For the article on tobacco smoking, see here; For the main health effects of tobacco smoking, see here: Various smoking equipment including different pipes, and cigars. ... For the article on tobacco smoking, see here; for the article on passive smoking, see here. ...

Second-hand Smoke redirects here, for the Sublime album, see Second-hand Smoke (album) Sublime was a garage punk, ska band from Long Beach, California, playing a mix of reggae and dub, ska, punk, and hip hop. ... Second-hand Smoke is an album by the band Sublime. ...

Passive smoking (also known as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), involuntary smoking or secondhand smoke) occurs when the exhaled and ambient smoke from one person's cigarette is inhaled by other people. Fritz Lickint was the first to use the German term passives rauchen (passive smoking) in 1939, while working for Hitler’s anti-tobacco league. In his 1200 page book Tabak und Organismus (Tobacco and the Organism) he describes numerous diseases. He knew already that tar was more hazardous than nicotine. From 1938, anti-smoking regulations began to be implemented by the Nazi regime in Germany. ^[1] A cigarette will burn to ash on one end. ... â–¶ (help· info) (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945) was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 and Führer (Leader) of Germany from 1934 to his death. ... This article is about the black liquid. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ...

Some controversy has attended efforts to estimate the specific risk of lung cancer related to passive smoking. In 1993, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a report ^[2] estimating that 3,000 lung cancer related deaths in the US were caused by passive smoking every year. 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... The mission of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is to protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment: air, water, and land. ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations by or about: United States Wikinews has news related to this article: United States United States government CIA World Factbook Entry for United States House. ...

In 1998 Judge William Osteen, a former tobacco lobbyist, vacated the study - declaring it null and void after extensively commentating on the shoddy way it was conducted. ^[3] The Alexis de Tocqueville Institution, S. Fred Singer, and others aggressively attacked the EPA study as "junk science". In 2002, Judge Osteen's 1998 decision was overturned by the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals. ^[4] The Alexis de Tocqueville Institution (AdTI) (not Institute) is a Washington, DC-based think-tank, named after the French historian Alexis de Tocqueville. ... Siegfried Frederick Singer (born September 27, 1924) was an atmospheric physicist. ... Junk or bunk science is a pejorative term used to derogate purportedly scientific data, research, analyses or claims which are driven by perceived political, financial or other questionable motives. ... 2002 (MMII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In 2002, a group of 29 experts from 12 countries convened by the Monographs Programme of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the World Health Organization (WHO) reviewed all significant published evidence related to tobacco smoking and cancer. It concluded its evaluation of the carcinogenic risks associated with involuntary smoking, with second-hand smoke also being classified as carcinogenic to humans.^[5] An earlier WHO epidemiology study also found "weak evidence of a dose-response relationship between risk of lung cancer and exposure to spousal and workplace ETS" ^[6]. The fact that the evidence was described as "weak" has been interpreted by the tobacco industry and its supporters as evidence that the ETS-lung cancer link has been "disproven". More precisely, the "weakness" of the evidence stems from the fact that the risk of ETS for individuals is small relative to the very high risk of actually smoking, making it more difficult to quantify through epidemiology. In addition to epidemiology, moreover, several other types of scientific evidence (including animal experiments, chemical constituent analysis of ETS, and human metabolic studies) support the WHO and EPA conclusions. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, or CIRC in its French acronym) is an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health Organisation of the United Nations. ... WHO emblem The World Health Organization (WHO) is an agency of the United Nations, acting as a coordinating authority on international public health, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. ... Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease in human populations (Rothman and Greenland), and the application of this study to control health problems (Last 2001). ...

Most experts believe that moderate, occasional exposure to secondhand smoke presents a low cancer risk to nonsmokers, but the risk is more likely to be significant if non-smokers work in an environment where cigarette smoke is prevalent. ^[7] For this reason, many countries (such as Ireland) and jurisdictions (like New York State) now prohibit smoking in public buildings as well as private businesses such as restraunts and clubs. Many office buildings contain specially ventilated smoking areas; some are required by law to provide them. State nickname: Empire State Other U.S. States Capital Albany Largest city New York Governor George Pataki Official languages None Area 141,205 km² (27th)  - Land 122,409 km²  - Water 18,795 km² (13. ... Smoking bans are government prohibitions or voluntary bans decided by establishment management on tobacco smoking in public or quasi-public indoor areas such as offices, restaurants, hotels, or even outdoor public areas such as parks and sports stadiums. ... Law (from the Old Norse lagu) in politics and jurisprudence, is a set of rules or norms of conduct which mandate, proscribe or permit specified relationships among people and organizations, intended to provide methods for ensuring the impartial treatment of such people, and provide punishments of/for those who do...

While the cancer risk of occasional exposure is low, there are several recent studies showing more immediate cardiovascular risk to exposure over as little as 30 minutes. This is particularly worrisome for those with compromised cardiovascular health, but even in healthy populations short-term exposure has rapid effects. However, some recent analyses cast doubts on whether these findings are valid.

Effects on pets

A study conducted by the Tufts' School of Veterinary Medicine and the University of Massachusetts revealed that a cat living with a smoker is two times more likely to get feline lymphoma than one that's not. After five years living with a smoker, that rate increases to three times as likely. And, when there are two smokers in the home, the chances of getting feline lymphoma increases to four times as likely. Trinomial name Felis silvestris catus (Linnaeus, 1758) This article is about the domestic cat. ... Lymphoma is a general term for a variety of cancer that begins in the lymphatic system. ...

This indicates that the risk of developing cancer from second-hand smoke may be greater for cats than for humans, including children. One possible reason is that the cat receives the cancer-causing agents both by inhaling and by grooming.

A study by Colorado State University found that a dog that has exposure to a smoker in the home is 1.6 times more likely to develop lung cancer than a dog that is not exposed to a smoker. The study also found that skull shape had an effect on the estimated risk of lung cancer in dogs. Dogs with long noses (like German Shepherd Dogs) have a higher risk for nasal cancer and dogs with short noses (like Pugs) have a higher risk for lung cancer. This is because, in theory, a dog with a long nose has an extra filtering system in its nose, so it is more likely to develop nasal cancers, but because of this extra filtering system, tobacco smoke is less likely to reach its lungs and cause cancer there. Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris (Linnaeus, 1758) The dog is a canine mammal of the Order Carnivora. ... The incidence of lung cancer is highly correlated with smoking. ... Country of origin Germany Classification and breed standards The German Shepherd Dog (known also as the Alsatian or Schäfer (hund) is an intelligent breed of dog. ... The Pug is a small but robust toy dog breed with a compressed, wrinkly face. ...

About the anti-smoking movement

• A critical view on the anti-tobacco movement An insider's blog

External Links

• How dangerous is passive smoking?

Notes

1. ^  Für NS-Propaganda war Rauchen "Relikt der liberalen Lebensweise". URL accessed on 2005-12-18.
2. ^  http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/eimscomm.getfile?p_download_id=36793. URL accessed on 2005-12-18.
3. ^  http://www.junkscience.com/news2/osteen.htm. URL accessed on 2005-12-18.
4. ^  http://pacer.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinion.pdf/982407.P.pdf. URL accessed on 2005-12-18.
5. ^  http://monographs.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol83/02-involuntary.html. URL accessed on 2005-12-18.
6. ^  Cancer Spectrum: Boffetta et al., pp. 1440-1450.. URL accessed on 2005-12-18.
7. ^  Entrez PubMed. URL accessed on 2005-12-18.