The Second War of Italian Independence, Franco-Austrian War, or Austro-Sardinian War was fought by Napoleon III of France and the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia against the Austrian Empire in 1859. In respect to the Italian unification process, this war is also known as the Second Independence War. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Map of the French Second Empire Capital Paris Language(s) French Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1852-1870 Napoleon III Legislature Parliament  - Upper house Senate  - Lower house Corps législatif History  - French coup of 1851 December 2 1851  - Established 1852  - Disestablished September 4, 1870 Currency French Franc The Second French Empire or... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned. ... Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1839: Mainland Piedmont with Savoy, Nice, and Sardinia in the inset. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy. ... Anthem Volkshymne (Peoples Anthem) The Austrian Empire Capital Vienna Language(s) German Hungarian Romanian Czech Slovakian Slovenian Croatian Serbian Italian Polish Ruthenian Religion Roman Catholic Government Monarchy History  - Established 1804  - Ausgleich 1867 The Crown of the Austrian Emperor The Austrian Empire (German: ) was a modern era successor empire founded... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... This article is about the President of the French Republic and Emperor of the French. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned. ... King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned. ... Garibaldi in 1866. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy. ... Franz Joseph I Franz Joseph (in English also Francis Joseph) (August 18, 1830 - November 21, 1916) of the Habsburg Dynasty was Emperor of Austria and King of Bohemia from 1848 until 1916 and King of Hungary from 1867 until 1916. ... Combatants French Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Austrian Empire Commanders  ? Stadion Strength  ? 30,000 Casualties French: 81 dead, 492 wounded, 69 dispersed Sardinians: 52 deads, wounded or prisoners 1423 dead, wounded or prisoners The Battle of Montebello (1859) was fought on May 20th, 1859 at Montebello (Lombardy). ... Combatants Kingdom of Sardinia Austrian Empire Commanders Giuseppe Garibaldi Karl Urban Strength 3,000 4,000 8 guns Casualties 22 dead, 62 wounded, 1 prisoner Sardinians: 52 deads, wounded or prisoners  ? The Battle of Varese was fought on May 26th, 1859 at Varese (Lombardy). ... The Battle of Palestro was fought on May 30, 1859 between Austria and the combined forces of France and Sardinia. ... Combatants French Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Austrian Empire Commanders Napoleon III Ferencz Gyulaj Strength 59,100 91 guns 125,000 [2] Casualties 657 dead 3,858 wounded 1,368 dead 4,538 wounded 4,500 captured Map of the Second Italian War of Independence The Battle of Magenta was fought... Combatants French Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Austrian Empire Commanders Napoleon III Victor Emmanuel II Franz Joseph Strength 118,600 about 100,000 Casualties 2,492 dead 12,512 wounded 2,922 captured or missing 3,000 dead 10,807 wounded 8,638 captured or missing The Battle of Solferino, also... This article is about the President of the French Republic and Emperor of the French. ... Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1839: Mainland Piedmont with Savoy, Nice, and Sardinia in the inset. ... Anthem Volkshymne (Peoples Anthem) The Austrian Empire Capital Vienna Language(s) German Hungarian Romanian Czech Slovakian Slovenian Croatian Serbian Italian Polish Ruthenian Religion Roman Catholic Government Monarchy History  - Established 1804  - Ausgleich 1867 The Crown of the Austrian Emperor The Austrian Empire (German: ) was a modern era successor empire founded... Year 1859 (MDCCCLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Italian unification (called in Italian the Risorgimento, or Resurgence) was the political and social process that unified disparate states of the Italian peninsula into the single nation of Italy. ...

