NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Secular Jewish culture

Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena; above all, it is the culture of secular communities of Jewish people, but it can also include the cultural contributions of individuals who identify as secular Jews, or even those of religious Jews working in cultural areas not generally considered to be connected to religion. For other uses, see Culture (disambiguation). ... Secularity (adjective form secular) is the state of being separate from organized religion. ... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ...

The word secular in secular Jewish culture, therefore, refers not to the type of Jew but rather to the type of culture. For example, religiously observant Orthodox Jews who write literature and music or produce films with non-religious themes are participating in secular Jewish culture, even if they are not secular themselves. Orthodox Judaism is one of the three major branches of Judaism. ...

However, the Jewish people is an ethnic and sociological rather than a religious grouping while, religiously, Judaism guides its adherents in both practice and belief so that it has been called not only a religion, but also a "way of life". This makes it difficult to draw a clear distinction between the cultural production of members of the Jewish people, and culture that is specifically Jewish. Furthermore, not all individuals or all cultural phenomena can be easily classified as either "secular" or "religious", a distinction native to European Enlightenment thinking and foreign to most of the history of the Jews outside Europe. The word Jew (Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or a member of the Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

In many times and places, such as in the ancient Hellenic world, in Europe before and after the Enlightenment, and in the contemporary United States and Israel, cultural phenomena have developed that are in some sense characteristically Jewish without being at all specifically religious. Some factors in this come from within Judaism, others from the interaction of Jews with others around them, and others from the inner social and cultural dynamics of the community, as opposed to religion itself. The term ancient Greece refers to the periods of Greek history in Classical Antiquity, lasting ca. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... The Enlightenment (French: ; German: ; Italian: ; Portuguese: ) was an eighteenth century movement in European and American philosophy â€” some classifications also include 17th century philosophy (usually called the Age of Reason). ...

Origins of secular Jewish culture

For at least 2,000 years, there has not been a unity of Jewish culture. Jews during this period were always geographically dispersed (see Jewish diaspora), so that by the 19th century the Ashkenazi Jews were mainly in Europe, especially Eastern Europe; the Sephardi Jews were largely spread among various communities in North Africa, Turkey, and various smaller communities in a diverse range of other locations; Mizrahi Jews were primarily spread around the Arab world; and other populations of Jews were scattered in such places as Ethiopia the Caucasus, and India. (See Jewish ethnic divisions.) (Jews are always right) The Jewish diaspora (Hebrew: Tefutzah, scattered, or Galut ×’×œ×•×ª, exile, Yiddish: tfutses), the Jewish presence outside of the Land of Israel is a result of the expulsion of the Jewish people out of their land, during the destruction of the First Temple, Second Temple and after the Bar Kokhba revolt. ... Language(s) Yiddish, Hebrew, Russian, English Religion(s) Judaism Related ethnic groups Sephardi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, and other Jewish ethnic divisions Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (Standard Hebrew: sing. ... Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ... Language(s) Hebrew, Ladino, JudÃ¦o-Portuguese, Catalanic, Shuadit, local languages Religion(s) Judaism Related ethnic groups Ashkenazi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, other Jewish ethnic divisions, Arabs, Spaniards, Portuguese. ... Languages Hebrew, Dzhidi, JudÃ¦o-Arabic, Gruzinic, Bukhori, Judeo-Berber, Juhuri and JudÃ¦o-Aramaic Religions Judaism Related ethnic groups Ashkenazi Jews, Sephardi Jews, other Jewish ethnic divisions and Arabs. ... Arab States redirects here. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... Jewish ethnic divisions refers to a number of distinct Jewish communities within the worlds ethnically Jewish population. ...

Although there was a high degree of communication and traffic between these communities — many Sephardic exiles blended into the Central European Ashkenazi community following the Spanish Inquisition; many Ashkenazim migrated to the Middle East, giving rise to the characteristic Syrian-Jewish family name "Ashkenazi"; Iraqi-Jewish traders formed a distinct Jewish community in India; and so forth — many of these populations were cut off to some degree from the surrounding cultures by ghettoization, by Muslim laws of dhimma, and other circumstances. This article is about one of the historical Inquisitions. ... For the rapper, see Ghetto (rapper). ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... This article is about dhimmi in the context of Islamic law. ...

By 1931, shortly before the Holocaust, 92% of the world's Jewish population was Ashkenazi in origin, including the vast majority of European and of English-speaking Jews. Moreover, secularism as a concept was largely a European idea, and a series of movements in Europe militated for a new, heretofore unheard-of concept called "secular Judaism". For these reasons, much of what is thought of by English-speakers and, to a lesser extent, by non-English-speaking Europeans as "secular Jewish culture" is, in essence, the Jewish culture of Central and Eastern Europe, and its subsequent development in North America. For other uses, see Holocaust (disambiguation) and Shoah (disambiguation). ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ...

Medieval Jewish communities in Eastern Europe continued to display distinct cultural traits over the centuries. Despite the universalist leanings of the Enlightenment (and its echo within Judaism in the Haskalah movement), many Yiddish-speaking Jews in Eastern Europe continued to see themselves as forming a distinct national group — " 'am yehudi", from the Biblical Hebrew — but, adapting this idea to European Enlightenment values, they assimilated the concept as that of an ethnic group whose identity did not depend on religion, which under Enlightenment thinking fell under a separate category. The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ... The Enlightenment (French: ; German: ; Italian: ; Portuguese: ) was an eighteenth century movement in European and American philosophy â€” some classifications also include 17th century philosophy (usually called the Age of Reason). ... Haskalah (Hebrew: ×”×©×›×œ×”; enlightenment, education from sekhel intellect, mind ), the Jewish Enlightenment, was a movement among European Jews in the late 18th century that advocated adopting enlightenment values, pressing for better integration into European society, and increasing education in secular studies, Hebrew, and Jewish history. ... Yiddish (ייִדיש, Jiddisch) is a Germanic language spoken by about four million Jews throughout the world. ...

Constanin Măciucă writes of "a differentiated but not isolated Jewish spirit" permeating the culture of Yiddish-speaking Jews. This was only intensified as the rise of Romanticism amplified the sense of national identity across Europe generally. Thus, for example, Bund members — that is, members of the General Jewish Labor Union in the late 19th and early 20th centuries — were generally non-religious, and one of the historical leaders of the Bund was the child of converts to Christianity, though not a practising or believing Christian himself. Romantics redirects here. ... EugÃ¨ne Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ... A Bundist demonstration, 1917 The General Jewish Labour Union of Lithuania, Poland and Russia, in Yiddish the Algemeyner Yidisher Arbeter Bund in Lite, Poyln un Rusland (×Ö·×œ×’×ž×²Ö·× ×¢×¨ ×²×“×™×©×¢×¨ ×Ö·×¨×‘×²×˜×¢×¨×¡×‘×•× ×“ ××™×Ÿ ×œ×™×˜×Ö·, ×¤×•×™×œ×™×Ÿ ××•×Ÿ ×¨×•×¡×œ×Ö·× ×“), generally called The Bund (×‘×•× ×“) or the Jewish Labor Bund, was a Jewish political party operating in several European countries between the 1890s and the... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Â· Other religions Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Luther Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury Â· Catholic Pope Coptic Pope Â· Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: Christianity is...

The Haskalah combined with the Jewish Emancipation movement under way in Central and Western Europe to create an opportunity for Jews to enter secular society. At the same time, pogroms in Eastern Europe provoked a surge of migration, in large part to the United States, where some 2 million Jewish immigrants resettled between 1880 and 1920. During the 1940s, the Holocaust uprooted and destroyed most of the European Jewish population. This, in combination with the creation of the State of Israel and the consequent Jewish exodus from Arab lands, resulted in a further geographic shift. Haskalah (Hebrew: ×”×©×›×œ×”; enlightenment, education from sekhel intellect, mind ), the Jewish Enlightenment, was a movement among European Jews in the late 18th century that advocated adopting enlightenment values, pressing for better integration into European society, and increasing education in secular studies, Hebrew, and Jewish history. ... Dates of Jewish emancipation. ... Pogrom (from Russian: ; from Ð³Ñ€Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ñ‚ÑŒ IPA: - to wreak havoc, to demolish violently) is a form of riot directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious or other, and characterized by destruction of their homes, businesses and religious centres. ... The 1940s decade ran from 1940 to 1949. ... This article describes the history of the modern State of Israel, from its Independence Proclamation in 1948 to the present. ... The Jewish exodus from Arab lands refers to the 20th century expulsion and emigration of Jews, primarily of Sephardi and Mizrahi background, from majority Arab lands. ...

Defining secular culture among those who practice traditional Judaism is difficult, because the entire culture is, by definition, entwined with religious traditions: the idea of separate ethnic and religious identity is foreign to the Hebrew tradition of an " 'am yisrael". (This is particularly true for Orthodox Judaism.) Gary Tobin, head of the Institute for Jewish and Community Research, said of traditional Jewish culture: Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonised in the Talmudic texts (Oral Torah) and as subsequently developed and applied by the later authorities known as the Gaonim, Rishonim, and Acharonim. ...

Yaakov Malkin, Professor of Aesthetics and Rhetoric at Tel Aviv University and the founder and academic director of Meitar College for Judaism as Culture[2] in Jerusalem, writes: The Engineering Faculty Boulevard The Smolarz Auditorium Tel Aviv University (TAU, ××•× ×™×‘×¨×¡×™×˜×ª ×ª×œ ××‘×™×‘, ××ª×) is one of Israels major universities. ...

Today, in North America, the secular and cultural Jewish movements are divided into three umbrella organizations: the Society for Humanistic Judaism (SHJ), the Congress of Secular Jewish Organizations (CSJO), and Workmen's Circle. Movement of Humanistic Judaism founded by Rabbi Sherwin Wine. ... The Workmens Circle Logo The Arbeter Ring (×Ö·×¨×‘×¢×˜×¢×¨Ö¾×¨×™× ×’) (Workmenâ€™s Circle) is a Yiddish language-oriented American Jewish fraternal organization loosely connected to the Humanistic Judaism movement. ...

Languages

Literary and theatrical expressions of secular Jewish culture may be in specifically Jewish languages such as Hebrew, Yiddish or Ladino, or it may be in the language of the surrounding cultures, such as English or German. Secular literature and theater in Yiddish largely began in the 19th century and was in decline by the middle of the 20th century. The revival of Hebrew beyond its use in the liturgy is largely an early 20th-century phenomenon, and is closely associated with Zionism. Generally, whether a Jewish community will speak a Jewish or non-Jewish language as its main vehicle of discourse is dependent on how isolated or assimilated that community is. For example, the Jews in the shtetls of Poland and the Lower East Side of New York (during the early 20th century) spoke Yiddish at most times, while assimilated Jews in Germany during the 19th century or the United States today would or do speak German or English in general. The Jewish languages are a set of languages that developed in various Jewish communities, in Europe, southern and south-western Asia, and northern Africa. ... Hebrew redirects here. ... Yiddish (Yid. ... Not to be confused with Ladin. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... This article is about Zionism as a movement, not the History of Israel. ... Discourse is a term used in semantics as in discourse analysis, but it also refers to a social conception of discourse, often linked with the work of French philosopher Michel Foucault (1926-1984) and JÃ¼rgen Habermas The Theory of Communicative Action (1985). ... A shtetl or shtetele (little town/city in Yiddish) was typically a small town or village with a large Jewish population in pre-Holocaust Central Europe and Eastern Europe. ... Categories: Manhattan neighborhoods | Stub ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... Yiddish (ייִדיש, Jiddisch) is a Germanic language spoken by about four million Jews throughout the world. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Politics and morals

Even in religious Judaism there is much room for a range of political or moral views; this is only more so for secular Jews. However, even Jewish secular culture is often strongly influenced by moral beliefs deriving from Jewish scripture and tradition. In recent centuries, Jews in Europe and the Americas have traditionally tended towards the political left, and played key roles in the birth of the labor movement as well as socialism. While Diaspora Jews have also been represented in the conservative side of the political spectrum, even politically conservative Jews have tended to support pluralism more consistently than many other elements of the political right. Some scholars^[3] attribute this to the fact that Jews are not expected to proselytize, and as a result do not expect a single world-state, which differs from the beliefs of many religions, such as the Roman Catholic and Islamic traditions; rather, since in Jewish theology the religions of most nations are respected, there was never any perceived reason to convert others. This lack of a universalizing religion is combined with the fact that most Jews live as minorities in their countries, and that no central Jewish religious authority has existed for over 2,000 years. (See also list of Jews in politics, which illustrates the diversity of Jewish political thought and of the roles Jews have played in politics.) 1917 This image is in the public domain in the United States and possibly other jurisdictions. ... A Bundist demonstration, 1917 The General Jewish Labour Union of Lithuania, Poland and Russia, in Yiddish the Algemeyner Yidisher Arbeter Bund in Lite, Poyln un Rusland (×Ö·×œ×’×ž×²Ö·× ×¢×¨ ×²×“×™×©×¢×¨ ×Ö·×¨×‘×²×˜×¢×¨×¡×‘×•× ×“ ××™×Ÿ ×œ×™×˜×Ö·, ×¤×•×™×œ×™×Ÿ ××•×Ÿ ×¨×•×¡×œ×Ö·× ×“), generally called The Bund (×‘×•× ×“) or the Jewish Labor Bund, was a Jewish political party operating in several European countries between the 1890s and the... Jewish political movements refer to the organized efforts of Jews to build their own political parties or otherwise represent their interest in politics outside of the Jewish community. ... Left wing redirects here. ... The labor movement (or labour movement) is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better treatment from their employers and political governments. ... Socialism is a broad array of ideologies and political movements with the goal of a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community for the purposes of increasing social and economic equality and cooperation. ... Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favor tradition and gradual change, where tradition refers to religious, cultural, or nationally defined beliefs and customs. ... This article deals with Jewish views of religious pluralism. ... â€œRight wingâ€ redirects here. ... For other uses, see Missionary (disambiguation). ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... The Rainbow is the ancient symbol of the Noahide Movement reminiscing the seven coloured rainbow that appeared after the Great Flood of the Bible. ... This page is a list of Jews. ...

"Jewish" professions

Typically, Jews were an agricultural people, comprised mostly of farmers.^{[citation needed]} In fact, farming provides the source of much Jewish culture today,^{[citation needed]} and was revived during the restoration of Zionism at the beginning of the nineteenth century. However, in the Middle Ages, European laws prevented Jews from owning land and gave them powerful incentive to go into other professions that Europeans were not wiling to do. As a result, in the modern world, some professions have traditionally been considered particularly "Jewish." These include banking and finance, law, medicine, science, and academia. See also Court Jew. This article is about Zionism as a movement, not the History of Israel. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Court Jew (from German: Hofjude(n), Hoffaktor) is a term for historical Jewish bankers or businessmen who lent money and handled finances of some of the Christian European noble houses. ...

Banking and finance

In most of Europe up until the late 18th century, and in some places to an even later date, Jews were prohibited by Roman Catholic governments (and others) from owning land. On the other hand, the Church, because of a number of Bible verses forbidding usury, declared that charging any interest was against the divine law, and this prevented any mercantile use of capital by pious Christians. As the Canon law did not apply to Jews, they were not liable to the ecclesiastical punishments which were placed upon usurers by the popes. Christian rulers gradually saw the advantage of having a class of men like the Jews who could supply capital for their use without being liable to excommunication, and the money trade of western Europe by this means fell into the hands of the Jews. However, in almost every instance where large amounts were acquired by Jews through banking transactions the property thus acquired fell either during their life or upon their death into the hands of the king. This happened to Aaron of Lincoln in England, Ezmel de Ablitas in Navarre, Heliot de Vesoul in Provence, Benveniste de Porta in Aragon, etc. It was for this reason indeed that the kings supported the Jews, and even objected to their becoming Christians, because in that case they could not have forced from them money won by usury. Thus both in England and in France the kings demanded to be compensated for every Jew converted. The result was the stereotypical Jewish role as bankers and merchants. This is a list of Jewish American Businesspeople. ... Look up usury in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other senses of this word, see interest (disambiguation). ... Capital has a number of related meanings in economics, finance and accounting. ... Canon Law is the ecclesiastical law of the Roman Catholic Church. ... Look up usury in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Wycliffe Tyndale Â· Luther Â· Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Pope Â· Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box: The Pope (from Latin... Excommunication is a religious censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community. ... This article incorporates text from the public domain 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Aaron of Lincoln, English financier; born at Lincoln, England, about 1125; died 1186. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... This article incorporates text from the public domain 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Son of Don Juceph; born in the village of Ablitas, near Tudela, from which place he derived his name; died in 1342. ... â€œNavarraâ€ redirects here. ... Coat of arms of Provence Provence (ProvenÃ§al Occitan: ProvenÃ§a in classical norm or ProuvÃ¨nÃ§o in Mistralian norm) was a Roman province and now is a region of southeastern France on the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to Italy. ... This article incorporates text from the public domain 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Benevistse de Porta (1200s), Jewish Bailie (bayle) of Barcelona, Spain, and brother of Naḥmanides (whose secular name was Bon Astruc de Porta; see Grätz, Gesch. ... Capital Zaragoza Official language(s) Spanish Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th 47,719 kmÂ² 9. ...

