, and economic growth. ... For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ... The Pont du Gard in France is a Roman aqueduct built in ca. ...

Inventions

Many inventions were improved upon during the Second Industrial Revolution, including printing presses and steam engines.

Communication

One of the most crucial inventions for the communication of technical ideas in this period was the steam-powered rotary printing press from the previous decades of the revolution. This in turn had been developed as the result of the invention of the endless-web paper-making machine at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The second industrial revolution also saw the introduction of mechanical typesetting with the Linotype and the Monotype, and of wood pulp processes to free papermaking from the limited supply of cotton and linen. This diffusion of knowledge in Britain, at least, was also the result of the repeal in the 1870s of taxes on paper which encouraged the growth of technical journalism and periodicals by cheapening production costs. The printing press is a mechanical device for printing many copies of a text on rectangular sheets of paper. ... ... Linotype (Deutsches Museum) In the printing industry, the Linotype machine, pronounced Line-O-Type, []) uses a keyboard consisting of 91 keys to create an entire line of metal type at once, hence a line of type. ... Monotype Imaging, Inc is a typesetting and typeface design company (type foundry) responsible for many developments in printing technology — in particular the Monotype machine which was the first fully mechanical typesetter — and the design and production of typefaces in the 19th and 20th centuries. ... International Paper Company Wood pulp is the most common material used to make paper. ...

Inventions and their applications were much more diffuse in this Revolution (or phase of a revolution) than earlier. This period saw the growth of machine tools in America capable of making precision parts for use in other machines. It also saw the introduction of the assembly line for the production of consumer goods. A machine tool is a powered mechanical device, typically used to fabricate metal components of machines by the selective removal of metal. ... Modern car assembly line. ...

Engines

Four-stroke cycle (or Otto cycle)
1. Intake
2. compression
3. power
4. exhaust

The steam engine was developed and applied in Britain during the 18th century and only slowly exported to Europe and the rest of the world during the 19th century, along with the industrial revolution. In contrast, in the second industrial revolution practical developments of the internal-combustion engine appeared in several industrialized countries and the exchange of ideas was much faster. To give but one example, the first practical internal-combustion engine ran on coal gas and was developed in France by Etienne Lenoir, where it had a certain limited success as a stationary engine in light industry. Image File history File links animated scheme of a four stroke internal combustion engine, Otto principle Source: self-made: UtzOnBike (3D-model & animation: Autodesk Inventor) File links The following pages link to this file: Four-stroke cycle ... Today Internal combustion engines in cars, trucks, motorcycles, construction machinery and many others, most commonly use a four-stroke cycle. ... // The term steam engine may also refer to an entire railroad steam locomotive. ... An internal combustion engine is an engine that is powered by the expansion of hot combustion products of fuel directly acting within an engine. ... Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir (1822-1900) was born in Mussy-la-Ville, Belgium, in 1822. ... Heavy industry does not have a single fixed meaning compared to light industry. ...

The internal combustion engine was tried out as a motive force for primitive automobiles in France in the 1870s, but it never was produced in quantity. It was Gottlieb Daimler of Germany who really exploited the breakthrough of using petroleum instead of coal gas as a fuel, for the automobile a few years later. Then it was Henry Ford of the United States who, still later, made the internal combustion engine a mass market phenomenon with a tremendous effect on society. The two stroke petrol engine was initially invented by the British engineer Joseph Day of Bath, who later licensed it to American entrepreneurs whereupon it quickly became the 'poor man's power source', driving motor cycles, motor boats, pumps and becoming a cheap, reliable, driver of small workshops before the days of mainstream electricity. A colorized automobile engine The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of fuel and an oxidizer (typically air) occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. ... Gottlieb Daimler Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler (March 17, 1834 - March 6, 1900) was an engineer, industrial designer and industrialist, born in Schorndorf (Kingdom of Württemberg), in what is now Germany. ... Car redirects here. ... Henry Ford (1919) Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was the founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production. ... Joseph Day (born 1855 in London, died 1946) trained as an engineer at the School of Practical Engineering at Crystal Palace in London, began work at Stothert & Pitt in Bath, and in 1889 designed the two-stroke engine as it is widely-known today (in contrast to the two-stroke...

Germany

The German Empire came to replace the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as Europe's primary industrial nation during this period. This occurred as a result of three factors: For German colonial territories, see German Colonial Empire. ... This article is about the historical state called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1927). ... For other uses, see Nation (disambiguation). ...

• Germany, having industrialized after Britain, was able to model its factories after those of Britain thus saving a substantial amount of capital, effort, and time. While Germany made use of the latest technological concepts, the British continued to use expensive and outdated technology and therefore were unable (or unwilling) to afford the fruits of their own scientific progress.
• In the development of science and pure research, the Germans invested more heavily than the British.
• The German cartel system (known as Konzerne), being significantly concentrated, was able to make more efficient use of fluid capital.
• Some believe the reparation payments exacted from France after that country's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71 had provided the needed capital to allow massive public investments in infrastructure like railways. This provided a large market for innovative steel products and facilitated transportation once installed. Following Germany's annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, a number of large factories were also taken over.