The War

Background

The Piedmontese, following their defeat to Austria in the First Italian War of Independence, found that they could not defeat a great power such as Austria without allies. This led Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour to attempt to establish relations with other European powers, partially through Piedmont's participation in the Crimean War. In the peace conference at Paris for the Crimean War, Cavour attempted to bring attention to efforts for Italian unification. He found Britain and France to be sympathetic, but entirely unwilling to go against Austrian wishes, as any movement towards Italian independence would necessarily threaten Austria's territory in Lombardy and Venetia. Individual talks between Napoleon III and Cavour after the conference identified Napoleon as the most likely candidate for aiding Italy, though still not committed. The First Italian War of Independence was fought in 1848 between the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Austrian Empire. ... Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour (or Camillo di Cavour; August 10, 1810 – June 6, 1861) was an Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification. ... Combatants Allies: Second French Empire British Empire Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Russian Empire Bulgarian volunteers Casualties 90,000 French 35,000 Turkish 17,500 British 2,194 Sardinian killed, wounded and died of disease ~134,000 killed, wounded and died of disease The Crimean War (1853–1856) was fought... This article is about the capital of France. ... For the village of the same name in Ontario, Canada, see Lombardy, Ontario. ... Venetia is a name used mostly in a historical context for the area of north-eastern Italy formerly under the control of the Republic of Venice and corresponding approximately to the present-day Italian administrative regions of the Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia. ...

On January 14, 1858, Felice Orsini, an Italian, led an attempt on Napoleon III's life. This assassination attempt brought widespread sympathy for the Italian unification effort, and had a profound effect on Napoleon himself, who now was determined to help Piedmont against Austria in order to end the revolutionary activities that the governments inside Italy may allow to happen in the future. Emperor Napoleon III and Camillo Benso, Conte di Cavour, the prime minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, signed a secret treaty of alliance against Austria: France would help Sardinia to fight against Austria if attacked, and Sardinia would then give Nice and Savoy to France in return. This secret alliance served both countries: it helped with the Sardinian (Piedmontese) plan of unification of the Italian peninsula under the House of Savoy, and weakened Austria, a fiery adversary of Napoleon III's French Empire. is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Felice Orsini (1819 - March 13, 1858) was an Italian revolutionary who tried to assassinate Napoleon III. Felice Orsini was born at Meldola in Romagna. ... Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour (or Camillo di Cavour; August 10, 1810 – June 6, 1861) was an Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification. ... Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur Department Alpes-Maritimes (06) Intercommunality Community of Agglomeration Nice Côte dAzur Mayor Jacques Peyrat  (UMP) (since 1995) Statistics Land area¹ 71. ... Flag of Savoy This article is about the historical region of Savoy. ... Satellite view of the Peninsula in spring The Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula (Italian: Penisola italiana or Penisola appenninica) is one of the greatest peninsulas of Europe, spanning 1,000 km from the Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south. ... The House of Savoy or in Italian, La Casa di Savoia, or simply Casa Savoia, (or Savoie, French) is a dynasty of nobles who traditionally had their domain in Savoy, a region that includes present-day Piemonte, other parts of Northern Italy, and a smaller region in France. ...

Cavour, being unable to get the French help unless the Austrians attacked first, provoked Vienna with a series of military manoeuvers close to the border. Austria issued an ultimatum on April 23, 1859, asking for the complete de-militarization of the Kingdom of Sardinia, and when it was not heeded Austria started a war with Sardinia (April 29), thus drawing France into the conflict. is the 113th day of the year (114th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1859 (MDCCCLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Forces

The French army for the Italian campaign had 130,000 soldiers, 2,000 horsemen and 312 guns, half of the whole French army. The army was under the command of Napoleon III, divided into five corps: the I Corps, led by Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers, the II, led by Patrice MacMahon, the III, led by François Certain Canrobert, the IV, led by Adolphe Niel, and the V, led by prince Napoleon. The Imperial Guard was commanded by Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély. Achille Baraguey dHilliers (1795-1878). ... Patrice de Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta President of France, 1873-1879 Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta, Marshal of France (July 13, 1808 - October 16, 1893) was a Frenchman of Irish descent. ... François Certain Canrobert (June 27, 1809 - January 28, 1895), was a marshal of France. ... Adolphe Niel (October 4, 1802 - August 13, 1869) was a marshal of France. ... Portrait of Prince Napoleon by Jean-Hippolyte Flandrin in 1860 Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul, Prince Napoleon (September 9, 1822 – March 17, 1891) was the son of Jerome Bonaparte and Catharina of Württemberg. ... Auguste Michel Étienne Regnaud de Saint-Jean dAngely (July 29, 1794 - February 1, 1870), born in Paris the son of Michel Louis Étienne, comte Regnaud de Saint-Jean dAngely was Marshal of France and politician. ...