Medicine, science, and academia

Also, the strong Jewish tradition of religious scholarship often left Jews well prepared for secular scholarship, although in some times and places this was countered by Jews being banned from studying at universities, or admitted only in limited numbers (see Jewish quota). In medieval and early modern times, Jews were disproportionately represented among court physicians. Even into recent times Jews were little represented in the land-holding classes, but far better represented in academia, the learned professions, finance and commerce. The strong representation of Jews in science and academia is represented in the fact that at least 167 Jews and persons of half-Jewish ancestry have been awarded the Nobel Prize, accounting for 22% of all individual recipients worldwide between 1901 and 2004. In addition, of TIME magazine's 100 most influential people of the 20th century, fourteen persons listed are either of Jewish ancestry or have converted to Judaism. For the community in Florida, see University, Florida. ... Jewish quota was a percentage that limited the number of Jews in various establishments. ... Half-Jewish is a controversial term, describing people who have only a single Jewish parent. ... The Nobel Prize (Swedish: ) was established in Alfred Nobels will in 1895, and it was first awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace in 1901. ... â€œTIMEâ€ redirects here. ...

Literary and artistic culture

In some places where there have been relatively high concentrations of Jews, distinct secular Jewish subcultures have arisen. For example, ethnic Jews formed an enormous proportion of the literary and artistic life of Vienna, Austria at the end of the 19th century, or of New York City 50 years later (and Los Angeles in the mid-late 20th century), and for the most part these were not particularly religious people. In general, however, Jewish artistic culture in various periods reflected the culture in which they lived. For other uses, see Vienna (disambiguation). ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area City 1,290. ...

Literature

Jewish authors have both created a unique Jewish literature and contributed to the national literatures of many of the countries in which they live. Though not strictly secular, the Yiddish works of authors like Sholem Aleichem (whose collected works amounted to 28 volumes) and Isaac Bashevis Singer (winner of the 1978 Nobel Prize), form their own canon, focusing on the Jewish experience in both Eastern Europe, and in America. In the United States, Jewish writers like Philip Roth, Saul Bellow, and many others are considered among the greatest American authors, and incorporate a distinctly secular Jewish view into many of their works. The poetry of Allen Ginsberg often touches on Jewish themes (notably the early autobiographical works such as Howl and Kaddish). Other famous Jewish authors that made contributions to world literature include Heinrich Heine, German poet, Isaac Babel, Russian author, and Franz Kafka, of Prague. Yiddish literature encompasses all belles lettres written in Yiddish, the language of Ashkenazic Jewry which is related to Middle High German. ... Not to be confused with Ladin. ... Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena; above all, it is the culture of secular communities of Jewish people, but it can also include the cultural contributions of individuals who identify as secular Jews, or even those of religious Jews working in cultural areas not generally considered to be connected... Jewish American literature holds an essential place in the literary history of the United States. ... English Jewish Literature: (This page is part of the History of the Jews in England) Contents // Categories: Stub | Jewish English history | English literature ... // Poets and Lyric Writers Danny Abse, British poet Al Alvarez, British poet David Avidan, Israeli poet Joseph Brodsky, Soviet-born poet, Nobel laureate Bryher, British poet (probably Jewish father) Jan Brzechwa, Polish poet Paul Celan, German poet, Holocaust survivor Ivor Cutler, British poet, humorist, musician Nissim Ezekiel, Indian poet, playwright... Sholom Aleichem Sholom (Sholem) Aleichem (February 18 (O.S.) = March 2 (N.S.), 1859 - May 13, 1916) was a popular humorist and author of Yiddish literature, including novels, short stories, and plays. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Philip Milton Roth (born March 19, 1933, Newark, New Jersey[1]) is a famous American novelist. ... Saul Bellow, born Solomon Bellows, (Lachine, Quebec, Canada, June 10, 1915 â€“ April 5, 2005 in Brookline, Massachusetts) was an acclaimed Canadian-born American writer. ... Irwin Allen Ginsberg (IPA: ) (June 3, 1926 â€“ April 5, 1997) was an American poet. ... Howl and Other Poems was published in the fall of 1956 as number four in the Pocket Poets Series from City Lights Books This article is about the poem by Allen Ginsberg. ... Kaddish is a poem by Beat writer Allen Ginsberg about the death of his mother Naomi in 1956. ... Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (December 13, 1797 â€“ February 17, 1856) was a journalist, an essayist, and one of the most significant German romantic poets. ... Isaac Emmanuilovich Babel, Russian: Ð˜ÑÐ°Ð°Ðº ÐÐ¼Ð¼Ð°Ð½ÑƒÐ¸Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð‘Ð°Ð±ÐµÐ»ÑŒ (13 July [O.S. 1 July] 1894 â€“ January 27, 1940) was a Soviet journalist, playwright, and short story writer. ... Kafka redirects here. ...

In "Modern Judaism An Oxford Guide," Yaakov Malkin, Professor of Aesthetics and Rhetoric at Tel Aviv University and the founder and academic director of Meitar College for Judaism as Culture in Jerusalem, writes: The Engineering Faculty Boulevard The Smolarz Auditorium Tel Aviv University (TAU, ××•× ×™×‘×¨×¡×™×˜×ª ×ª×œ ××‘×™×‘, ××ª×) is one of Israels major universities. ...

Theatre

Yiddish theatre

The Ukrainian Jew Abraham Goldfaden founded the first professional Yiddish-language theatre troupe in Iaşi, Romania in 1876. The next year, his troupe achieved enormous success in Bucharest. Within a decade, Goldfaden and others brought Yiddish theater to Ukraine, Russia, Poland, Germany, New York City, and other cities with significant Ashkenazic populations. Between 1890 and 1940, over a dozen Yiddish theatre groups existed in New York City alone, performing original plays, musicals, and Yiddish translations of theatrical works and opera. Perhaps the most famous of Yiddish-language plays is The Dybbuk (1919) by S. Ansky. Yiddish theatre consists of plays written and performed primarily by Jews in Yiddish, the language of the Eastern European Ashkenazaic Jewish community. ... Abraham Goldfaden Abraham Goldfaden (July 24, 1840 – January 9, 1908), born Abraham Goldenfoden (first name alternately Avram, Avron, Avrohom, Avrom, or Avrum, last name alternately Goldfadn; the Romanian spelling Avram Goldfaden is common) was a Russian-born Jewish poet and playwright, author of some 40 plays. ... Yiddish (Yid. ... County Status Municipality Mayor Gheorghe Nichita, Social Democratic Party, since 2003 Area 93. ... Nickname: Motto: Patria si Dreptul Meu (My Country and My Right) Location of Bucharest within Romania (in red) Coordinates: , Country County Founded 1459 (first official record) Government - Mayor Adriean Videanu Area - City 228 kmÂ² (88 sq mi) - Metro 238 kmÂ² (91. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (×Ö·×©×Ö°×›Ö¼Ö²× Ö¸×–Ö´×™ ×Ö·×©×Ö°×›Ö¼Ö²× Ö¸×–Ö´×™× Standard Hebrew, AÅ¡kanazi,AÅ¡kanazim, Tiberian Hebrew, Ê¾AÅ¡kÄƒnÄzÃ®, Ê¾AÅ¡kÄƒnÄzÃ®m, pronounced sing. ... For other uses, see Play (disambiguation). ... The Black Crook (1866), considered by some historians to be the first musical[1] Musical theatre is a form of theatre combining music, songs, spoken dialogue and dance. ... For other uses, see Opera (disambiguation). ... For information on the creature from Jewish folklore, see dybbuk. ... Shloyme Zanvl Rappoport (1863–1920), better known by the pseudonym S. Ansky, was a scholar who documented Jewish folklore and mystical beliefs. ...

Yiddish theater in New York in the early 20th Century rivalled English-language theater in quantity and often surpassed it in quality. A 1925 New York Times article remarks, "…Yiddish theater… is now a stable American institution and no longer dependent on immigration from Eastern Europe. People who can neither speak nor write Yiddish attend Yiddish stage performances and pay Broadway prices on Second Avenue." This article also mentions other aspects of a New York Jewish cultural life "in full flower" at that time, among them the fact that the extensive New York Yiddish-language press of the time included seven daily newspapers.^[5] The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... For other uses of Broadway, see Broadway. ... Looking south on Second Avenue from 85th Street, May 2005 Second Avenue is an avenue on the East Side of Manhattan in New York City that extends from Houston Street to the Harlem River Drive. ...

In fact, however, the next generation of American Jews spoke mainly English to the exclusion of Yiddish; they brought the artistic energy of Yiddish theater into the American theatrical mainstream, but usually in a less specifically Jewish form.

Yiddish theater, most notably Moscow State Jewish Theater directed by Solomon Mikhoels, also played a prominent role in the arts scene of the Soviet Union until Stalin's 1948 reversal in government policy toward the Jews. (See Rootless cosmopolitan, Night of the Murdered Poets) The Moscow State Jewish Theater, Russian language: ÐœÐ¾ÑÐºÐ¾Ð²ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð“Ð¾ÑÑƒÐ´Ð°Ñ€ÑÑ‚Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ‹Ð¹ Ð•Ð²Ñ€ÐµÐ¹ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð¢ÐµÐ°Ñ‚Ñ€, also known by its acronym GOSET: Ð“ÐžÐ¡Ð•Ð¢) was a Yiddish theater company established in 1919 and shut down in 1948 by the Soviet authorities. ... Young Mikhoels Solomon Mikhoels (real surname - Vovsi), Yiddish: ; Russian: (16 March [O.S. 4 March] 1890 - January 12/13, 1948) was a Soviet Jewish actor and director in Yiddish theater and the chairman of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee. ... Rootless cosmopolitan (Russian language: Ð±ÐµÐ·Ñ€Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ‹Ð¹ ÐºÐ¾ÑÐ¼Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ‚, bezrodniy kosmopolit) was a Soviet euphemism during Joseph Stalins campaign of 1949â€“1953, which culminated in the exposure of the alleged Doctors plot. ... The Night of the Murdered Poets (Russian: ) refers to the night of 12 to 13 August 1952, when thirteen of the most prominent Yiddish writers, poets, artists, musicians and actors of the Soviet Union were secretly executed on the orders from Josef Stalin in the basement of the Lubyanka prison...

Mentorship

Yiddish theatre fed into the mainstream of American stage and film acting: the method acting of Konstantin Stanislavski found its way to America through Jacob Adler; Adler's daughter Stella and son Luther were instrumental in the Group Theatre, two of whose three founders were also Jews. The list of Stella Adler's and Group Theatre founder Lee Strasberg's students, mostly Gentiles, reads like a Who's Who of American acting: Marlon Brando, Jill Clayburgh, James Dean, Robert DeNiro, Paul Newman, Jack Nicholson, Al Pacino, and Eva Marie Saint, to name just a few. Similarly, what Jewish composer John Kander calls an "interesting phenomenon that Broadway musical composers like Jerome Kern, George Gershwin and Marc Blitzstein are predominantly Jewish" comes from "the tradition established from New York's Yiddish theater."^[6] Method acting is an acting technique in which actors try to replicate real life emotional conditions under which the character operates, in an effort to create a life-like, realistic performance. ... A portrait of Konstantin Stanislavski by Valentin Serov. ... Categories: People stubs | Jewish film and theatre | 1855 births | 1926 deaths ... Stella Adler (February 10, 1901 â€“ December 21, 1992) was an American actress, and for decades was regarded as Americas foremost acting teacher. ... Luther Adler (May 4, 1903 â€“ December 8, 1984) was an American actor best known for his work in theater, but who also worked in film and television. ... The Group Theatre was a left-wing theater collective, formed in New York in 1931 by Harold Clurman, Cheryl Crawford and Lee Strasberg. ... Lee Strasberg (November 17, 1901 â€“ February 17, 1982) was an American director, actor, producer, and acting teacher. ... Marlon Brando, Jr. ... Jill Clayburgh (born April 30, 1944) is an American actress of stage, motion pictures, and television. ... For the film, see James Dean (film). ... Robert De Niro Robert De Niro, Jr. ... This article is about the American actor and race team owner. ... John Joseph Nicholson (born April 22, 1937), known as Jack Nicholson, is a three time Academy Award-winning American actor internationally renowned for his often dark-themed portrayals of neurotic characters. ... Alfredo James Pacino (born April 25, 1940) is an Academy, Golden Globe, Tony, BAFTA, Emmy, and SAG award winning American actor who is best known for playing the roles of Tony Montana in the 1983 film Scarface and Michael Corleone in The Godfather Trilogy . ... Eva Marie Saint (born July 4, 1924) is an Academy Award-winning American actress. ... John Harold Kander (born March 18, 1927 in Kansas City, Missouri) is the American composer of a series of musical theatre successes as part of the songwriting team of Kander and Ebb. ... The Black Crook (1866), considered by some historians to be the first musical[1] Musical theatre is a form of theatre combining music, songs, spoken dialogue and dance. ... Jerome David Kern (January 27, 1885 â€“ November 11, 1945) was an American composer of popular music. ... Gershwin redirects here. ... Marc Blitzstein (March 2, 1905 â€“ January 22, 1964) was an American composer. ... Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena; above all, it is the culture of secular communities of Jewish people, but it can also include the cultural contributions of individuals who identify as secular Jews, or even those of religious Jews working in cultural areas not generally considered to be connected...

American English-language theatre

Not only have "Jewish composers and lyricists always dominated Broadway musicals"^[7] in New York City, but they were instrumental in the creation and development of genre of musical theatre and earlier forms of theatrical entertainment, as well as contributing to non-musical theatre in the United States. According to University of Toronto English professor Andrea Most, This is a list of famous Jewish American musicians. ... This is a list of famous Jewish American entertainers. ... This is a list of famous Jewish American Playwrights. ... Image File history File links West_Side_Story_Poster. ... Image File history File links West_Side_Story_Poster. ... West Side Story is a 1961 film directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins. ... This article is about the musical. ... Leonard Bernstein in 1971 Leonard Bernstein (IPA pronunciation: )[1] (August 25, 1918 â€“ October 14, 1990) was an American conductor, composer, and pianist. ... Stephen Joshua Sondheim (b. ... Arthur Laurents (born July 14, 1918) is an American playwright, novelist, screenwriter, librettist and stage director. ... Jerome Robbins (October 11, 1918 - July 29, 1998) was an American choreographer whose work has included everything from classical ballet to contemporary musical theater. ... American Jews, or Jewish Americans, are American citizens who were born Jews or who have converted to Judaism. ... Musical theater (or theatre) is a form of theatre combining music, songs, dance, and spoken dialogue. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... A genre [], (French: kind or sort from Greek: Î³ÎÎ½Î¿Ï‚ (genos)) is a loose set of criteria for a category of literary composition; the term is also used for any other form of art or utterance. ... The Black Crook (1866), considered by some historians to be the first musical[1] Musical theatre is a form of theatre combining music, songs, spoken dialogue and dance. ... The University of Toronto (U of T) is a public research university in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Brandeis University Professor Stephen J. Whitfield has commented that "More so than behind the screen, the talent behind the stage was for over half a century virtually the monopoly of one ethnic group. That is... [a] feature which locates Broadway at the center of Jewish culture".^[10] New York University Professor Laurence Maslon says that "There would be no American musical without Jews… Their influence is corollary to the influence of black musicians on jazz; there were as many Jews involved in the form".^[11] Other writers, such as Jerome Caryn, have noted that musical theatre and other forms of American entertainment are uniquely indebted to the contributions of Jewish-Americans, since "there might not have been a modern Broadway without the "Asiatic horde" of comedians, gossip columnists, songwriters, and singers that grew out of the ghetto, whether it was on the Lower East Side, Harlem (a Jewish ghetto before it was a black one), Newark, or Washington, DC."^[12] Likewise, in the analysis of Aaron Kula, director of The Klezmer Company, Brandeis University is a private university located in Waltham, Massachusetts, United States. ... New York University (NYU) is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational research university in New York City. ... This is a list of famous Jewish American entertainers. ... This is a list of famous Jewish American entertainers. ... For the rapper, see Ghetto (rapper). ... Categories: Manhattan neighborhoods | Stub ... For other uses, see Harlem (disambiguation). ... Nickname: Map of Newark in Essex County Coordinates: , Country State County Essex Founded/Incorporated 1666/1836 Government - Mayor Cory Booker, term of office 2006â€“2010 Area [1] - Total 26. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United...

