NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Segmentation (biology)

Segmentation in biology refers to the division of some metazoan bodies and plant body plans into a series of semi-repetitive segments, and the question of the benefits and costs of doing so. As such, segmentation is related to the more general concept of modularity. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (233x800, 27 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Vertebral column Deadlift ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (233x800, 27 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Vertebral column Deadlift ... Classes and Clades See below Male and female Superb Fairy-wren Vertebrates are members of the subphylum Vertebrata (within the phylum Chordata), specifically, those chordates with backbones or spinal columns. ... Neuromeres are transient segments during the early development of the human brain. ... Phyla Subkingdom Parazoa Porifera (sponges) Subkingdom Agnotozoa Placozoa Orthonectida Rhombozoa Subkingdom Metazoa Radiata Cnidaria Ctenophora - Comb jellies Bilateria Protostomia Acoelomorpha Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Nemertina - Ribbon worms Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida - Jawed worms Micrognathozoa Rotifera - Rotifers Acanthocephala Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Entoprocta Nematoda - Roundworms Nematomorpha - Horsehair worms Cycliophora Mollusca - Mollusks Sipuncula - Peanut worms Annelida - Segmented... Divisions Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta - liverworts Anthocerotophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) â€ Rhyniophyta - rhyniophytes â€ Zosterophyllophyta - zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses â€ Trimerophytophyta - trimerophytes Pteridophyta - ferns and horsetails Seed plants (spermatophytes) â€ Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering plants... Many organisms consist of modules, both anatomically and in their metabolism. ...

Examples of segmented animals are the annelids and arthropods. Vertebrate vertebrae are also inherited in a segmented way, making it easy for those animals to adapt to have the correct number of these in their vertebral column. This has been extensively studied in mice. Among plants, the horsetails are a clear example of segmentation. Classes and subclasses Class Polychaeta (paraphyletic?) Class Clitellata* Oligochaeta - earthworms, etc. ... Subphyla and Classes Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Trilobita - trilobites (extinct) Subphylum Chelicerata Arachnida - spiders,scorpions, etc. ... Classes and Clades See below Male and female Superb Fairy-wren Vertebrates are members of the subphylum Vertebrata (within the phylum Chordata), specifically, those chordates with backbones or spinal columns. ... A diagram of a thoracic vertebra. ... The vertebral column seen from the side Different regions (curvatures) of the vertebral column The vertebral column (backbone or spine) is a column of vertebrae situated in the dorsal aspect of the abdomen. ... Feral mouse A mouse (plural mice) is a rodent that belongs to one of numerous species of small mammals. ... Species The horsetails are vascular plants, comprising 15 species of plants in the genus Equisetum. ...

Segmentation allows for a high degree of specialization of bodily regions. This regional specialization is seen to some degree in annelids, but is an evolutionary development of the body plan of arthropods.

The process of establishing such a segmented body pattern is discussed in morphogenesis. Morphogenesis is also the name of a band. ...

Categories: Biology stubs | Developmental biology Morphogenesis is also the name of a band. ... Individuals in the mollusk species Donax variabilis show diverse coloration and patterning in their phenotypes. ... The genotype-phenotype distinction refers to the fact that while genotype and phenotype of an organism are related, they do not necessarily coincide. ... In ecology and genetics, a norm of reaction describes the pattern of phenotypic expression of a single genotype across a range of environments. ... Gene-environment interaction is a term used to describe any phenotypic effects that are due to interactions between the environment and genes. ... Heritability, as used professionally in genetics, has a very precise definition. ... Quantitative genetics is the study of continuous traits (such as height or weight) and its underlying mechanisms. ... Genetic architecture refers to the underlying genetic basis of a phenotypic trait. ... It has been suggested that dominant allele be merged into this article or section. ... Epistasis takes place when the action of one gene is modified by one or more others that assort somewhat independently. ... Inheritance of quantitative traits refers to the inheritance of a phenotypic characteristic that varies in degree and can be attributed to the interactions between two or more genes and their environment (also called Polygenic inheritance). ... Pleiotropy occurs when a single gene influences multiple phenotypic traits. ... We dont have an article called Phenotypic plasticity Start this article Search for Phenotypic plasticity in. ... Norms of reaction for two genotypes. ... In evolutionary biology, fitness landscapes or adaptive landscapes are used to visualize the relationship between genotypes (or phenotypes) and replicatory success. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Epigenetics. ... Epigenetics is the study of reversible heritable changes in gene function that occur without a change in the sequence of nuclear DNA. It is also the study of the processes involved in the unfolding development of an organism. ... A maternal effect, in genetics, is the phenomena where the genotype of a mother is expressed in the phenotype of its offspring. ... Dual inheritance theory, (or DIT), in sharp contrast to the notion that culture overrides biology, posits that humans are products of the interaction between biological evolution and cultural evolution. ... Many organisms consist of modules, both anatomically and in their metabolism. ... Evolvability is a concept in that relates ability of a particular phenotype to be robust to mutations. ... Mutational robustness describes the extent to which an organisms phenotype remains constant in spite of mutation. ... The evolution of sex is a major puzzle in modern evolutionary biology. ... Conrad Hal Waddington (1905 â€” 1975), known to his friends as Wad, was a developmental biologist, paleontologist, geneticist, embryologist and philosopher. ... Richard Lewontin Richard Charles Dick Lewontin (born March 29, 1929) is an American evolutionary biologist, geneticist and social commentator. ... Nature vs Nurture is a shorthand expression for debates about the relative importance of an individuals innate qualities (nature) versus personal experiences (nurture) in determining or causing individual differences in physical and behavioral traits. ... This is a list of topics in evolutionary biology and evolution. ...