The Sardinian army had about 70,000 soldiers, 4,000 horsemen and 90 guns. It was divided into five divisions, led by Casterlbrugo, Manfredo Fanti, Giovanni Durando, Enrico Cialdini, and Domenico Cucchiari. Two volunteers formations, the Cacciatori delle Alpi and the Cacciatori degli Appennini, were also present. The commander in chief was Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy, supported by Alfonso Ferrero la Marmora. Manfredo Fanti (1806 - April 5, 1865), Italian general, was born at Carpi and educated at the military college of Modena. ... Enrico Cialdini (August 10, 1811 - September 8, 1892), Italian soldier, politician and diplomatist, was born at Castelvetro, in Modena. ... The Hunters of the Alps (Cacciatori delle alpi) was a special corp created by Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1859 to help the regular army to free the northern part of Italy. ... King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy Victor Emmanuel II (Italian: Vittorio Emanuele II; March 14, 1820—January 9, 1878) was the King of Piedmont, Savoy and Sardinia from 1849–1861, and King of Italy from 1861 until his death in 1878. ... Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora (November 18, 1804–January 5, 1878) was a Pornstar for the company Weapons of Ass Destruction and a patriot. ...

The Austrian army fielded more men: it was composed by 220,000 soldiers, 824 guns and 22,000 horsemen. It was led by Field Marshal Ferencz Graf Gyulai. Note: This article is about the military usage of the word marshal. For other usages, see the end of this article. ...

Major places of the Austro-Sardinian war 1859

Image File history File links Map of the major locations of the Austro-Sardinian war of 1859. ... Image File history File links Map of the major locations of the Austro-Sardinian war of 1859. ...

The operations

At the declaration of war, there were no French troops in Italy, so Marshal François Certain Canrobert moved in to Piedmont in the first massive use of railways. The Austrian forces counted on a swift victory over the weaker Sardinian army before French forces could arrive in Piedmont. However, Count Gyulai, the commander of the Austrian troops in Lombardy, was very cautious, marching around the Ticino River in no specific direction for a while until eventually crossing it to begin the offensive. Unfortunately for him, very heavy rains began to fall as soon as he did this, allowing the Piedmontese to flood the rice fields in front of his advance, slowing his army's march to a crawl. François Certain Canrobert François Certain Canrobert (June 27, 1809 - January 28, 1895), was a marshal of France. ... For other uses, see Piedmont (disambiguation). ... For the village of the same name in Ontario, Canada, see Lombardy, Ontario. ... The Ticino River is a tributary of the Po. ...