In the 19th and early 20th centuries the European operetta, a precursor the musical, often featured the work of Jewish composers such as Paul Abraham, Leo Ascher, Edmund Eysler, Leo Fall, Bruno Granichstaedten, Jacques Offenbach, Emmerich Kalman, Sigmund Romberg, Oscar Straus and Rudolf Friml; the latter four eventually moved to the United States and produced their works on the New York stage. One of the librettists for Bizet's Carmen (not an operetta proper but rather a work of the earlier opera comique form) was the Jewish Ludovic Halévy, niece of composer Fromental Halévy (Bizet himself was not Jewish but he married the elder Halevy's daughter, many have suspected that he was the descendant of Jewish converts to Christianity, and others have noticed Jewish-sounding intervals in his music.^[14]) The Viennese librettist Victor Leon summarized the connection of Jewish composers and writers with the form of operetta: "The audience for operetta wants to laugh beneath tears—and that is exactly what Jews have been doing for the last two thousand years since the destruction of Jerusalem".^[15] Another factor in the evolution of musical theatre was vaudeville, and during the early 20th century the form was explored and expanded by Jewish comedians and actors such as Jack Benny, Fanny Brice, Eddie Cantor, The Marx Brothers, Anna Held, Al Jolson, Molly Picon, Sophie Tucker and Ed Wynn. During the period when Broadway was monopolized by revues and similar entertainments, Jewish producer Florenz Ziegfeld dominated the theatrical scene with his Follies. Operetta is a genre of light opera, light in terms both of music and subject matter. ... Paul Abraham (PÃ¡l ÃbrahÃ¡m) (* November 2, 1892 in Apatin, (Hungary); â€ May 6, 1960 in Hamburg) was a composer of operettas. ... Operettas by composer: // Ralph Benatzky Im weissen RÃ¶ssl Leonard Bernstein Candide (1956) Paul Burkhard Hopsa (1935, revised 1957) Feuerwerk (Der schwarze Hecht) (1950) Rudolf Dellinger Don Cesar (1885) Noel Coward Bitter Sweet (1929) Anton Diabelli Adam in der Klemme Edmund Eysler Bruder Straubinger (1903) Die goldne Meisterin (1927... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Operettas by composer: // Ralph Benatzky Im weissen RÃ¶ssl Leonard Bernstein Candide (1956) Paul Burkhard Hopsa (1935, revised 1957) Feuerwerk (Der schwarze Hecht) (1950) Rudolf Dellinger Don Cesar (1885) Noel Coward Bitter Sweet (1929) Anton Diabelli Adam in der Klemme Edmund Eysler Bruder Straubinger (1903) Die goldne Meisterin (1927... Jacques Offenbach (20 June 1819 â€“ 5 October 1880) was a French composer and cellist of the Romantic era with German-Jewish descent and one of the originators of the operetta form. ... Emmerich KÃ¡lmÃ¡n (October 24, 1882 - October 30, 1953), also known as Imre KÃ¡lmÃ¡n, was a Hungarian composer of operettas. ... Sigmund Romberg (July 29, 1887 â€“ November 9, 1951) was an American composer best known for his operettas. ... Oscar Straus (6 March 1870 - 11 January 1954) was a Viennese composer of operettas. ... Rudolf Friml (December 7, 1879 - November 12, 1972) was a composer of operettas, musicals, songs, as well as a pianist. ... Antonio Ghislanzoni, nineteenth century Italian librettist. ... Georges Bizet Georges Bizet (October 25, 1838 â€“ June 3, 1875) was a French composer and pianist of the romantic era. ... For other uses, see Carmen (disambiguation). ... The Opéra-Comique is an opera house in Paris. ... Ludovic HalÃ©vy (January 1, 1834 - May 8, 1908), French author, was born in Paris. ... Jacques Fromental HalÃ©vy Jacques-FranÃ§ois-Fromental-Ã‰lie HalÃ©vy (May 27, 1799 - March 17, 1862) was a French composer. ... This article is about the musical variety theatre. ... Jack Benny (February 14, 1894 in Chicago, Illinois â€“ December 26, 1974 in Beverly Hills, California), born Benjamin Kubelsky, was an American comedian, vaudeville performer, and radio, television, and film actor. ... Early Ziegfeld Follies portrait of Fanny Brice Fanny Brice (October 29, 1891 â€“ May 29, 1951) was a popular and influential American comedian, singer, theatre and film actress and entertainer, remembered best for her many stage, radio and film appearances and her recordings. ... One of 12 Eddie Cantor caricatures by Frederick J. Garner for a 1933 Brown & Bigelow advertising card set. ... See Marx brothers (fencing) for the 16th century German brotherhood. ... Helene Anna Held (March 8, 1872 â€“ August 12, 1918) was a Polish-born stage performer, most often associated with impresario Florenz Ziegfeld, her common-law husband. ... Al Jolson was a highly acclaimed American singer, comedian and actor of Jewish heritage whose career lasted from 1911 until his death in 1950. ... Molly Picon Molly Picon was born Margaret Pyekoon in New York City on June 1, 1898. ... Sophie Tucker, 1917 Sophie Tucker (January 13, 1884 - February 9, 1966) was a singer and comedian, one of the most popular United States entertainers of the first third of the 20th century. ... Ed Wynn (November 9, 1886 - June 19, 1966) was a popular United States entertainer, born Isaiah Edwin Leopold in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ... A revue is a theatrical entertainment based around music with dancing and sketches or skits either on contemporary news or the venue or base of the theatre company concerned, such as college or medical school. ... Florenz Ziegfeld Jr. ... This article is about the Ziegfeld Follies Broadway shows . ...

By 1910 Jews (the vast majority of them immigrants from Eastern Europe) already composed a quarter of the population of New York City, and almost immediately Jewish artists and intellectuals began to show their influence on the cultural life of that city, and through time, the country as a whole. Likewise, while the modern musical can best be described as a fusion of operetta, earlier American entertainment and African-American culture and music, as well as Jewish culture and music, the actual authors of the first "book musicals" were the Jewish Jerome Kern, Oscar Hammerstein II, George and Ira Gershwin, George S. Kaufman and Morrie Ryskind. From that time until the 1980s a vast majority of successful musical theatre composers, lyricists, and book-writers were Jewish (a notable exception is the Protestant Cole Porter, who acknowledged that the reason he was so successful on Broadway was that he wrote what he called "Jewish music").^[16] Rodgers and Hammerstein, Frank Loesser, Lerner and Loewe, Stephen Sondheim, Leonard Bernstein, Stephen Schwartz, Kander and Ebb and dozens of others during the "Golden Age" of musical theatre were Jewish. Since the Tony Award for Best Original Score was instituted in 1947, approximately 70% of nominated scores and 60% of winning scores were by Jewish composers. Of successful British and French musical writers both in the West End and Broadway, Claude-Michel Schönberg and Lionel Bart are Jewish, among others. Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... Languages Predominantly American English Religions Protestantism (chiefly Baptist and Methodist); Roman Catholicism; Islam Related ethnic groups Sub-Saharan Africans and other African groups, some with Native American groups. ... Jerome David Kern (January 27, 1885 â€“ November 11, 1945) was an American composer of popular music. ... For work done with Richard Rodgers, see Rodgers and Hammerstein Oscar Hammerstein II (July 12, 1895 â€“ August 23, 1960) was a New-York born writer, producer, and (usually uncredited) director of musicals for almost forty years. ... Gershwin redirects here. ... Ira Gershwin (6 December 1896 â€“ 17 August 1983) was an American lyricist who collaborated with his younger brother, composer George Gershwin, to create some of the most memorable songs of the 20th century. ... George Simon Kaufman (November 16, 1889 - June 2, 1961) was an American playwright, director, producer, humorist, and drama critic noted for his many collaborations with other writers and his contributions to 20th century American comedy. ... Morrie Ryskind (born Morris Ryskind 20 October 1895 in New York City, New York, USA - 24 August 1985 in Washington, DC), was a Jewish-American Hollywood and Broadway writer, lyricist, and director. ... Cole Albert Porter (June 9, 1891 â€“ October 15, 1964) was an American composer and songwriter from Peru, Indiana. ... Rodgers (left) and Hammerstein (right), with Irving Berlin (middle) and Helen Tamiris, watching auditions at the St. ... Image:FrankLoesser1. ... Lerner and Loewe is a designation for the musical comedy writing team of lyricist and librettist Alan Jay Lerner and composer Frederick Loewe. ... Stephen Joshua Sondheim (b. ... Leonard Bernstein in 1971 Leonard Bernstein (IPA pronunciation: )[1] (August 25, 1918 â€“ October 14, 1990) was an American conductor, composer, and pianist. ... Stephen Lawrence Schwartz (born March 6, 1948) is an American musical theater lyricist and composer. ... Kander and Ebb is the songwriting team of composer John Kander, born March 18, 1927 and lyricist Fred Ebb (April 8, 1933 - September 11, 2004). ... Musical theater (or theatre) is a form of theatre combining music, songs, dance, and spoken dialogue. ... The Tony Award for Best Original Score is the Tony Award given to the composers and lyricists of the best original score written for a musical in that year. ... West End theatre is a popular term for mainstream professional theatre in London, England, or sometimes more specifically for shows staged in the large theatres of Londons Theatreland. Along with New Yorks Broadway theatre, West End theatre is usually considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre... Claude-Michel SchÃ¶nberg (born July 6, 1944 in Vannes, France) is a French record producer, actor, singer, popular songwriter, and musical theatre composer, best known for his collaborations with the librettist Alain Boublil. ... Lionel Bart (1930-1999) was a British composer of songs musicals, best known for Oliver! Bart was born Lionel Begleiter in London to Galician Jews, and grew up in Stepney. ...

One explanation of the affinity of Jewish composers and playwrights to the musical is that "traditional Jewish religious music was most often led by a single singer, a cantor while Christians emphasize choral singing."^[17] Many of these writers used the musical to explore issues relating to assimilation, the acceptance of the outsider in society, the racial situation in the United States, the overcoming of obstacles through perseverance, and other topics pertinent to Jewish Americans and Western Jews in general, often using subtle and disguised stories to get this point across.^[18] For example, Kern, Rodgers, Hammerstein, the Gershwins, Harold Arlen and Yip Harburg wrote musicals and operas aiming to normalize societal toleration of minorities and urging racial harmony; these works included Show Boat, Porgy and Bess, Finian's Rainbow, South Pacific and the The King and I. Towards the end of Golden Age, writers also began to openly and overtly tackle Jewish subjects and issues, such as Fiddler on the Roof and Rags; Bart's Blitz! also tackles relations between Jews and Gentiles. Jason Robert Brown and Alfred Uhry's Parade is a sensitive exploration of both anti-Semitism and historical American racism. The original concept that became West Side Story was set in the Lower East Side during Easter-Passover celebrations; the rival gangs were to be Jewish and Italian Catholic.^[19] Jewish music, the music of Jews, is quite diverse and dates back thousands of years. ... A hazzan or chazzan (Hebrew for cantor) is a Jewish musician trained in the vocal arts who helps lead the synagogue in songful prayer. ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Â· Other religions Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Luther Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury Â· Catholic Pope Coptic Pope Â· Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: Christianity is... Harold Arlen (February 15, 1905 â€“ April 23, 1986) was an American composer of popular music. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For films based on the musical, see Show Boat (film). ... The cast of Porgy and Bess during the Boston try-out prior to the Broadway opening. ... Finians Rainbow is a musical with a book by E.Y. Harburg and Fred Saidy, lyrics by Harburg, and music by Burton Lane. ... This article is about the stage musical. ... The King and I is a musical by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, with a script based on the book Anna and the King of Siam by Margaret Landon. ... For the film, see Fiddler on the Roof (film) Fiddler on the Roof is a well-known Tony Award-winning musical with music by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick, and book by Joseph Stein, set in Tsarist Russia in 1905. ... Rags is a musical with a book by Joseph Stein, lyrics by Stephen Schwartz, and music by Charles Strouse. ... BLITZ! Book by Lionel Bart and Joan Maitland Music and lyrics by Lionel Bart played in the Westend of London at the Adelphi Theatre starting 8th May 1962 and ran for 568 performances. ... Jason Robert Brown (born 1970 in Ossining, New York) is an American musical theater composer and lyricist. ... Alfred Fox Uhry (born December 3, 1936) is an American playwright best known for the play and screenplay of Driving Miss Daisy. ... Parade is a musical that opened on Broadway at the Vivian Beaumont Theater on December 17, 1998 with a book (musical theatre) book by Alfred Uhry and music and lyrics by Jason Robert Brown. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... This article is about the musical. ... Categories: Manhattan neighborhoods | Stub ...

The ranks of prominent Jewish producers, directors, designers and performers include Boris Aronson, David Belasco, Joel Grey, the Minskoff family, Zero Mostel, Joseph Papp, Mandy Patinkin, the Nederlander family, Harold Prince, Max Reinhardt, Jerome Robbins, the Shubert family and Julie Taymor. Jewish playwrights have also contributed to non-musical drama and theatre, both Broadway and regional. Edna Ferber, Moss Hart, Lillian Hellman, Arthur Miller and Neil Simon are only some of the prominent Jewish playwrights in American theatrical history. Approximately 21% of the plays and musicals that have won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama were written and composed by Jewish Americans. Boris Aronson (c. ... David Belasco, between 1898 and 1916. ... Joel Grey (born Joel Katz on April 11, 1932 in Cleveland, Ohio) is an American stage and screen actor, who graduated from Beverly Hills High School in Beverly Hills, California in 1950. ... Mostel in Sirocco (1951) Zero Mostel (February 28, 1915 â€“ September 8, 1977) was a Brooklyn-born stage and film actor best known for his portrayal of comic characters such as Tevye in Fiddler on the Roof , Pseudolus in A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, and Max... Joseph Papp (1921 - 1991) was an American theatre producer and director. ... Mandel Bruce Patinkin (born November 30, 1952) is a Tony Award winning and Emmy Award winning American actor of stage and screen, as well as a renowned tenor. ... Hal Prince (born January 30, 1928), full name Harold Smith Prince, is a theatre producer and director associated with many of the best-known Broadway musical (and less notably, dramatic) productions of the past half-century. ... Max Reinhardt Max Reinhardt (born September 9, 1873 in Baden bei Wien; died October 31, 1943 in New York City) was an influential Austrian director and actor. ... Jerome Robbins (October 11, 1918 - July 29, 1998) was an American choreographer whose work has included everything from classical ballet to contemporary musical theater. ... The Shubert family of New York City, New York is synonymous with theatre in the United States and the creation of the Broadway district as the pinnacle for theatrical productions. ... Julie Taymor (born December 15, 1952) is an American director of Broadway theatre and film. ... Edna Ferber (August 15, 1885 - April 16, 1968), was an American novelist, author and playwright. ... Moss Hart (October 24, 1904 â€“ December 20, 1961) was an American playwright and director of plays and musical theater. ... Lillian Florence Hellman (June 20, 1905 â€“ June 30, 1984) was a successful American playwright, linked throughout her life with many left-wing causes. ... Arthur Bob Miller (October 17, 1915 â€“ February 10, 2005) was an American playwright and essayist. ... Neil Simon (1966) Neil Simon (born Marvin Neil Simon July 4, 1927 in The Bronx, New York City), is a Jewish American playwright and screenwriter. ... The Pulitzer Prize for Drama was first awarded in 1918. ...

European-language theatre

From their Emancipation to World War II, Jews were very active and sometimes even dominant in certain forms of European theatre, and after the Holocaust many Jews continued to that cultural form. For example, in pre-Nazi Germany, where Nietzsche asked "What good actor of today is not Jewish?", acting, directing and writing positions were often filled by Jews; controversial psychologist Kevin B. MacDonald has reported that in Berlin 80% of theatrical directors were Jewish and 75% of plays produced were by Jewish playwrights.^[20] "In Imperial Berlin, Jewish artists could be found in the forefront of the performing arts, from high drama to more popular forms like cabaret and revue, and eventually film. Jewish audiences patronized innovative theater, regardless of whether they approved of what they saw."^[21] The British historian Paul Johnson, commenting on Jewish contributions to European culture at the fin de siècle, writes that Dates of Jewish emancipation. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Holocaust (disambiguation) and Shoah (disambiguation). ... Friedrich Nietzsche, 1882 Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844 - August 25, 1900) was a highly influential German philosopher. ... Kevin B. MacDonald Kevin B. MacDonald, (born January 24, 1944) is a professor of psychology at California State University, Long Beach, best known for his use of evolutionary psychology to inform his study of Judaism as being what he claims is a group evolutionary strategy. MacDonalds most controversial claim... This article is about the capital of Germany. ... A theatre director is a principal in the theatre field who oversees and orchestrates the mounting of a play by unifying various endeavors and aspects of production. ... Cabaret is a form of entertainment featuring comedy, song, dance, and theatre, distinguished mainly by the performance venue â€” a restaurant or nightclub with a stage for performances and the audience sitting around the tables (often dining or drinking) watching the performance. ... A revue is a type of theatrical entertainment that combines music, dance and sketches that satirize contemporary figures, news, or literature. ... This article is about motion pictures. ... Paul Johnson (born Paul Bede Johnson on 2 November 1928 in Manchester, England) is a British Roman Catholic journalist, historian, speechwriter and author. ... Fin de siÃ¨cle is French for end of the century. The term turn-of-the-century is sometimes used as a synonym, but is more neutral (lacking some or most of the connotations described below), and can include the first years of a new century. ...