Industrialisation (or industrialization) or an industrial revolution (in general, with lowercase letters) is a process of social and economic change whereby a human society is transformed from a pre-industrial to an industrial state . ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Not to be confused with capitol. ... By the mid 20th century humans had achieved a mastery of technology sufficient to leave the surface of the Earth for the first time and explore space. ... A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ... Research is an active, diligent and systematic process of inquiry in order to discover, interpret or revise facts, events, behaviours, or theories, or to make practical applications with the help of such facts, laws or theories. ... Invest redirects here. ... For the American pop-punk band, see Cartel (band). ... In economics, fluid capital is capital, such as money, which can be readily exchanged for goods; as opposed to fixed capital, such as a factory. ... Combatants Second French Empire North German Confederation allied with South German states (later German Empire) Commanders Napoleon III François Achille Bazaine Patrice de Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta Otto von Bismarck Helmuth von Moltke the Elder Strength 400,000 at wars beginning 1,200,000 Casualties 150,000... Imperial Province of Elsaß-Lothringen Alsace-Lorraine (German: , generally Elsass-Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 after the annexation of most of Alsace and parts of Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War. ...

Industrial workers

This period, like the First Industrial Revolution, was marked by a significant number of transient urban workers engaged in industrial labour (or the pursuit thereof), relatively common unemployment, low wages, and crimes committed due to a shortage of other means of earning money. This period is also notable for an expanding number of white-collar workers and increasing enrollment in trade unions. A Watt steam engine, the steam engine that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. ... Cities with at least a million inhabitants in 2006 An urban area is an area with an increased density of human-created structures in comparison to the areas surrounding it. ... In classical economics and all micro-economics labour is a measure of the work done by human beings and is one of three factors of production, the others being land and capital. ... CIA figures for world unemployment rates, 2006 Unemployment is the state in which a person is without work, available to work, and is currently seeking work. ... A wage is a compensation which workers receive in exchange for their labor. ... For other uses, see Money (disambiguation). ... White-collar worker is an idiom referring to a salaried professional or a person whose job is clerical in nature, as opposed to a blue-collar worker whose job is more in line with manual labor. ... The Lawrence textile strike (1912), with soldiers surrounding peaceful demonstrators A trade union or labor union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and working conditions, forming a cartel of labour. ...

See also

• Revolution
  • British Agricultural Revolution/Neolithic Revolution
  • Scientific Revolution
  • Industrial Revolution
  • Digital Revolution
  • Chemical Revolution
  • Green Revolution
  • Nanotechnology
• Capitalism in the nineteenth century

For other uses, see Revolution (disambiguation). ... The British Agricultural Revolution describes a period of agricultural development in Britain between the 16th century and the mid-19th century, which saw a massive increase in agricultural productivity and net output. ... The Neolithic Revolution is the term for the first agricultural revolution, describing the transition from nomadic hunting and gathering communities and bands, to agriculture and settlement, as first adopted by various independent prehistoric human societies, in numerous locations on most continents between 10-12 thousand years ago. ... This article is about the period or event in history. ... A Watt steam engine, the steam engine that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Chemical Revolution (or the first chemical revolution) denotes the reformulation of chemistry based on the Law of Conservation of Matter and the oxygen theory of combustion, and centered on the work of Antoine Lavoisier. ... The Green Revolution was the worldwide transformation of agriculture that led to significant increases in agricultural production between the 1940s and 1960s. ... Nanotechnology refers to a field of applied science and technology whose theme is the control of matter on the atomic and molecular scale, generally 100 nanometers or smaller, and the fabrication of devices that lie within that size range. ... Capitalism in the nineteenth century As the nineteenth century began, the United Kingdom was locked in a struggle with Napoleonic France that did much to define the terms for institutional developments, capitalist and otherwise, in the remainder of the century. ...

References

Sources

• Beaudreau, Bernard C. The Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes: How the Second Industrial Revolution Passed Great Britain By, (New York, NY:iUniverse, 2006)
• Bernal, J. D. [1953] (1970). Science and Industry in the Nineteenth Century. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-20128-4. 
• Hobsbawm, E. J. (1999). Industry and Empire: From 1750 to the Present Day, rev. and updated with Chris Wrigley, 2nd ed., New York: New Press. ISBN 1-56584-561-7. 
• Kranzberg, Melvin; and Carroll W. Pursell, Jr. (eds.) (1967). Technology in Western Civilization, 2 vols., New York: Oxford University Press. 
• Landes, David (2003). The Unbound Prometheus: Technical Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present, 2nd ed., New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-53402-X. 

John Desmond Bernal (1901–1971) was an Irish-born scientist (from Nenagh, County Tipperary), known for pioneering X-ray crystallography. ... Eric John Ernest Hobsbawm CH (born June 9, 1917) is a British Marxist historian and author. ... Melvin Kranzberg (November 22, 1917 to December 6, 1995) was a professor of history at Case Western Reserve University. ... David Landes is professor emeritus of economics and retired professor of history at Harvard University. ...