The Austrians under Gyulai eventually arrived in Vercelli, menacing Turin, but the Franco-Sardinian move to strengthen Alessandria and Po River bridges around Casale Monferrato forced them to fall back. On May 14, Napoleon III arrived in Alessandria, taking the command of the operations. The initial clash of the war was at Montebello on 20 May, a battle between an Austrian Corps under Stadion against a single division of the French I Corps under Forey. The Austrian contingent was three times as large, but Forey pulled off the victory, making Gyulai even more defensive. In early June, Gyulai was near the rail center of Magenta with the army fairly spread out, and unfortunately caught defending too far east of the river. Napoleon III attacked the Ticino head on with part of his force while sending another large group of troops to the north to flank the Austrians. The plan worked, which led to Gyulai retreating very far to the quadrilateral fortresses in eastern Lombardy, where he was relieved of his post as commander. Vercelli (Varséj in Piedmontese; Vercellae in Latin) is a commune and city of about 46,000 inhabitants in the Province of Vercelli, Italy. ... For other uses, see Turin (disambiguation). ... For the Alessandria meteorite of 1860, see Meteorite falls. ... The Po (Latin: Padus, Italian: Po) is a river that flows 652 kilometers (405 miles) eastward across northern Italy, from Monviso (in the Cottian Alps) to the Adriatic Sea near Venice. ... Casale Monferrato is a town in the Piedmont region of north-west Italy, part of the province of Alessandria. ... May 14 is the 134th day of the year (135th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants French Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Austrian Empire Commanders  ? Stadion Strength  ? 30,000 Casualties French: 81 dead, 492 wounded, 69 dispersed Sardinians: 52 deads, wounded or prisoners 1423 dead, wounded or prisoners The Battle of Montebello (1859) was fought on May 20th, 1859 at Montebello (Lombardy). ... is the 140th day of the year (141st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Élie-Frédéric Forey (January 10, 1804 - June 20, 1872) was a Marshal of France. ... Combatants French Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Austrian Empire Commanders Napoleon III Ferencz Gyulaj Strength 59,100 91 guns 125,000 [2] Casualties 657 dead 3,858 wounded 1,368 dead 4,538 wounded 4,500 captured Map of the Second Italian War of Independence The Battle of Magenta was fought...

Replacing Gyulai was Emperor Franz Josef I himself, feeling up to the simple task of defending the well-fortified Austrian territory behind the Mincio River. He would experience his first and last command at the Battle of Solferino. The Piedmontese-French army had taken Milan and slowly marched further east to finish off Austria in this war before Prussia could get involved. The Austrians found out that the French had halted at Brescia, and decided that they should attempt to surprise them by suddenly switching onto the attack. The French had also gone on the offensive, but neither side was sure of where exactly the other was until they suddenly met. Benedek with the Austrian VIII Corps was separated from the main force, defending Pozzolengo against the Piedmontese part of the opposing army. This they did successfully, though the rest of the Austrian army retreated as soon as a great storm hit, abandoning several towns to the French. Franz Josef I can refer to: Franz Joseph of Austria Franz Josef I of Liechtenstein This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Mincio (IPA: ; Latin: Mincius) is a river in the Lombardy region of northern Italy. ... Combatants French Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Austrian Empire Commanders Napoleon III Victor Emmanuel II Franz Joseph Strength 118,600 about 100,000 Casualties 2,492 dead 12,512 wounded 2,922 captured or missing 3,000 dead 10,807 wounded 8,638 captured or missing The Battle of Solferino, also... For other uses, see Milan (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Prussia (disambiguation). ... The Capitoline Temple. ... Pozzolengo is a commune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. ...

At the same time, in the northern part of Lombardy, the Italian volunteers of Giuseppe Garibaldi's Hunters of the Alps defeated the Austrians at Varese and Como. Garibaldi in 1866. ... The Hunters of the Alps (Cacciatori delle alpi) was a special corp created by Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1859 to help the regular army to free the northern part of Italy. ... Combatants Kingdom of Sardinia Austrian Empire Commanders Giuseppe Garibaldi Karl Urban Strength 3,000 4,000 8 guns Casualties 22 dead, 62 wounded, 1 prisoner Sardinians: 52 deads, wounded or prisoners  ? The Battle of Varese was fought on May 26th, 1859 at Varese (Lombardy). ...