Jews also made similar, if not as massive, contributions to theatre and drama in Austria, Britain, France, and Russia (in the national languages of those countries). Jews in Vienna, Paris and German cities found cabaret both a popular and effective means of expression, as German cabaret in the Weimar Republic "was mostly a Jewish art form".^[23] The involvement of Jews in Central European theatre was halted during the rise of the Nazis and the purging of Jews from cultural posts, though many emigrated to Western Europe or the United States and continued working there. Cabaret is a form of entertainment featuring comedy, song, dance, and theatre, distinguished mainly by the performance venue â€” a restaurant or nightclub with a stage for performances and the audience sitting around the tables (often dining or drinking) watching the performance. ... Anthem Das Lied der Deutschen Germany during the Weimar period, with the Free State of Prussia (in blue) as the largest state Capital Berlin Language(s) German Government Republic President - 1918-1925 Friedrich Ebert - 1925-1933 Paul von Hindenburg Chancellor - 1919 Philipp Scheidemann(first) - 1933 Kurt von Schleicher (last) Legislature... A current understanding of Western Europe. ...

Hebrew and Israeli theatre

The earliest known Hebrew language drama was written around 1550 by a Jewish-Italian writer from Mantua.^[24] A few works were written by rabbis and Kabbalists in 17th century Amsterdam, where Jews were relatively free from persecution and had both flourishing religious and secular Jewish cultures.^[25] All of these early Hebrew plays were about Biblical or mystical subjects, often in the form of Talmudic parables. During the post-Emancipation period in 19th century Europe, many Jews translated great European plays such as those by Shakespeare, Molière and Schiller, giving the characters Jewish names and transplanting the plot and setting to within a Jewish context. Hebrew redirects here. ... Events February 7 - Julius III becomes Pope. ... Jews have been present in Italy from the Roman period until today. ... For other uses, see Mantua (disambiguation). ... A Rabbi (Classical Hebrew רִבִּי ribbī; modern Ashkenazi and Israeli רַבִּי rabbī) is a religious Jewish scholar who is an expert in Jewish law. ... This article is about traditional Jewish Kabbalah. ... For other uses, see Amsterdam (disambiguation). ... The Talmud (Hebrew: ) is a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs, and history. ... // For a comparison of parable with other kinds of stories, see Myth, legend, fairy tale, and fable. ... // The origin of me pooping my pants and Asian theatre can be traced to over 3500 years ago, beginning with early 3000BC Main article: Sanskrit Plays Folk theatre and dramatics can be traced to the religious ritualism of the Vedic Aryans. ... Shakespeare redirects here. ... For the 2007 film, see MoliÃ¨re (film). ... Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (November 10, 1759 - May 9, 1805), usually known as Friedrich Schiller, was a German poet, philosopher, historian, and dramatist. ...

Modern Hebrew theatre and drama, however, began with the development of Modern Hebrew in Europe (the first Hebrew theatrical professional performance was in Moscow in 1918)^[26] and was "closely linked with the Jewish national renaissance movement of the twentieth century. The historical awareness and the sense of primacy which accompanied the Hebrew theatre in its early years dictated the course of its artistic and aesthetic development".^[27] These traditions were soon transplanted to Israel. Playwrights such as Natan Alterman, Hayyim Nahman Bialik, Leah Goldberg, Ephraim Kishon, Hanoch Levin, Aharon Megged, Moshe Shamir, Avraham Shlonsky, Yehoshua Sobol and A. B. Yehoshua have written Hebrew-language plays. Themes that are obviously common in these works are the Holocaust, the Arab-Israeli conflict, the meaning of Jewishness, and contemporary secular-religious tensions within Jewish Israel. The most well-known Hebrew theatre company and Israel's national theatre is the Habima (meaning "the stage" in Hebrew), which was formed in 1913 in Lithuania, and re-established in 1917 in Russia; another prominent Israeli theatre company is the Cameri Theatre, which is "is Israel's first and leading repertory theatre".^[28] Hebrew redirects here. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Natan Alterman (1910, Warsaw - 1970) was an Israeli poet, journalist, and translator. ... Hayyim Nahman Bialik (January 9, 1873â€“July 4, 1934), also commonly written as Chaim or Haim Nachman Bialik and in the Hebrew language as ×—×™×™× × ×—×ž×Ÿ ×‘×™××œ×™×§, was a Jewish poet who wrote in Hebrew. ... Lea Goldberg (1911-1970) was a Hebrew poet and student of literature who is considered one of Israels classic poets. ... (Hebrew:××¤×¨×™× ×§×™×©×•×Ÿ) (August 23, 1924 â€“ January 29, 2005) was an Israeli writer, satirist, dramatist, screenwriter, and film director. ... Hanoch Levin (December 18, 1943 - August 18, 1999), in Hebrew ×—× ×•×š ×œ×•×™×Ÿ, was an Israeli playwright, theater director, poet, and author. ... Aharon Megged (born 1920) is an Israeli author and playwright. ... Moshe Shamir (September 15, 1921â€“August 20, 2004) was an Israeli author, playwright, opinion writer, and public figure. ... Avraham Shlonsky (1900 - 1973), Hebrew ××‘×¨×”× ×©×œ×•× ×¡×§×™, was an Israeli poet born in Ukraine. ... Yehoshua Sobol (Born Israel, Tel Aviv, 1939) is an Israeli playwright, writer and director at theatres in Israel and abroad. ... Avraham Boolie Yehoshua (born in Jerusalem in 1936) is an Israeli novelist, essayist, and playwright, known publicly as A. B. Yehoshua, and familiarly as Boolie. // Yehoshua was born in the fifth Jerusalem generation of a Sephardi Jewish family. ... kobe is the best NOT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! yesssssssssss not because KG is. ... Combatants Arab nations Israel Arab-Israeli conflict series History of the Arab-Israeli conflict Views of the Arab-Israeli conflict International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict Arab-Israeli conflict facts, figures, and statistics Participants Israeli-Palestinian conflict Â· Israel-Lebanon conflict Â· Arab League Â· Soviet Union / Russia Â· Israel, Palestine and the... Habima Theater (Hebrew: the stage) in Tel Aviv is Israels national theater and it is one of the first Hebrew theaters. ... Established over 60 years ago, as Israelâ€™s first Hebrew-language repertory theater, the Cameri has been dubbed the â€œtheater of social responsibility. ...

Film

In the era when Yiddish theatre was still a major force in the world of theatre, over 100 films were made in Yiddish. Many are now lost. Prominent films included Shulamith (1931), the first Yiddish musical on film His Wife's Lover (1931), A Daughter of Her People (1932), the anti-Nazi film The Wandering Jew (1933), The Yiddish King Lear (1934), Shir Hashirim (1935), the biggest Yiddish film hit of all time Yidl Mitn Fidl (1936), Where Is My Child? (1937), Green Fields (1937), Dybuk (1937), The Singing Blacksmith (1938), Tevye (1939), Mirele Efros (1939), Lang ist der Weg (1948), and God, Man and Devil (1950). Image File history File links Satz_His_Wifes_Lover. ... His Wifes Lover (1931, original Yiddish title Zayn Vaybs Lubovnik) was billed as the first Jewish musical comedy talking picture. A play before it as a film, it was based on Ferenc MolnÃ¡rs The Guardsman. ... Satz played an atypically serious role in 1937s Moshiach Kumt (The Messiah is Coming) Ludwig Satz was an actor in Yiddish theater and film, best known for his comic roles. ... Shulamith (×©×•×œ×ž×™×ª) or Shulamit is the feminine form of the the Hebrew name Solomon (in Hebrew, Shlomo, ×©Ö°××œÖ¹×žÖ¹×”), related to the word shalom (×©Ö¸××œ×•Ö¹×), or peace. The name Salome is also a related form. ... His Wifes Lover (1931, original Yiddish title Zayn Vaybs Lubovnik) was billed as the first Jewish musical comedy talking picture. A play before it as a film, it was based on Ferenc MolnÃ¡rs The Guardsman. ... The Wandering Jew by Gustave DorÃ©. For other uses, see Wandering Jew (disambiguation). ... Poster for an 1898 production of The Yiddish King Lear starring Jacob Adler. ... For other uses, see Song of Solomon (disambiguation). ... Yidl Mitn Fidl is a 1936 film. ... blah ... The Dybbuk, or Between Two Worlds (Yid. ... Tevye is the protagonist of several of Sholom Aleichems stories, originally written in Yiddish and first published in 1894, most famously the fictional memoir Tevye and his Daughters, about a pious Jewish milkman in Tzarist Russia, and the troubles he has with his daughters (Tevye has six daughters â€” in... This website sucks and it is completely useless to others. ...

The roster of Jewish entrepreneurs in the English-language American film industry is legendary: Samuel Goldwyn, Louis B. Mayer, the Warner Brothers, David O. Selznick, Marcus Loew, and Adolph Zukor, to name just a few, and continuing into recent times with such industry giants as super-agent Michael Ovitz, Michael Eisner, Lew Wasserman, Jeffrey Katzenberg, Steven Spielberg, and David Geffen. However, few of these brought a specifically Jewish sensibility either to the art of film or, with the sometime exception of Spielberg, to their choice of subject matter. A much more specifically Jewish sensibility can be seen in the films of the Marx Brothers, Mel Brooks, or Woody Allen; other examples of specifically Jewish films from the Hollywood film industry are the Barbra Streisand vehicle Yentl (1983), or John Frankenheimer's The Fixer (1968). Samuel Goldwyn (July 1882 (some sources say 17 August 1882, others 1879 [1]) â€“ 31 January 1974) was an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award-winning producer, also a well-known Hollywood motion picture producer and founding contributor of several motion picture studios. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... David O. Selznick David Oliver Selznick (May 10, 1902â€“June 22, 1965), was one of the icon Hollywood producers of the Golden Age. ... Marcus Loew Marcus Loew (May 7, 1870–September 5, 1927) was an American business magnate and a pioneer of the motion picture industry who formed Loews Theatres and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, MGM. Born into a poor Jewish family in New York City, circumstances dictated he go to work at... Cukor Adolf (Adolph Zukor) (January 7, 1873â€“June 10, 1976) was the founder of Paramount Pictures Studios, and one of the greatest film moguls of all time. ... Michael Ovitz (born December 14, 1946), talent agent and Hollywood powerhouse, served as the head of the Creative Artists Agency from 1975 to 1995. ... Michael Dammann Eisner (born March 7, 1942) was CEO of The Walt Disney Company from September 22, 1984 to September 30, 2005. ... Lew Wasserman (March 15, 1913 - June 3, 2002) was a Hollywood agent and studio executive credited with first creating and then taking apart the studio system in a career spanning more than six decades. ... Jeffrey Katzenberg (born December 21, 1950 in New York City) is an American film producer and Chief Executive Officer of DreamWorks Animation SKG. He is perhaps most famous for his period as studio chairman at The Walt Disney Company, and for producing the movie Shrek (2001). ... Steven Allan Spielberg (born December 18, 1946)[1] is an American film director and producer. ... David Geffen (born February 21, 1943) is an American record executive, film producer, theatrical producer, philanthropist. ... This article is about the comedian siblings. ... Mel Brooks (born June 28, 1926) is an Academy Award-winning American director, writer, comedian, actor and producer best known as a creator of broad film farces and comedy parodies. ... Woody Allen (born Allen Stewart KÃ¶nigsberg on December 1, 1935) is a three-time Academy Award-winning American film director, writer, actor, jazz musician, comedian, and playwright. ... Barbra Streisand (pronounced STRY-sand, IPA: ; born April 24, 1942) is an American singer, theatre and film actress, composer, liberal political activist, film producer and director. ... Yentl is a play by Leah Napolin and Isaac Bashevis Singer. ... John Michael Frankenheimer (February 19, 1930 â€“ July 6, 2002) was an American film director. ... The Fixer is a 1968 film based on the 1966 semi-biographical novel by Bernard Malamud about a Jew, Menahem Mendel Beilis, in Tsarist Russia who was unjustly imprisoned and the notorious trial that ensued. ...

Jewish film composers have also written scores to a large amount of the great films of the 20th century. Among the most prolific have been Elmer Bernstein, Danny Elfman, Elliot Goldenthal, Jerry Goldsmith, Bernard Herrmann, James Horner, Alan Menken, Alfred Newman, Lalo Schifrin, the Sherman Brothers, Howard Shore, Max Steiner, and Dimitri Tiomkin. A film score is a set of musical compositions written to accompany a film. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... Elmer Bernstein (pronounced Bern-steen[1]) (April 4, 1922 â€“ August 18, 2004) was an Academy and two-time Golden Globe award winning American film score composer. ... Daniel Robert Elfman (born May 29, 1953 in Los Angeles, California) is an American musician who led the rock band Oingo Boingo as singer / songwriter from 1976 until its breakup in 1995, and has composed film scores extensively since 1985s Pee-wees Big Adventure. ... Elliot Goldenthal, born on May 2, 1954, in Brooklyn, New York City, is an American composer of contemporary music and has written works for concert hall, theater, dance and film. ... Jerrald King Goldsmith (February 10, 1929 â€“ July 21, 2004) was a famous American film score composer from Los Angeles, California. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... James Roy Horner (born August 14, 1953) is an American composer of orchestral and film music. ... Alan Menken (born July 22, 1949) is an American Broadway and Academy Award winning film score composer. ... Alfred Newman (March 17, 1900 â€“ February 17, 1970) was a major American composer of music for films. ... Lalo Schifrin Lalo Schifrin (born on June 21, 1932) is an Argentine Jewish pianist and composer, most famous for composing the burning-fuse theme tune from the Mission:Impossible television series. ... Robert B. Sherman & Richard M. Sherman at the London Palladium in 2002 during the premiere of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang: The Stage Musical. ... Howard Leslie Shore (born October 18, 1946) is an Oscar, Golden Globe and Grammy Award-winning Canadian composer, best known for composing the scores to The Lord of the Rings film trilogy and films of David Cronenberg. ... Maximilian Raoul Walter Steiner (born May 10, 1888 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary; died December 28, 1971 in Hollywood, California) was an Austrian-American composer of music for theater production shows and films. ... Dimitri Zinovievich Tiomkin (Russian: , Dmitrij ZinoveviÄ TÃ«mkin, somtimes translated as Dmitri Tiomkin) (May 10, 1894 â€“ November 11, 1979) was a film composer and conductor. ...

Another notable Jewish music composer for entertainment media, specifically television, is the award winning [Stewart Levin http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0505725/]

Radio and television

The first radio chains, the Radio Corporation of America and the Columbia Broadcasting System, were created by the Jewish-American David Sarnoff and William S. Paley, respectively. These Jewish innovators were also among the first producers of televisions, both black-and-white and color.^[29] Among the Jewish immigrant communities of America there was also a thriving Yiddish language radio, with its "golden age" from the 1930s to the 1950s. RCA, formerly an acronym for the Radio Corporation of America, is now a trademark owned by Thomson SA through RCA Trademark Management S.A., a company owned by Thomson. ... CBSs first color logo, which debuted in the fall of 1965. ... American Jews, or Jewish Americans, are American citizens who were born Jews or who have converted to Judaism. ... Sarnoff redirects here. ... William S. Paley (1901-1990) This article is about the broadcast executive. ... See TV (disambiguation) for other uses and Television (band) for the rock band European networks National In much of Europe television broadcasting has historically been state dominated, rather than commercially organised, although commercial stations have grown in number recently. ... Yiddish (Yid. ... The 1930s (years from 1930â€“1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known as the World Depression. ... The 1950s decade refers to the years 1950 to 1959 inclusive. ...