The peace

Fear of involvement by the German states led Napoleon to seek a way out of the war, so he signed an armistice with Austria in Villafranca. Most of Lombardy, with its capital Milan (excepting only the Austrian fortresses of Mantua and Legnago and the surrounding territory), was transferred from Austria to France, which would immediately cede these territories to Sardinia. The rulers of Central Italy, who had been expelled by revolution shortly after the beginning of the war, were to be restored. Villafranca di Verona (population est. ... The Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia (Italian: ; German: ) (1815 - 1866) was established after the defeat of Napoleon, according to the decisions of the Congress of Vienna (9 June 1815). ... For other uses, see Milan (disambiguation). ... Mantua (in Italian Mantova, in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo language Mantua) is an important city in Lombardy, Italy and capital of the province with the same name. ... Legnago is a town in the Province of Verona, Italy, on the Adige river, 29 m. ...

This deal, made by Napoleon behind the backs of his Sardinian allies, led to great outrage in Sardinia — Cavour himself resigned in protest. However, the terms of Villafranca were never to come into effect: although they were reaffirmed by the final Treaty of Zurich in November, by then the agreement had become a dead letter. The central Italian states were occupied by the Piedmontese, who showed no willingness to restore the previous rulers, and the French showed no willingness to force them to abide by the terms of the treaty. The Austrians were left to look on in frustration at the French failure to carry out the terms of the treaty. Combatants Second French Empire Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia Austrian Empire Commanders Napoleon III Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppe Garibaldi Ferencz Graf Gyulai Franz Josef I Strength 206,000 242,000 The Second War of Italian Independence, Franco-Austrian War, or Austro-Sardinian War was fought by Napoleon III of France and... The Treaty of Zurich was signed by the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia (allied to the French Empire) on November 10, 1859. ...

The next year, in 1860, with French and British approval, the central Italian states — Duchy of Parma, Duchy of Modena, Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Papal Legations — would be annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia, and France would take its deferred reward, Savoy and Nice. This latter move was vehemently opposed by Italian national hero Garibaldi, a native of Nice, and directly led to Garibaldi's expedition to Sicily, which would complete the preliminary unification of Italy. 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul IIIs illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, centered around the city of Parma. ... The Duchy of Modena (in full, the Duchies of Modena and Reggio) was a small Italian state that existed (with a break between 1796 and 1814) from 1452 to 1859. ... The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was a state in central Italy which came into existence in 1569, replacing the Duchy of Florence, which had been created out of the old Republic of Florence in 1532, and which annexed the Republic of Siena in 1557. ... The term Papal Legation, in a teritorial sense, refers to certain northern administrative regions of the erstwhile Papal States: specifically the Legations of Ferrara, Bologna, and Romagna. ... Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur Department Alpes-Maritimes (06) Intercommunality Community of Agglomeration Nice Côte dAzur Mayor Jacques Peyrat  (UMP) (since 1995) Statistics Land area¹ 71. ... Italian unification, also known as Risorgimento (resurrection), was a historical process by which the Kingdom of Sardinia (ruled by the Savoy dynasty with Turin as its capital) gradually conquered the Italian peninsula, including the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Duchy of Modena, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy...

Timeline

• 26 April, Giuseppe Garibaldi's Hunters of the Alps confronts Austrian forces led by Field Marshal-Lieutenant Carl Baron Urban at Varese;
• 20 May, French infantry and Sardininan cavalry defeat the Austrian army, which retreated, near Montebello;
• 27 May, Hunters of the Alps defeat Urban at San Fermo, entering in Como.
• 30 May, Sardininans defeat the Austrian army at battle of Palestro;
• 4 June, in the battle of Magenta, French and Sardinians defeat Austrians;
• June 21/June 24, in the battle of Solferino, Sardinians and Napoleon III of France defeat an army commanded by Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph himself in northern Italy. Battle also reputedly inspires Henri Dunant to found Red Cross;
• July 11, Austrian Emperor Franz Josef, faced with the revolution in Hungary, meets Napoleon III at Villafranca, where they signed an armistice.