Although there is little specifically Jewish television in the United States (National Jewish Television, largely religious, broadcasts only three hours a week), Jews have been involved in American television from its earliest days. From Sid Caesar and Milton Berle to Joan Rivers, Gilda Radner, and Andy Kaufman to Billy Crystal to Jerry Seinfeld, Jewish stand-up comedians have been icons of American television. Other Jews that held a prominent role in early radio and television were Eddie Cantor, Al Jolson, Jack Benny, Walter Winchell and David Susskind. In the analysis of Paul Johnson, National Jewish Television is a Jewish television channel sandwiched between TBN and EWTN every Sunday from 1:00-4:00. ... Sid Caesar (born September 8, 1922) is an Emmy-winning American comic actor and writer, best known as the leading man on the 1950s television series Your Show of Shows, and to younger generations as Coach Calhoun in Grease and Grease 2. ... Milton Berle (July 12, 1908 - March 27, 2002) was an Emmy-winning American comedian who was born Milton Berlinger. ... Joan Rivers (born June 8, 1933) is an American comedian, actress, talk show host, businesswoman, and celebrity. ... Gilda Susan Radner (28 June 1946 â€“ 20 May 1989) was an American comedienne and actress, best known for her five years as part of the original cast of the NBC comedy series Saturday Night Live. ... Andrew Geoffrey Kaufman (January 17, 1949 â€“ May 16, 1984) was an American entertainer, actor, and performance artist. ... For the American political commentator, see William Kristol. ... This article is about the comedian. ... One of 12 Eddie Cantor caricatures by Frederick J. Garner for a 1933 Brown & Bigelow advertising card set. ... Al Jolson was a highly acclaimed American singer, comedian and actor of Jewish heritage whose career lasted from 1911 until his death in 1950. ... Jack Benny (February 14, 1894 in Chicago, Illinois â€“ December 26, 1974 in Beverly Hills, California), born Benjamin Kubelsky, was an American comedian, vaudeville performer, and radio, television, and film actor. ... Walter Winchell (April 7, 1897 â€“ February 20, 1972), an American newspaper and radio commentator, invented the gossip column at the New York Evening Graphic. ... David Susskind (December 19, 1920, New York City - February 22, 1987, New York City, heart attack) was best known as a pioneer TV talk show host. ... Paul Johnson (born Paul Bede Johnson on 2 November 1928 in Manchester, England) is a British Roman Catholic journalist, historian, speechwriter and author. ...

One of the first televised situation comedies, The Goldbergs was set in a specifically Jewish milieu in the Bronx. While the overt Jewish milieu of The Goldbergs was unusual for an American television series—one of the few other examples being Brooklyn Bridge (1991–1993). Jews have also played an enormous role among the creators and writers of television comedies: Woody Allen, Mel Brooks, Selma Diamond, Larry Gelbart, Carl Reiner, and Neil Simon all wrote for Sid Caesar; Reiner's son Rob Reiner worked with Norman Lear on All in the Family (which often engaged anti-semitism and other issues of prejudice); Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld created the hit sitcom Seinfeld, Lorne Michaels, Al Franken, Rosie Shuster, and Alan Zweibel of Saturday Night Live breathed new life into the variety show in the 1970s. This article is about a genre of comedy. ... 1931 book by Gertrude Berg with an introduction by Eddie Cantor The Goldbergs was a comedy-drama broadcast from 1929 to 1946 on American radio and later seen as a television situation comedy (1949-56). ... For other uses, see The Bronx (disambiguation). ... Brooklyn Bridge was an American television show (1991â€“1993, on CBS) about a Jewish American family living in Brooklyn in the 1950s. ... Woody Allen (born Allen Stewart KÃ¶nigsberg on December 1, 1935) is a three-time Academy Award-winning American film director, writer, actor, jazz musician, comedian, and playwright. ... Mel Brooks (born June 28, 1926) is an Academy Award-winning American director, writer, comedian, actor and producer best known as a creator of broad film farces and comedy parodies. ... Selma Diamond (August 5, 1920 - May 13, 1985) was a Canadian-born comedic actress and TV writer. ... Larry Gelbart (b. ... Carl Reiner (born March 20, 1922) is an American actor, film director, producer, writer and comedian. ... Neil Simon (1966) Neil Simon (born Marvin Neil Simon July 4, 1927 in The Bronx, New York City), is a Jewish American playwright and screenwriter. ... Robert Rob Reiner (born March 6, 1945) is an American actor, director, producer, writer, childrens advocate and political activist. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... All in the Family is an acclaimed American situation comedy that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network from January 12, 1971 to April 8, 1979. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... Lawrence Gene Larry David (born July 2, 1947 in Brooklyn, New York) is an Emmy-winning actor, writer, comedian, producer and film director. ... This article is about the comedian. ... Seinfeld is an Emmy Award-winning American sitcom that originally aired on NBC from July 5, 1989 to May 14, 1998, running a total of 9 seasons. ... Lorne Michaels (born Lorne Michael Lipowitz on November 17, 1944) is an Emmy-winning Canadian-born television producer, writer and comedian best known for creating and producing Saturday Night Live and producing the various film and TV projects that spun off from it. ... Alan Stuart Al Franken (born May 21, 1951) is an Emmy Awardâ€“winning American comedian, actor, author, screenwriter, political commentator, radio host and, recently, politician. ... Alan Zweibel (born 1950 is a producer and writer on such productions as Saturday Night Live, PBS Great Performances, and Its Garry Shandlings Show. ... This article is about the American television series. ... A variety show is a show with a variety of acts, often including music and comedy skits, especially on television. ...

Music

Jewish musical contributions also tend to reflect the cultures of the countries in which Jews live, the most notable examples being classical and popular music in the United States and Europe. (See: Jews in Classical Music and Jews in Mainstream and Jazz). Some music, however, is unique to particular Jewish communities, such as Israeli music, Israeli Folk music, Klezmer, Sephardic and Ladino music, and Mizrahi music. See Secular Jewish culture for the main article on secular Jewish culture. ... Classical music is a broad, somewhat imprecise term, referring to music produced in, or rooted in the traditions of, European art, ecclesiastical and concert music, encompassing a broad period from roughly 1000 to the present day. ... For the music genre, see Pop music. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Since Bibical times music and dance have held an imporant role in many Jews lives. ... Since Bibical times music and dance have held an imporant role in many Jews lives. ... Modern Israeli music is heavily influenced by its constituents, which include Jewish immigrants (see Jewish music) from more than 120 countries around the world, which have brought their own musical traditions, making Israel a global melting pot. ... Modern Israeli music is heavily influenced by its constituents, which include Jewish immigrants (see Jewish music) from more than 120 countries around the world, which have brought their own musical traditions, making Israel a global melting pot. ... Klezmer (from Yiddish ×›Ö¼×œ×™Ö¾×–×ž×™×¨, etymologically from Hebrew kli zemer ×›×œ×™ ×–×ž×¨, musical instrument) is a musical tradition which parallels Hasidic and Ashkenazic Judaism. ... The Sephardic Jews are one of the three main ethnicities among Diaspora Jews, the others being the Ashkenazi and Mizrahi. ... :This article is about the music of the Mizrahi Jews. ...

Dance

Deriving from Biblical traditions, Jewish dance has long been used by Jews as a medium for the expression of joy and other communal emotions. Each Jewish diasporic community developed its own dance traditions for wedding celebrations and other distinguished events. For Ashkenazi Jews in Eastern Europe, for example, dances, whose names corresponded to the different forms of klezmer music that were played, were an obvious staple of the wedding ceremony of the shtetl. Jewish dances both were influenced by surrounding Gentile traditions and Jewish sources preserved over time. "Nevertheless the Jews practiced a corporeal expressive language that was highly differentiated from that of the non-Jewish peoples of their neighborhood, mainly through motions of the hands and arms, with more intricate legwork by the younger men."^[31] In general, however, in most religiously traditional communities, members of the opposite sex dancing together or dancing at times other than at these events was frowned upon. See Secular Jewish culture for the main article on secular Jewish culture. ... The Jewish diaspora (Hebrew: Tefutzah, scattered, or Galut ×’×œ×•×ª, exile, Yiddish: tfutses), the Jewish presence outside of the Land of Israel is a result of the expulsion of the Jewish people out of their land, during the destruction of the First Temple, Second Temple and after the Bar Kokhba revolt. ... Language(s) Yiddish, Hebrew, Russian, English Religion(s) Judaism Related ethnic groups Sephardi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, and other Jewish ethnic divisions Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (Standard Hebrew: sing. ... Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ... Klezmer (from Yiddish ×›Ö¼×œ×™Ö¾×–×ž×™×¨, etymologically from Hebrew kli zemer ×›×œ×™ ×–×ž×¨, musical instrument) is a musical tradition which parallels Hasidic and Ashkenazic Judaism. ... A shtetl (Yiddish: , diminutive form of Yiddish shtot ×©×˜×Ö¸×˜, town, pronounced very similarly to the South German diminutiveStÃ¤dtle, little town) was typically a small town with a large Jewish population in pre-Holocaust Central and Eastern Europe. ... The word gentile is an anglicised version of the Latin word gentilis, meaning of or belonging to a clan or tribe. ...

Humor

Jewish humor is the long tradition of humor in Judaism dating back to the Torah and the Midrash, but generally refers to the more recent stream of verbal, self-deprecating and often anecdotal humor originating in Eastern Europe and which took root in the United States over the last hundred years. Beginning with vaudeville, and continuing through radio, stand-up, film, and television, a significant number of American comedians have been Jewish. Jewish humor is the long tradition of humor in Judaism dating back to the Torah and the Midrash, but generally refers to the more recent stream of verbal, self-deprecating and often anecdotal humor originating in Eastern Europe and which took root in the United States over the last hundred... Template:Jews and Jewdaism Template:The Holy Book Named TorRah The Torah () is the most valuable Holy Doctrine within Judaism,(and for muslims) revered as the first relenting Word of Ulllah, traditionally thought to have been revealed to Blessed Moosah, An Apostle of Ulllah. ... Midrash (Hebrew: ×ž×“×¨×©; plural midrashim) is a Hebrew word referring to a method of exegesis of a Biblical text. ... This article is about the musical variety theatre. ...

Visual arts

Compared to music or theater, there is less of a specifically Jewish tradition in the visual arts. The most likely and accepted reason is that, as has been previously shown with Jewish music and literature, before Emancipation Jewish culture was dominated by religious tradition. As most Rabbinical authorities believed that the Second Commandment prohibited much visual art that would qualify as "graven images", Jewish artists were relatively rare until they lived in assimilated European communities beginning in the late 18th century.^[32]^[33] It should be noted however, that despite fears by early religious communities of art being used for idolatrous purposes, Jewish sacred art is recorded in the Tanakh and extends throughout Jewish Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The Tabernacle and the two Temples in Jerusalem form the first known examples of "Jewish art". During the first centuries of the Common Era, Jewish religious art also was created in regions surrounding the Mediterranean such as Syria and Greece, including frescoes on the walls of synagogues,^[34] as well as the Jewish catacombs in Rome.^[35]^[36] Middle Age Rabbinical and Kabbalistic literature also contain textual and graphic art. However, in the ghettos of Europe it was even illegal for Jews to create art.^[37] Johnson again summarizes this sudden change from small amount of participation of Jews in visual art (as in many other arts) to a large entry of them into this branch of European cultural life: // Architects Max Abramovitz, prominent New York architect Dankmar Adler, American architect Chicago Eli Attia, Israeli-U.S. architect Marcel Breuer, Founder of The famous BAUHAU.S. school , Architect and Designer. ... Image File history File links Cover of the Yiddish childrens book Cover of Yingl Tzingl Khvat (The Mischievous Boy) by El Lissitzky c. ... Image File history File links Cover of the Yiddish childrens book Cover of Yingl Tzingl Khvat (The Mischievous Boy) by El Lissitzky c. ... Yiddish (Yid. ... Basic Characteristics There is some debate as to what constitutes childrens literature. ... (Ð›Ð°Ð·Ð°Ñ€ÑŒ ÐœÐ°Ñ€ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð›Ð¸ÑÐ¸Ñ†ÐºÐ¸Ð¹, November 23, 1890 â€“ December 30, 1941), better known as El Lissitzky (ÐÐ»ÑŒ Ð›Ð¸ÑÐ¸Ñ†ÐºÐ¸Ð¹), was a Russian artist, designer, photographer, teacher, typographer, and architect. ... The Mona Lisa is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world. ... Dates of Jewish emancipation. ... For the town in Italy, see Rabbi, Italy. ... For other uses, see Ten Commandments (disambiguation). ... For the musical collective, see Tanakh (band). ... â€œAncientâ€ redirects here. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... The Tabernacle is known in Hebrew as the Mishkan ( ×ž×©×›×Ÿ Place of [Divine] dwelling). It was to be a portable central place of worship for the Hebrews from the time they left ancient Egypt following the Exodus, through the time of the Book of Judges when they were engaged in conquering... The Temple in Jerusalem or Holy Temple (Hebrew: ×‘×™×ª ×”×ž×§×“×©, transliterated Bet HaMikdash and meaning literally The Holy House) was located on the Temple Mount (Har HaBayit) in the old city of Jerusalem. ... BCE redirects here. ... Mediterranean redirects here. ... A XIV Century fresco featuring Saint Sebastian Note: Fresco is the NATO reporting name of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17. ... A synagogue (from , transliterated synagogÄ“, assembly; beit knesset, house of assembly; or beit tefila, house of prayer, shul; , esnoga) is a Jewish house of worship. ... A procession in the catacomb of Callistus. ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Rabbinic literature, in the broadest sense, can mean the entire spectrum of Judaisms rabbinic writing/s throughout history. ... This article is about traditional Jewish Kabbalah. ... For the rapper, see Ghetto (rapper). ...

There were few Jewish secular artists in Europe prior to the Emancipation that spread throughout Europe with the Napoleonic conquests. There were exceptions, and Salomon Adler was a prominent portrait painter in eighteenth century Milan. The delay in participation in the visual arts parallels the lack of Jewish participation in European classical music until the nineteenth century, and which was progressively overcome with the rise of Modernism in the 20th century. There were many Jewish artists in the 19th century, but Jewish artistic activity boomed during the end of World War I. According to Nadine Nieszawer, "Until 1905, Jews were always plunged into their books but from the first Russian Revolution, they became emancipated, committed themselves in politics and became artists. A real Jewish cultural rebirth".^[39] Individual Jews figured in the modern artistic movements of Europe— Art Deco (Tamara de Lempicka^[40]), Bauhaus (Mordecai Ardon, László Moholy-Nagy), Constructivism (Boris Aronson, El Lissitzky), Cubism (Nathan Altman, Jacques Lipchitz, Louis Marcoussis, Max Weber, Ossip Zadkine^[40]), Expressionism (Erich Kahn, Jack Levine, Jules Pascin,^[40] Chaim Soutine), Impressionism (Max Liebermann, Leonid Pasternak, Camille Pissarro^[40]), Minimalism (Richard Serra^[40]), Orphism (Sonia Delaunay), Realism (Raphael Soyer), Social Realism (Leon Bibel, Ben Shahn, Raphael Soyer), Surrealism (Victor Brauner, Marc Chagall, Méret Oppenheim and Man Ray), the Vienna School of Fantastic Realism (Arik Brauer, Ernst Fuchs^[40]) and Vorticism (David Bomberg, Jacob Epstein), as well as some not necessarily affiliated with a single movement (Balthus,^[40] Eduard Bendemann, Mark Gertler, Maurycy Gottlieb, Nahum Gutman, Menashe Kadishman, Moise Kisling, R. B. Kitaj, Mane-Katz, Isidor Kaufman, Michel Kikoine, Pinchus Kremegne, Amedeo Modigliani, Elie Nadelman, Felix Nussbaum, Charlotte Salomon, Boris Schatz, George Segal, Anna Ticho, William Rothenstein)— and have been particularly prominent in the post-World War II United States and UK— Lucian Freud, Frank Auerbach, the pop artist Roy Lichtenstein, and Judy Chicago. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (583x700, 141 KB)Marc Chagall, The Fiddler, 1912-1913. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (583x700, 141 KB)Marc Chagall, The Fiddler, 1912-1913. ... Marc Chagall as photographed in 1941 by Carl Van Vechten. ... Dates of Jewish emancipation. ... Salomon Adler (before March 3, 1630 - 1709 in Milan) was a German painter of the Baroque period, active in Milan and Bergamo as a portrait painter. ... Type Anti-tank Nationality Joint France/Germany Era Cold War, modern Launch platform Individual, Vehicle Target Vehicle, Fortification History Builder MBDA, Bharat Dynamics (under license) Date of design 70s Production period since 1972 Service duration since 1972 Operators 41 countries Variants MILAN 1, MILAN 2, MILAN 2T, MILAN 3, MILAN... For the psychedelic rock band, see The Modern Art. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... Asheville City Hall. ... The Musician (1929), oil on canvas by Tamara de Lempicka Tamara de Lempicka (May 16, 1898 â€“ March 18, 1980), noted Art Deco painter, was born Maria GÃ³rska in Warsaw, Poland. ... For the British gothic rock band, see Bauhaus (band). ... Mordecai Ardon (1896-1992) was a Polish-born artist. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Tatlin Tower. ... Boris Aronson (c. ... (Ð›Ð°Ð·Ð°Ñ€ÑŒ ÐœÐ°Ñ€ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð›Ð¸ÑÐ¸Ñ†ÐºÐ¸Ð¹, November 23, 1890 â€“ December 30, 1941), better known as El Lissitzky (ÐÐ»ÑŒ Ð›Ð¸ÑÐ¸Ñ†ÐºÐ¸Ð¹), was a Russian artist, designer, photographer, teacher, typographer, and architect. ... Pablo Picasso, Le guitariste, 1910 Juan Gris, Portrait of Picasso, 1912, oil on canvas Georges BraqueWoman with a guitar, 1913 Juan Gris, Still Life with Fruit Dish and Mandolin, 1919, oil on canvas Cubist villa in Prague, Czech Republic Cubist House of the Black Madonna, Prague, Czech Republic, 1912 Cubism... Altman Nathan (1889-1977) - Russian avant-garde artist (Cubist), painter, stage designer and book illustrator. ... Birth of the Muses, bronze, 1944-1950. ... Louis marcoussis was a polish painter whom the Spanish surrealist Joan MirÃ² (1893-1983), in 1930, started Graphic Technique with, but had to stop in 1939 due to the emergence of WWII (1939-1945) ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Ossip Zadkine (July 14, 1890 â€“ November 25, 1967) was an Russian Jewish artist and sculptor. ... The Scream by Edvard Munch (1893) which inspired 20th century Expressionists Portrait of Eduard Kosmack by Egon Schiele Rehe im Walde by Franz Marc Elbe Bridge I by Rolf Nesch On White II by Wassily Kandinsky, 1923. ... Erich Kahn was a German Expressionist, and a survivor of the Nazi persecution of Jews and Gypsies during the events that led to World War II. He was born and lived in Germany until, persecuted by Nazis, he found himself imprisoned at the Welzheim concentration camp. ... Jack Levine (b. ... Julius Mordecai Pincas, (March 31, 1885 - June 5, 1930) aka Pascin, The Prince of Montparnasse, was a Jewish - Bulgarian painter. ... Chaim Soutine (1893 â€“ August 9, 1943) was an expressionist painter. ... Impressionism was a 19th century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists who began publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s. ... Max Liebermann in 1904 Max Liebermann (July 20, 1847 in Berlin - February 8, 1935) was a German painter. ... Self portrait with the wife Leonid Osipovich Pasternak (Russian: , April 4, 1862 N.S. - May 31, 1945) was a Russian Impressionist painter. ... The garden of Pontoise, painted 1875. ... For other uses, see Minimalism (disambiguation). ... Fulcrum 1987, 55 ft high free standing sculpture of Cor-ten steel near Liverpool Street station, London Richard Serra (born 2 November 1939) is an American minimalist sculptor and video artist known for working with large scale assemblies of sheet metal. ... Orphism or Orphic cubism, is a term coined in 1912 France by the poet Guillaume Apollinaire. ... Sonia Delaunay (nÃ©e Terk) (1885â€“1979) was a Ukrainian painter, born in Odessa, Ukraine, as Sonia Terk to a Jewish family. ... For other uses, see Realism (disambiguation). ... Raphael Soyer (1899, Borisoglebsk, Tambov - 1987, New York) was Russian-born US painter. ... A Diego Rivera mural depicting factory workers in Detroit Social Realism is an artistic movement, expressed in the visual and other realist arts, which depicts working class activities as heroic. ... Leon Bibel (1913-1995) was a Polish-American painter and printmaker during the Great Depression. ... Ben Shahn (September 12, 1898 - March 14, 1969) was a Lithuanian-born American artist, muralist, social activist, photographer and teacher. ... Raphael Soyer (1899, Borisoglebsk, Tambov - 1987, New York) was Russian-born US painter. ... Surrealism is an artistic movement and an aesthetic philosophy that aims for the liberation of the mind by emphasizing the critical and imaginative powers of the subconscious. ... Victor Brauner: Self-portrait with a plucked eye, 1931 Victor Brauner (June 15, 1903 - March 12, 1966) was a Romanian Jewish painter, the brother of Harry Brauner (a known folklorist who was a political prisoner in Communist Romania, and who later married Lena Constante). ... Marc Chagall as photographed in 1941 by Carl Van Vechten. ... MÃ©ret Oppenheim (1913â€“1985) was a German-born Swiss Dada and Surrealist artist, and photographer. ... For other uses, see Man Ray (disambiguation). ... The Vienna School of Fantastic Realism is a group of artists founded in Vienna in 1946. ... Arik Brauer in 2006 Arik Brauer (born 1929). ... Ernst Fuchs (born February 13, 1930) is an Austrian visionary painter, draftsman, printmaker, sculptor, architect, stage designer, composer, poet, singer and one of the founders of the Vienna School of Fantastic Realism. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... David Bomberg (December 5, 1890 – August 19, 1957) was a British painter. ... Jacob Epstein photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1934 Sir Jacob Epstein (10 November 1880 â€“ 19 August 1959) was an American-born Jewish sculptor who worked chiefly in the UK, where he pioneered modern sculpture, often producing controversial works that challenged taboos concerning what public artworks appropriately depict. ... Nude with arms raised, oil on canvas, 1951 by Balthus Balthazar Klossowski de Rola (February 29, 1908 in Paris â€“ February 18, 2001) was an esteemed Polish/French modern artist whose work was ultimately anti-modern. ... Eduard Julius Friedrich Bendemann (born 3 December 1811 in Berlin; died 27 December 1889 in Dusseldorf) was a German painter. ... Mark Gertler, (December 9, 1891 â€“ June 23, 1939), was a British-Jewish portrait painter. ... Self-portrait, 1876. ... Nahum Gutman (1898–1980) was an Israeli painter born in what is now Teleneşti, Moldova, then part of the Russian Empire. ... Shalechet (Fallen Leaves) by Menashe Kadishman in the Jewish Museum Berlin (b Tel Aviv, 1932). ... Moise Kisling (January 22, 1891 - April 29, 1953) was a Polish painter. ... Ronald Brooks Kitaj (October 29, 1932 - October 21, 2007[1]) was an American-born artist who spent much of his life in England. ... Emmanuel ManÃ©-Katz, ×ž×× ×”â€ ×›×¥â€ ,1894-1962, born Mane Leyzerovich Kats, was a Jewish painter born in Kremenchug, Ukraine. ... Isidor Kaufman was a painter of Jewish themes. ... Michel Kikoine born May 31, 1892 in Rechytsa, Belarus - died November 4, 1968 in Cannes, France, was a painter. ... Pinchus Kremegne (1890-1981), was a Belarusian artist, primarily known as a sculptor, painter and lithographer. ... Amedeo Clemente Modigliani (July 12, 1884 â€“ January 24, 1920) was an Italian artist, practicing both painting and sculpture, who pursued his career for the most part in France. ... Elie Nadelman (February 20, 1882, Warsaw - December 28, 1946) was a Poland-born US sculptor. ... Felix Nussbaum (December 11, 1904, OsnabrÃ¼ck, Germany â€“ 1944, Auschwitz concentration camp, Poland) was a German-Jewish painter. ... Charlotte Salomon (1917-1943) was a German Jewish artist born in Berlin. ... Boris Schatz (Kaunas, Lithuania, 1867â€“Denver, Colorado, USA, 1932) was a Lithuanian artist and sculptor, who founded what is now known as the Bezalel Academy of Art and Design in Jerusalem. ... George Segal was originally a painter, who later moved into sculpture. ... Anna Ticho (1894-1980) was born in Moravia, which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, modern-day Czech Republic. ... Sir William Rothenstein, (January 29, 1872 â€“ February 14, 1945), was an English painter, draughtsman and writer on art. ... Lucian Michael Freud, OM, CH (born 8 December 1922) is a British painter and printmaker. ... Frank Helmut Auerbach (born April 29, 1931) is a jewish painter. ... Just What Is It That Makes Todayâ€™s Homes So Different, So Appealing? (1956) is one of the earliest works to be considered pop art. ... Roy Lichtenstein (27 October 1923â€“29 September 1997) was a prominent American pop artist, whose work borrowed heavily from popular advertising and comic book styles, which he himself described as being as artificial as possible. // Roy Lichtenstein was born on 27 October 1923 into an upper-middle-class family in... Judy Chicago (born Judy Cohen on July 20, 1939) is a feminist artist, author, and educator. ...

During the early 20th century Jews figured particularly prominently in the Montparnasse movement, and after World War II among the abstract expressionists: Helen Frankenthaler, Adolph Gottlieb, Philip Guston, Al Held, Franz Kline, Lee Krasner, Barnett Newman, Milton Resnick, Mark Rothko, and Louis Schanker as well as the Postmodernists.^[41] Many Russian Jews were prominent in the art of scenic design, particularly the aforementioned Chagall and Aronson, as well as the revolutionary Léon Bakst, who like the other two also painted. One Mexican Jewish artist was Pedro Friedeberg; it was once thought the Frida Kahlo's father was Jewish, but historians have determined that he was not. Gustav Klimt was not Jewish, but nearly all of his patrons and several of his models were. Among major artists Chagall may be the most specifically Jewish in his themes. But as art fades into graphic design, Jewish names and themes become more prominent: Leonard Baskin, Al Hirschfeld, Ben Shahn, Art Spiegelman and Saul Steinberg. And in the Golden and Silver ages of American comic books, the Jewish role was overwhelming: Joe Shuster and Jerry Siegel, creators of Superman, were Jewish, as were Bob Kane (né Robert Cohen), Will Eisner, Martin Goodman, Joe Simon, Jack Kirby, and Stan Lee of Marvel Comics; and William Gaines and Harvey Kurtzman, founders of Mad, to name only a small sample. Many of those involved in the later ages of comics are also Jewish, such as Julius Schwartz, Jenette Kahn, Len Wein, Peter David, Neil Gaiman, and Brian Michael Bendis. The Montparnasse Tower, which at 209m was the tallest building in Western Europe when it was built. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Jackson Pollock, No. ... Helen Frankenthaler (born December 12, 1928) is an American post-painterly abstraction artist. ... Adolph Gottlieb (March 14, 1903 - March 4, 1974) was an American abstract expressionist painter. ... Painting, Smoking Eating 1972 Oil on Canvas Philip Guston (July 27, 1913 â€“ June 7, 1980) was a notable painter and printmaker in the New York School, which included many of the Abstract Expressionists, such as Jackson Pollock and Willem De Kooning. ... Al Held (October 12, 1928 - July 27, 2005) was an American Abstract painter. ... Franz Klines Painting Number 2, 1954 Franz Kline (May 23, 1910 - May 13, 1962) was an American painter mainly associated with the Abstract Expressionist group which was centered, geographically, around New York, and temporally, in the 1940s and 1950s; but not limited to that setting. ... Jackson Pollock gets the big stone and Lee Krasner gets the small stone in Green River Cemetery in Springs, New York Lee Krasners painting Cool White (1959) Lee Krasner (October 27, 1908 - June 19, 1984) was an influential abstract expressionist painter in the second half of the 20th Century. ... Barnett Newman (January 29, 1905 â€“ July 4, 1970) was an American artist. ... Milton Resnick (died March 2004) was a major abstract expressionist painter and teacher known for his mystical, abstract and figurative paintings. ... Mark Rothkos painting 1957 # 20 (1957) Mark Rothko born Marcus Rothkowitz (September 25, 1903â€“February 25, 1970) was a Russian-born American painter and printmaker who is classified as an abstract expressionist, although he rejected not only the label but even being an abstract painter. ... Louis Schanker, American (1903-1981) Born in 1903, Louis Schanker quit school as a teenager and joined the circus, worked in the wheat fields of the Great Plains, rode the rails. ... Postmodern art is a term used to describe art which is thought to be in contradiction to some aspect of modernism, or to have emerged or developed in its aftermath. ... The vast territories of the Russian Empire once hosted the largest Jewish population in the world. ... Scenic design also known as Stage design is the creation of theatrical scenery. ... Self-portrait LÃ©on Nikolayevich Bakst (May 10, 1866 - December 28, 1924) was a Russian painter and scene- and costume- designer who revolutionized the arts he worked in. ... Main article: History of the Jews in Mexico The Jewish population of Latin America has risen to more than 500,000 â€” more than half of whom live in Argentina, with large communities also present in Brazil and Mexico. ... Pedro Friedeberg (born January 11, 1937 in Florence, Italy) is a Mexican painter. ... Frida Kahlo[1](July 6, 1907 â€“ July 13, 1954) was a Mexican painter, who has achieved great international popularity. ... Gustav Klimt (July 14, 1862 â€“ February 6, 1918) was an Austrian Symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Art Nouveau (Vienna Secession) movement. ... Graphics are often utilitarian and anonymous,[1] as these pictographs from the US National Park Service illustrate. ... Leonard Baskin was an American sculptor and artist. ... Al Hirschfeld photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1955 Albert Hirschfeld (June 21, 1903 â€“ January 20, 2003) was an American caricaturist, best known for his simple black and white satirical portraits of celebrities and Broadway stars. ... Ben Shahn (September 12, 1898 - March 14, 1969) was a Lithuanian-born American artist, muralist, social activist, photographer and teacher. ... Art Spiegelman (born February 15, 1948) is an American comics artist, editor, and advocate for the medium of comics, best known for his Pulitzer Prize-winning comic memoir, Maus. ... Saul Steinberg (June 15, 1914 - May 12, 1999) was a cartoonist and illustrator, best known for his work for The New Yorker magazine. ... Superman, the catalyst of the Golden Age, from Superman #14, January-February 1942. ... Showcase #4 (September-October 1956), often thought the first appearance of the first Silver Age superhero, the Barry Allen Flash. ... Joseph Joe Shuster (July 10, 1914 - July 30, 1992) was a Canadian-born comic book artist best known for co-creating the DC Comics character Superman, with writer Jerry Siegel, first published in Action Comics #1 (March 1938). ... Jerome Jerry Siegel a. ... Superman is a fictional character and comic book superhero , originally created by American writer Jerry Siegel and Canadian artist Joe Shuster and published by DC Comics. ... Bob Kane (born Robert Kahn, October 24, 1915 â€“ November 3, 1998) was an American comic book artist and writer credited as the creator of the DC Comics superhero Batman. ... William Erwin Eisner (March 6, 1917 â€“ January 3, 2005) was an acclaimed American comics writer, artist and entrepreneur. ... Martin Goodman (born 1910, Brooklyn, New York City, New York, United States; died June 6, 1992, Palm Beach, Florida) was an American publisher of pulp magazines, paperback books, mens adventure magazines, and comic books, launching the company that would become Marvel Comics. ... Joe Simon (born 1915) was a comic book author and cartoonist who created or co-created many memorable characters in the Golden Age. ... Jack Kirby (born Jacob Kurtzberg, August 28, 1917 â€“ February 6, 1994) was one of the most influential, recognizable, and prolific artists in American comic books, and the co-creator of such enduring characters and popular culture icons as the Fantastic Four, the X-Men, the Hulk, Captain America, and hundreds... For the fictional character of this name, see Stan Lee (Judge Dredd character). ... This article is about the comic book company. ... William Maxwell Gaines (March 1, 1922 â€“ June 3, 1992) (more frequently referred to as Bill Gaines), was the publisher and co-editor of EC Comics, and publisher of Mad for over 40 years. ... Harvey Kurtzman (October 3, 1924 - February 21, 1993) was a U.S. cartoonist and magazine editor. ... Mad is an American humor magazine founded by editor Harvey Kurtzman and publisher William Gaines in 1952. ... Julius Julie Schwartz (June 19, 1915 â€“ February 8, 2004) was a comic book and pulp magazine editor, and a science fiction agent and prominent fan. ... Jenette Kahn is an American comic book editor and executive. ... Len Wein (born June 12, 1948, New York City, New York) is an American comic book writer and editor best known for co-creating DC Comics Swamp Thing and for reviving Marvel Comics X-Men. ... Peter Allen David (often abbreviated PAD) (born September 23, 1956) is an American writer, best known for his work in comic books and Star Trek novels. ... Neil Richard Gaiman (IPA: ) (born November 10, 1960[2]) is an English author of science fiction and fantasy short stories and novels, graphic novels, comics, and films. ... Brian Michael Bendis (born August 18, 1967) is an American comic book writer and erstwhile artist. ...