is the 116th day of the year (117th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Garibaldi in 1866. ... The Hunters of the Alps (Cacciatori delle alpi) was a special corp created by Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1859 to help the regular army to free the northern part of Italy. ... Combatants Kingdom of Sardinia Austrian Empire Commanders Giuseppe Garibaldi Karl Urban Strength 3,000 4,000 8 guns Casualties 22 dead, 62 wounded, 1 prisoner Sardinians: 52 deads, wounded or prisoners  ? The Battle of Varese was fought on May 26th, 1859 at Varese (Lombardy). ... is the 140th day of the year (141st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants French Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Austrian Empire Commanders  ? Stadion Strength  ? 30,000 Casualties French: 81 dead, 492 wounded, 69 dispersed Sardinians: 52 deads, wounded or prisoners 1423 dead, wounded or prisoners The Battle of Montebello (1859) was fought on May 20th, 1859 at Montebello (Lombardy). ... is the 147th day of the year (148th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Como (disambiguation). ... is the 150th day of the year (151st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Battle of Palestro was fought on May 30, 1859 between Austria and the combined forces of France and Sardinia. ... is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants French Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Austrian Empire Commanders Napoleon III Ferencz Gyulaj Strength 59,100 91 guns 125,000 [2] Casualties 657 dead 3,858 wounded 1,368 dead 4,538 wounded 4,500 captured Map of the Second Italian War of Independence The Battle of Magenta was fought... is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants French Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Austrian Empire Commanders Napoleon III Victor Emmanuel II Franz Joseph Strength 118,600 about 100,000 Casualties 2,492 dead 12,512 wounded 2,922 captured or missing 3,000 dead 10,807 wounded 8,638 captured or missing The Battle of Solferino, also... Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (April 20, 1808 - January 9, 1873) was the son of King Louis Bonaparte and Queen Hortense de Beauharnais; both monarchs of the French puppet state, the Kingdom of Holland. ... Franz Joseph I (in Hungarian I. Ferenc József, in English Francis Joseph I) (August 18, 1830 – November 21, 1916) of the Habsburg Dynasty was Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary, King of Bohemia from 1848 until 1916 and a German prince (Deutscher Fürst). ... Jean Henri Dunant (May 8, 1828 - October 30, 1910) (often called Henry Dunant or Henri Dunant) was a Swiss businessman and humanitarian who founded the Red Cross movement. ... The Anarchist Black Cross was originally called the Anarchist Red Cross. The band Redd Kross was originally called Red Cross. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... is the 192nd day of the year (193rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Franz Joseph I (in Hungarian I. Ferenc József, in English Francis Joseph I) (August 18, 1830 – November 21, 1916) of the Habsburg Dynasty was Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary, King of Bohemia from 1848 until 1916 and a German prince (Deutscher Fürst). ... Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (April 20, 1808 - January 9, 1873) was the son of King Louis Bonaparte and Queen Hortense de Beauharnais; both monarchs of the French puppet state, the Kingdom of Holland. ... Villafranca is a town located in the province of Navarra, in the autonomous community of Navarra, in the North of Spain. ...

See also

• First Italian War of Independence
• Third Italian War of Independence
• Expedition of the Thousand
• Risorgimento
• Battle of San Martino

The First Italian War of Independence was fought in 1848 between the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Austrian Empire. ... The Third Italian War of Independence was a conflict which paralleled the Austro-Prussian War, and was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Austrian Empire. ... Combatants Kingdom of Italy/Kingdom of Sardinia Aid by United Kingdom Second French Empire Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Commanders Giuseppe Garibaldi Nino Bixio Enrico Cialdini Francis II of the Two Sicilies Ferdinando Lanza Giosuè Ritucci Pietro Carlo Maria Vial de Maton A photograph of Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1860. ... Italian unification, also known as Risorgimento (resurrection), was a historical process by which the Kingdom of Sardinia (ruled by the Savoy dynasty with Turin as its capital) gradually conquered the Italian peninsula, including the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Duchy of Modena, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy... The 15th Century Battle of San Martino in Italy was part of an ongoing conflict between two city states, the Venetians under Berterelli and the Florentines under Giovanni, in 1482. ...

References