Food

Jewish cooking combines the food of many cultures in which Jews have traveled, including Middle Eastern, Mediterranean, Spanish, German and Eastern European styles of cooking, all influenced by the need for food to be kosher. Thus, "Jewish" foods like hummus, stuffed cabbage, and blintzes all come from various other cultures. The amalgam of these foods, plus uniquely Jewish contributions like bagels, tzimmis, cholent, gefilte fish and matzah balls, make up Jewish cuisine. Jewish cuisine isnt one unified cuisine, but rather a collection of international cookery traditions, loosely linked by kashrut, the Jewish dietary laws. ... Image File history File links Paris_marais_magasin_juif. ... Image File history File links Paris_marais_magasin_juif. ... Marais redirects here. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... Cooking is the act of preparing food. ... The circled U indicates that this can of tuna is certified kosher by the Union of Orthodox Congregations. ... Hummus or hummus bi tahini (Arabic: ; â€Ž; Armenian Õ°Õ¡Õ´Õ¸Õ½) also spelled hamos, houmous, hommos, hommus, hummos, hummous or humus) is a dip or spread made of ground chickpeas, sesame tahini, lemon juice, and garlic. ... A cabbage roll (or stuffed cabbage) is a savory food item made with a variety of fillings wrapped in cabbage. ... Home-made Russian-style blini with sour cream, roe and chopped onion. ... Picture of a Bagel The bagel is a food traditionally made of yeasted wheat dough in the form of a ring which is boiled and then baked. ... Tzimmes or tsimmes is a traditional Jewish casserole. ... Cholent (from Eastern European Yiddish ×˜×©×Ö¸×œ× ×˜ tsholnt) or shalet (from Western European Yiddish ×©××œ×¢×˜ shalet), a food of Ashkenazi Jews, is a type of stew (or stewing) that has simmered over a very low flame or inside a slow oven (set to a low-heat temperature) or crock pot for many hours... Gefilte fish, (Yiddish: ×’×¢×¤×™×œ×˜×¢ ×¤×™×©) is a ground de-boned fish recipe using a variety of kosher fish meat that is then made into fish loaves or balls, popular with many people of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage. ... Matzah balls, also known as knaydlach (pl. ...

See also

This article does not cite any references or sources. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Humanistic Judaism is a movement within Judaism that emphasizes Jewish culture and history - rather than belief in God - as the sources of Jewish identity. ... Problems playing the files? See media help. ...

Notes and references

PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... The Forward is a Jewish-American newspaper published in New York. ... The New York Herald Tribune was a newspaper created in 1924 when the New York Tribune acquired the New York Herald. ... The Jewish Encyclopedia was an encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. ... Yahoo! GeoCities is a free webhosting service founded by David Bohnett and John Rezner in late 1994 as Beverly Hills Internet. ... This article is about the second book in the Torah. ...

References

The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... The Jewish Encyclopedia was an encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. ... Israil (Israel) Bercovici (1921â€“1988) served the State Jewish Theater of Romania as a dramaturg, playwright, director, and historian from 1955 to 1982; he also wrote Yiddish-language poetry. ... Israil (Israel) Bercovici (1921â€“1988) served the State Jewish Theater of Romania as a dramaturg, playwright, director, and historian from 1955 to 1982; he also wrote Yiddish-language poetry. ... is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Music For other uses, see Hadassah (disambiguation). ... The Jewish Encyclopedia was an encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. ...

Art Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena; above all, it is the culture of secular communities of Jewish people, but it can also include the cultural contributions of individuals who identify as secular Jews, or even those of religious Jews working in cultural areas not generally considered to be connected... Hip hop music is a style of music which came into existence in the United States during the mid-1970s, and became a large part of modern pop culture during the 1980s. ...

Museum Jewish Museum in New York seen from Fifth Avenue The Jewish Museum of New York was first established in 1904, when the Jewish Theological Seminary received a gift of 26 Jewish ceremonial art objects from Judge Mayer Sulzberger. ... For other uses, see Hadassah (disambiguation). ... The Jewish Post of Winnipeg, Canada, was Western Canadas first Anglo-Jewish newspaper, so named because its language was English though its concerns were those of the Jewish community. ... The Montparnasse Tower, which at 209m was the tallest building in Western Europe when it was built. ... The Forward is a Jewish-American newspaper published in New York. ...

Categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since October 2007 | Jewish history | Jewish culture | Secular Jewish culture | Secularism | Jewish political status This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Several groups, sometimes called denominations, branches, or movements, have developed among Jews of the modern era, especially Ashkenazi Jews living in anglophone countries. ... Schisms among the Jews are cultural as well as religious. ... This article discusses the relationship between the various denominations of Judaism. ... Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonised in the Talmudic texts (Oral Torah) and as subsequently developed and applied by the later authorities known as the Gaonim, Rishonim, and Acharonim. ... Haredi or chareidi Judaism is the most theologically conservative form of Orthodox Judaism. ... This article is about the Hasidic movement originating in Poland and Russia. ... Modern Orthodox Judaism (or Modern Orthodox or Modern Orthodoxy) is a movement within Orthodox Judaism that attempts to synthesize traditional observance and values with the secular, modern world. ... This article is about Conservative (Masorti) Judaism in the United States. ... Reform Judaism can refer to (1) the largest denomination of American Jews and its sibling movements in other countries, (2) a branch of Judaism in the United Kingdom, and (3) the historical predecessor of the American movement that originated in 19th-century Germany. ... Reconstructionist Judaism is a modern American-based Jewish movement, based on the ideas of the late Mordecai Kaplan, that views Judaism as a progressively evolving civilization. ... Jewish Renewal is a new religious movement in Judaism which endeavors to reinvigorate modern Judaism with mystical, Hasidic, musical and meditative practices. ... Rabbinic Judaism (or in Hebrew Yahadut Rabanit - יהדות רבנית) is a Jewish denomination characterized by reliance on the written Torah as well as the Oral Law (the Mishnah, Talmuds and subsequent rabbinic decisions) as halakha (Legally Binding, i. ... Karaite Judaism or Karaism is a Jewish movement characterized by the sole reliance on the Tanakh as scripture, and the rejection of the Oral Law (the Mishnah and the Talmud) as halakha (Legally Binding, i. ... For other uses, see Samaritan (disambiguation). ... Humanistic Judaism is a movement within Judaism that emphasizes Jewish culture and history - rather than belief in God - as the sources of Jewish identity. ... Image File history File links Star_of_David. ... Jewish philosophy refers to the conjunction between serious study of philosophy and Jewish theology. ... There are a number of basic Jewish principles of faith that were formulated by medieval rabbinic authorities. ... In Judaism, chosenness is the belief that the Jews are a chosen people: chosen to be in a covenant with God. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... // Jewish ethics stands at the intersection of Judaism and the Western philosophical tradition of ethics. ... Halakha (Hebrew: ×”×œ×›×”; also transliterated as Halakhah, Halacha, Halakhot and Halachah with pronunciation emphasis on the third syllable, kha), is the collective corpus of Jewish religious law, including biblical law (the 613 mitzvot) and later talmudic and rabbinic law as well as customs and traditions. ... Holocaust theology refers to a body of theological and philosophical debate, soul-searching, and analysis, with the subsequent related literature, that attempts to come to grips with various conflicting views about the role of God in this human world and the dark events of the European Holocaust that occurred during... This article is about traditional Jewish Kabbalah. ... The circled U indicates that this product is certified as kosher by the Orthodox Union (OU). ... In Jewish messianism and eschatology, the Messiah (Hebrew: ×ž×©×™×—; Mashiah, Mashiach, or Moshiach, anointed [one]) is a term traditionally referring to a future Jewish king from the Davidic line who will be anointed (the meaning of the Hebrew word ×ž×©×™×—) with holy anointing oil and inducted to rule the Jewish people during... A minyan (Hebrew: plural minyanim) is traditionally a quorum of ten or more adult (over the age of Bar Mitzvah) male Jews for the purpose of communal prayer; a minyan is often held within a synagogue, but may be (and often is) held elsewhere. ... Mussar movement refers to an Jewish ethics educational and cultural movement (a Jewish Moralist Movement) that developed in 19th century Orthodox Eastern Europe, particularly among the Lithuanian Jews. ... At the bottom of the hands, the two letters on each hand combine to form ×™×”×•×” (YHVH), the name of God. ... The Rainbow is the modern symbol of the Noahide Movement reminiscing the rainbow that appeared after the Great Flood of the Bible. ... Tzedakah (Hebrew: ×¦×“×§×”) in Judaism, is the Hebrew term most commonly translated as charity, though it is based on a root meaning justice .(×¦×“×§). Judaism is very tied to the concept of tzedakah, or charity, and the nature of Jewish giving has created a North American Jewish community that is very philanthropic. ... Tzniut or Tznius (also Tzeniut) (Hebrew: ×¦× ×™×¢×•×ª modesty) is a term used within Judaism and has its greatest influence as a notion within Orthodox Judaism. ... For the musical collective, see Tanakh (band). ... Template:Jews and Jewdaism Template:The Holy Book Named TorRah The Torah () is the most valuable Holy Doctrine within Judaism,(and for muslims) revered as the first relenting Word of Ulllah, traditionally thought to have been revealed to Blessed Moosah, An Apostle of Ulllah. ... Neviim [× ×‘×™××™×] (Heb: Prophets) is the second of the three major sections in the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), following the Torah and preceding Ketuvim (writings). ... Ketuvim is the third and final section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). ... Arbaah Turim (××¨×‘×¢×” ×˜×•×¨×™×), often called simply the Tur, is an important Halakhic code, composed by Yaakov ben Asher (Spain, 1270 -c. ... The Chumash Chumash (IPA: ) (Hebrew: ×—×•×ž×©; sometimes written Humash) is one name given to the Pentateuch in Judaism. ... The Kuzari is the most famous work by the medieval Spanish Jewish writer Yehuda Halevi. ... Midrash (Hebrew: ×ž×“×¨×©; plural midrashim) is a Hebrew word referring to a method of exegesis of a Biblical text. ... Mishnah Berurah (Hebrew: Clarified Teaching) is a work of halakha (Jewish law) by Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan, better known as The Chofetz Chaim (Poland, 1838 - 1933). ... The Mishneh Torah or Yad ha-Chazaka is a code of Jewish law by one of the most important Jewish authorities, Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon, better known as Maimonides or by the Hebrew abbreviation RaMBaM (usually written Rambam in English). ... A piyyut (plural piyyutim, Hebrew ×¤×™×•×˜, IPA [pijÃºt] and [pijutÃm]) is a Jewish liturgical poem, usually designated to be sung, chanted, or recited during religious services. ... Rabbinic literature, in the broadest sense, can mean the entire spectrum of Judaisms rabbinic writing/s throughout history. ... The Shulkhan Arukh (Hebrew: Prepared Table), by Rabbi Yosef Karo is considered the most authoritative compilation of Jewish law since the Talmud. ... A siddur (Hebrew: ×¡×™×“×•×¨; plural siddurim) is a Jewish prayer book over the world, containing a set order of daily prayers. ... Note: Tanya Rabbati, a 16th century Italian code of Jewish law, is an unrelated work with a similar name. ... The Talmud (Hebrew: ) is a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs, and history. ... The Tosefta is a secondary compilation of the Jewish oral law from the period of the Mishnah. ... The Zohar (Hebrew: ×–×”×¨ Splendor, radiance) is widely considered the most important work of Kabbalah, Jewish mysticism. ... Jewish leadership: Since 70 AD and the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem there has been no single body that has a leadership position over the entire Jewish community. ... For other uses, see Abraham (name) and Abram (disambiguation). ... Sacrifice of Isaac, a detail from the sarcophagus of the Roman consul Junius Bassus, ca. ... This article is about Jacob in the Hebrew Bible. ... Engraving of Sarah by Hans Collaert from c. ... Rebekah (Rebecca or Rivkah) (Hebrew: , Standard Tiberian ) is the wife of Isaac. ... This article is about the Biblical character. ... Look up Leah, ×œÖµ×Ö¸×” in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Moses with the Tablets, 1659, by Rembrandt This article is about the Biblical figure. ... For information on the nurse of Rebeccah, mentioned in Genesis, see Deborah (Genesis) Deborah or Dvora (Hebrew: â€Ž Bee, Standard Hebrew DÉ™vora, Tiberian Hebrew DÉ™á¸‡Ã´rÄh) was a prophetess and the fourth Judge and only female Judge of pre-monarchic Israel in the Old Testament (Tanakh). ... Naomi entreating Ruth and Orpah to return to the land of Moab by William Blake, 1795 Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld: Ruth in Boazs Field, 1828 The Book of Ruth (Hebrew: ×ž×’×™×œ×ª ×¨×•×ª, Megilat Rut, the Scroll of Ruth) is one of the books of the Ketuvim (Writings) of the Tanakh (the... This article is about the Biblical king of Israel. ... This article is about the Biblical figure. ... Elijah, 1638, by JosÃ© de Ribera This article is about the prophet in the Hebrew Bible. ... Hillel (×”×œ×œ) was a famous Jewish religious leader who lived in Jerusalem during the time of King Herod and Augustus;(year????) he is one of the most important figures in Jewish history, associated with the Mishnah and the Talmud. ... Shammai (50 BCEâ€“30 CE) was a Jewish scholar of the 1st century, and an important figure in Judaisms core work of rabbinic literature, the Mishnah. ... Judah haNasi, or more accurately in Hebrew, Yehudah HaNasi, was a key leader of the Jewish community of Judea under the Roman empire, toward the end of the 2nd century CE. He was reputedly from the Davidic line of the royal line from King David, hence his title Prince (Nasi... Saadia Ben Joseph Gaon (892-942), the Hebrew name of Said al-Fayyumi, was a rabbi who was also a prominent Jewish exilarch, philosopher, and exegete. ... A 16th-century depiction of Rashi Note: For the astrological concept, see Rashi - the signs. ... Rabbi Isaac ben Jacob Alfasi (1013 - 1103) - also Isaac Hakohen, Alfasi or the Rif (×¨×™×£) - was a Talmudist and posek (decisor in matters of halakha - Jewish law). ... Rabbi Abraham Ben Meir Ibn Ezra (also known as Ibn Ezra, or Abenezra) (1092 or 1093-1167), was one of the most distinguished Jewish men of letters and writers of the Middle Ages. ... Tosafists were medieval rabbis who created critical and explanatory glosses on the Talmud. ... Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon (Hebrew: רבי משה בן מיימון; Arabic: Mussa bin Maimun ibn Abdallah al-Kurtubi al-Israili; March 30, 1135—December 13, 1204), commonly known by his Greek name Maimonides, was a Jewish rabbi, physician, and philosopher. ... Nahmanides (1194 - c. ... Levi ben Gershon (Levi son of Gerson), better known as Gersonides or the Ralbag (1288-1344), was a famous rabbi, philosopher, mathematician and Talmudic commentator. ... Joseph Albo was a Spanish rabbi, and theologian of the fifteenth century, known chiefly as the author of the work on the Jewish principles of faith, Ikkarim. ... Yosef Caro (sometimes Joseph Caro) (1488 - March 24, 1575) was one of the most significant leaders in Rabbinic Judaism and the author of the Shulchan Arukh, an authoritative work on Halakhah (Jewish law). ... Asher ben Jehiel (or Rabeinu Osher ben Yechiel) (1250? 1259?-1328), an eminent rabbi and Talmudist often known by his Hebrew acronym the ROSH (literally Head), was born in western Germany and died in Toledo, Spain. ... This article incorporates text from the public domain 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Israel ben Eliezer Rabbi Israel (Yisroel) ben Eliezer (about 1700 Okopy Świętej Tr jcy - May 22, 1760 Międzyborz) was a Jewish Orthodox mystical rabbi who is better known to most religious Jews as... Shneur Zalman of Liadi (â€Ž) (September 4, 1745 â€“ December 15, 1812 O.S.), was an Orthodox Rabbi, and the founder and first Rebbe of Chabad, a branch of Hasidic Judaism, then based in Liadi, Imperial Russia. ... Elijah Ben Solomon, the Vilna Gaon The Vilna Gaon (April 23, 1720 â€“ October 9, 1797) was a prominent Jewish rabbi, Talmud scholar, and Kabbalist. ... Leopold Zunz (1794-1886), Jewish scholar, was born at Detmold in 1794, and died in Berlin in 1886. ... Israel Jacobson (October 17, 1768, Halberstadt - September 14, 1828, Berlin) was a German philanthropist and reformer. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Rabbi Ovadia Yosef (Hebrew: ×¢×•×‘×“×™×” ×™×•×¡×£) (b. ... Rabbi Moshe Feinstein (1895-1986) Moshe Feinstein (1895 - 1986) was a Lithuanian Orthodox rabbi and scholar, who was world renowned for his expertise in halakha and was the de facto supreme rabbinic authority for Orthodox Jewry of North America. ... Elazar Menachem Man Shach (××œ×¢×–×¨ ×ž× ×—× ×ž×Ÿ ×©×š) (or Rav Leizer Shach, at times his name is written as Eliezer Schach in English publications) (January 22, 1898 - November 2, 2001), was a leading Haredi rabbi in modern Israel. ... Rabbi M.M. Schneerson The third Rebbe of the Chabad Lubavitch dynasty was also named Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (with a h) Menachem Mendel Schneerson (April 18, 1902-June 12, 1994), referred to by Lubavitchers as The Rebbe, was a prominent Orthodox Jewish rabbi who was the seventh and last Rebbe... Who is a Jew? (â€Ž) is a commonly considered question that addresses the question of Jewish identity. ... In Judaism, Bar Mitzvah (Hebrew: ×‘×¨ ×ž×¦×•×”, one (m. ... Bereavement in Judaism (××‘×œ×•×ª aveilut; mourning) is a combination of minhag (traditional custom) and mitzvot (commandments) derived from Judaisms classical Torah and rabbinic texts. ... Set of implements used in the performance of brit milah, displayed in the GÃ¶ttingen city museum Brit milah (Hebrew: [bÉ™rÄ«t mÄ«lÄ] literally: covenant [of] circumcision), also berit milah (Sephardi), bris milah (Ashkenazi pronunciation) or bris (Yiddish) is a religious ceremony within Judaism to welcome infant Jewish... Look up Jew in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Judaism considers marriage to be the ideal state of existence; a man without a wife, or a woman without a husband, are considered incomplete. ... Niddah (or nidah, nidda, nida; Hebrew:× Ö´×“Ö¸Ö¼×”) is a Hebrew term which literally means separation, generally considered to refer to separation from ritual impurity[1]; Ibn Ezra argues that it is related to the term menaddekem, meaning cast you out[2]. The term niddah appears in the biblical description of the... Pidyon HaBen (Hebrew: ×¤×“×™×•×Ÿ ×”×‘×Ÿ) is the redemption of the first-born, a ritual in Judaism. ... Shidduch (Hebrew: ×©×™×“×•×š, pl. ... Zeved habat (also written Zebed habat) (Hebrew זֶבֶד הַבָּת) is the mainly Sephardic naming ceremony for girls, corresponding in part to the non-circumcision part of the Brit milah ceremony for boys. ... Nineteenth century plaque, with Jerusalem occupying the upper right quadrant, Hebron beneath it, the Jordan River running top to bottom, Safed in the top left quadrant, and Tiberias beneath it. ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... Safed (Hebrew: ×¦Ö°×¤Ö·×ª, Tiberian: , Israeli: Tsfat, Ashkenazi: Tzfas; Arabic: ØµÙØ¯ ; KJV English: Zephath) is a city in the North District in Israel. ... Arabic Ø§Ù„Ø®Ù„ÙŠÙ„ Government City Also Spelled al-Khalil (officially) al-Halil (unofficially) Governorate Hebron Population 166,000 (2006) Jurisdiction dunams Head of Municipality Mustafa Abdel Nabi Hebron (Arabic: al-á¸ªalÄ«l or al KhalÄ«l; Hebrew: , Standard Hebrew: á¸¤evron, Tiberian Hebrew: á¸¤eá¸‡rÃ´n) is a city in the southern Judea... Hebrew ×˜×‘×¨×™×” (Standard) Teverya Arabic Ø·Ø¨Ø±ÙŠØ© Government City District North Population 39 900 (a) Jurisdiction 10 000 dunams (10 kmÂ²) Tiberias (British English: ; American English: ; Hebrew: , Tverya; Arabic: , abariyyah) is a town on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, Lower Galilee, Israel. ... A beth din (×‘×™×ª ×“×™×Ÿ, Hebrew: house of judgment, plural battei din) is a rabbinical court of Judaism. ... A Gabbai (Hebrew: ×’×‘××™) is a person who assists in the running of a synagogue and ensures that the needs are met, for example the Jewish prayer services run smoothly, or an assistant to a rabbi (particularly the secretary or personal assistant to a Hassidic Rebbe). ... A hazzan or chazzan (Hebrew for cantor) is a Jewish musician trained in the vocal arts who helps lead the synagogue in songful prayer. ... Cohen (disambiguation) Position of the kohens hands and fingers during the Priestly Blessing A kohen (or cohen, Hebrew ×›Ö¼×”×Ÿ, priest, pl. ... Dovber of Mezeritch (died 1772) was the primary disciple of Israel ben Eliezer, the Baal Shem Tov, the founder of Hasidic Judaism (now a form of Orthodox Judaism. ... A Rosh yeshiva (Hebrew: ראש ישיבה) (plural in Hebrew: Roshei yeshiva, but also referred to in the English form as Rosh yeshivas) is a rabbi who is the academic head, or rosh (ראש), of a yeshiva (ישיבה), a... Mikvah (or mikveh) (Hebrew: ×žÖ´×§Ö°×•Ö¸×”, Standard Tiberian ; plural: mikvaot or mikvot) is a specially constructed pool of water used for total immersion in a purification ceremony within Judaism. ... A mohel (×ž×•×”×œ also moel) is a Jewish ritual circumciser who performs a brit milah ritual circumcision on the penis of a male who is to enter the Jewish covenant. ... For the town in Italy, see Rabbi, Italy. ... For the tanna, see Judah HaNasi. ... Rosh yeshiva (Hebrew: ×¨××© ×™×©×™×‘×”) (pl. ... A synagogue (from , transliterated synagogÄ“, assembly; beit knesset, house of assembly; or beit tefila, house of prayer, shul; , esnoga) is a Jewish house of worship. ... The Temple in Jerusalem or Holy Temple (Hebrew: ×‘×™×ª ×”×ž×§×“×©, transliterated Bet HaMikdash and meaning literally The Holy House) was located on the Temple Mount (Har HaBayit) in the old city of Jerusalem. ... The Tabernacle is known in Hebrew as the Mishkan ( ×ž×©×›×Ÿ Place of [Divine] dwelling). It was to be a portable central place of worship for the Hebrews from the time they left ancient Egypt following the Exodus, through the time of the Book of Judges when they were engaged in conquering... Aleinu (Hebrew: â€Ž, our duty) is a Jewish prayer found in the siddur, the classical Jewish prayerbook. ... The Amidah (Standing), also called the Shemoneh Esrei (The Eighteen), is the central prayer in the Jewish liturgy that observant Jews recite each morning, afternoon, and evening. ... The Four Species (note: in a kosher lulav, the aravah is placed on the left, the lulav in the center, and the hadassim on the right) The Four Species (Hebrew: ××¨×‘×¢×” ×ž×™× ×™×) are three types of plants and one type of fruit which are held together and waved in a special ceremony... The Hasidic Gartel The Gartel is a belt used by Hasidic Jews during prayer. ... Hallel (Hebrew: ×”×œ×œ Praise [God]) is part of Judaisms prayers, a verbatim recitation from Psalms 113-118, which is used for praise and thanksgiving that is recited by observant Jews on Jewish holidays. ... Havdalah (×”×‘×“×œ×”) is a Jewish religious ceremony that marks the symbolic end of Shabbat and holidays, and ushers in beginning of the new week. ... This article is about the Jewish prayer. ... A kittel (Yiddish: ×§×™×ª×œ, robe) is a white robe worn on special occasions by religious Jews. ... () Kol Nidre (ashk. ... Ma Tovu (Hebrew for O How Good or How Goodly) is a prayer in Judaism, expressing reverence and awe for synagogues and other places of worship. ... This article is about the seven branched candelabrum used in the Temple in Jerusalem. ... Mezuzah (IPA: ) (Heb. ... Listed below are some Hebrew prayers and blessings that are part of Judaism that are recited by many Jews. ... Sefer Torah being read during weekday service. ... Jewish services (Hebrew: ×ª×¤×œ×”, tefillah ; plural ×ª×¤×œ×•×ª, tefillot ; Yinglish: davening) are the prayer recitations which form part of the observance of Judaism. ... Shema Yisrael (or Shma Yisroel or just Shema) (Hebrew: ×©×ž×¢ ×™×©×¨××œ; Hear, [O] Israel) are the first two words of a section of the Torah (Hebrew Bible) that is used as a centerpiece of all morning and evening Jewish prayer services and closely echoes the monotheistic message of Judaism. ... A shofar made from the horn of a kudu, in the Yemenite Jewish style. ... The tallit (Modern Hebrew: ) or tallet(h) (Sephardi Hebrew: ), also called talles (Yiddish), is a prayer shawl cloak that is worn during the morning Jewish services (the Shacharit prayers) in Judaism, during the Torah service, and on Yom Kippur. ... Tefillin (Hebrew: ×ª×¤×œ×™×Ÿ), also called phylacteries, are two boxes containing Biblical verses and the leather straps attached to them which are used in traditional Jewish prayer. ... Tzitzit or tzitzis (Ashkenazi) (Hebrew: Biblical ×¦×™×¦×ª Modern ×¦×™×¦×™×ª) are fringes or tassels worn by observant Jews on the corners of four-cornered garments, including the tallit (prayer shawl). ... The word yad may also refer to the Yad ha-Chazaka, another name for Maimonides Mishneh Torah. ... A yarmulke (also yarmulka, yarmelke) (Yiddish ×™ï¬®×¨×ž×œ×§×¢ yarmlke) or Kippah (Hebrew ×›Ö¼Ö´×¤Ö¼Ö¸×” kippÄh, plural kippot) is a thin, usually slightly rounded cloth cap worn by Jews. ... This article deals with Jewish views of religious pluralism. ... map showing the prevalence of Abrahamic (purple) and Dharmic (yellow) religions in each country. ... This article discusses the traditional views of the two religions and may not be applicable all adherents of each. ... This article on relations between Catholicism and Judaism deals with the current relationship between the Roman Catholic Church and Judaism, focusing on changes over the last fifty years, and especially during the pontificate of Pope John Paul II. // The Second Vatican Council Throughout history accusations of anti-Semitism have resounded... In recent years there has been much to note in the way of reconciliation between some Christian groups and the Jewish people. ... Jacob wrestling an angel, by Gustave DorÃ© (1832-1883), a shared Judeo-Christian story. ... This article is about the historical interaction between Islam and Judaism. ... A Jewish Buddhist is a person with a Jewish ethnic and/or religious background who practices forms of Buddhist meditation and spirituality. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... This article on Mormonism and Judaism describes the views of Latter-day Saints, commonly known as Mormons, with respect to Jews and Judaism, and includes comparisons of the Mormon and Jewish faiths. ... Alternative Judaism refers to several varieties of modern Judaism which fall outside the common Orthodox/Non-Orthodox (Reform/Conservative/Reconstructionist) classification of the four major streams of todays Judaism. ... Hebrew redirects here. ... The Judeo-Arabic languages are a collection of Arabic dialects spoken by Jews living or formerly living in Arabic-speaking countries; the term also refers to more or less classical Arabic written in the Hebrew script, particularly in the Middle Ages. ... Judæo-Aramaic is a collective term used to describe several Hebrew-influenced Aramaic and Neo-Aramaic languages. ... The JudÃ¦o-Persian languages include a number of related languages spoken throughout the formerly extensive realm of the Persian Empire, sometimes including all the Jewish Indo-Iranian languages: Dzhidi (JudÃ¦o-Persian) Bukhori (JudÃ¦o-Bukharic) JudÃ¦o-Golpaygani JudÃ¦o-Yazdi JudÃ¦o-Kermani JudÃ¦o-Shirazi Jud... Not to be confused with Ladin. ... Yiddish (Yid. ... Jewish history is the history of the Jewish people, faith, and culture. ... For the pre-history of the region, see Pre-history of the Southern Levant. ... The Temple in Jerusalem or Holy Temple (Hebrew: ×‘×™×ª ×”×ž×§×“×©, transliterated Bet HaMikdash and meaning literally The Holy House) was located on the Temple Mount (Har HaBayit) in the old city of Jerusalem. ... For other uses, see Babylonian captivity (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... Main article: Religious significance of Jerusalem Jerusalem has been the holiest city in Judaism and the spiritual homeland of the Jewish people since the 10th century BCE.[1] Jerusalem has long been embedded into Jewish religious consciousness. ... 1800 BCE - The Jebusites build the wall Jebus (Jerusalem). ... The Hasmoneans (Hebrew: , Hashmonaiym, Audio) were the ruling dynasty of the Hasmonean Kingdom (140 BCEâ€“37 BCE),[1] an autonomous Jewish state in ancient Israel. ... For the tractate in the Mishnah, see Sanhedrin (tractate). ... For the followers of the Vilna Gaon, see Perushim. ... Combatants Roman Empire Jews of Iudaea Province Commanders Vespasian, Titus Simon Bar-Giora, Yohanan mi-Gush Halav (John of Gischala), Eleazar ben Simon Strength 70,000? 1,100,000? Casualties Unknown 1,100,000? (majority Jewish civilian casualties) Jewish-Roman wars First War â€“ Kitos War â€“ Bar Kokhba revolt The first... The Jewish diaspora (Hebrew: Tefutzah, scattered, or Galut ×’×œ×•×ª, exile, Yiddish: tfutses), the Jewish presence outside of the Land of Israel is a result of the expulsion of the Jewish people out of their land, during the destruction of the First Temple, Second Temple and after the Bar Kokhba revolt. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Excluding the region of Palestine, and omitting the accounts of Joseph and Moses as unverifiable, Jews have lived in what are now Arab and non-Arab Muslim (i. ... Not to be confused with Sabaeans, who were ancient people living in what is now Yemen. ... Haskalah (Hebrew: ×”×©×›×œ×”; enlightenment, education from sekhel intellect, mind ), the Jewish Enlightenment, was a movement among European Jews in the late 18th century that advocated adopting enlightenment values, pressing for better integration into European society, and increasing education in secular studies, Hebrew, and Jewish history. ... Dates of Jewish emancipation. ... â€œShoahâ€ redirects here. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Combatants Arab nations Israel Arab-Israeli conflict series History of the Arab-Israeli conflict Views of the Arab-Israeli conflict International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict Arab-Israeli conflict facts, figures, and statistics Participants Israeli-Palestinian conflict Â· Israel-Lebanon conflict Â· Arab League Â· Soviet Union / Russia Â· Israel, Palestine and the... Israel, with the West Bank, Gaza Strip and Golan Heights The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is an ongoing dispute between the State of Israel and Arab Palestinians. ... The Land of Israel (Hebrew: ×Ö¶×¨Ö¶×¥ ×™Ö´×©Ö°×‚×¨Ö¸×Öµ×œ, Masoretic: Ê¼áº¸retz YiÅ›rÄÄ“l, Hebrew Academy: Ã‰reáº“ Yisrael, Yiddish: ) is the divinely ordained and given territory by God as an eternal inheritance to the Jewish people. ... Baal teshuva movement (return [to Judaism] movement) refers to a worldwide phenomenon among the Jewish people. ... Jewish political movements refer to the organized efforts of Jews to build their own political parties or otherwise represent their interest in politics outside of the Jewish community. ... This article is about Zionism as a movement, not the History of Israel. ... General Zionists were centrists within the Zionist movement. ... Religious Zionism, or the Religious Zionist Movement, a branch of which is also called Mizrachi, is an ideology that claims to combine Zionism and Judaism, to base Zionism on the principles of Jewish religion and heritage. ... Palestine (comprising todays Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza strip) and Transjordan (todays Kingdom of Jordan) were all part of the British Mandate of Palestine. ... A Bundist demonstration, 1917 The General Jewish Labour Union of Lithuania, Poland and Russia, in Yiddish the Algemeyner Yidisher Arbeter Bund in Lite, Poyln un Rusland (×Ö·×œ×’×ž×²Ö·× ×¢×¨ ×²×“×™×©×¢×¨ ×Ö·×¨×‘×²×˜×¢×¨×¡×‘×•× ×“ ××™×Ÿ ×œ×™×˜×Ö·, ×¤×•×™×œ×™×Ÿ ××•×Ÿ ×¨×•×¡×œ×Ö·× ×“), generally called The Bund (×‘×•× ×“) or the Jewish Labor Bund, was a Jewish political party operating in several European countries between the 1890s and the... World Agudath Israel (The World Israeli Union) was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism. ... Jewish feminism is a movement that seeks to improve the religious, legal, and social status of women within Judaism and to open up new opportunities for religious experience and leadership for Jewish women. ... Politics of Israel takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Israel is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... This does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... New antisemitism is the concept of a new 21st-century form of antisemitism emanating simultaneously from the left, the far right, and radical Islam, and tending to manifest itself as opposition to Zionism and the State of Israel. ... Racial antisemitism is hatred of Jews as a racial group, rather than hatred of Judaism as a religion. ... An example of state-sponsored atheist anti-Judaism. ... Secondary antisemitism is a distinct kind of antisemitism which is said to have appeared after the end of World War II. It is often explained as being caused by â€”as opposed to despite ofâ€” Auschwitz, pars pro toto for the Holocaust. ...

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Origins of secular Jewish culture GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");