NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Selma to Montgomery marches

The Selma to Montgomery marches, which included Bloody Sunday, were three marches that marked the political and emotional peak of the American civil rights movement. They were the culmination of the voting rights movement in Selma, Alabama, launched by Amelia Boynton Robinson and her husband. Robinson brought many prominent leaders of the American Civil Rights Movement to Selma, including Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Jim Bevel and Hosea Williams. "Bloody Sunday" occurred on March 7, 1965, when 600 civil rights marchers were attacked by state and local police with billy clubs and tear gas. Only the third, and last, march successfully made it into Montgomery, Alabama. The route is memorialized as the Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail. John Lewis (on right in trench coat) and Hosea Williams (on the left) lead marchers across the Edmund Pettus Bridge during the Selma to Montgomery marches. ... John Lewis (on right in trench coat) and Hosea Williams (on the left) lead marchers across the Edmund Pettus Bridge during the Selma to Montgomery marches. ... Politics is the process by which decisions are made within groups. ... The civil rights movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all citizens of United States. ... Voting rights refers to the right of a person to vote in an election. ... Selma is a city in Alabama located on the banks of the Alabama River in Dallas County, Alabama, of which it is the county seat. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Amelia Boynton Robinson Amelia Platts Boynton Robinson (born 1911) was an important figure in the American Civil Rights Movement and later became a leader in the Lyndon LaRouche-related Schiller Institute. ... The civil rights movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all citizens of United States. ... Martin Luther King redirects here. ... Reverend James Luther Bevel (b. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... is the 66th day of the year (67th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... The speedy deletion of this page is contested. ... A riot control agent is a type of lachrymatory agent (or lacrimatory agent). ... Coordinates: , Country State County Montgomery Incorporated December 3, 1819 Government - Mayor Bobby Bright Area - City 156. ...

First march

On March 7, 1965, 525 to 600 civil rights marchers headed east out of Selma on U.S. Highway 80. Discrimination and intimidation had prevented Selma's black population, roughly half of the city, from registering to vote three weeks earlier. On February 18, 1965, a trooper (Corporal James Bonard Fowler) shot Jimmie Lee Jackson as he tried to protect his mother and grandfather in a café to which they had fled while being attacked by troopers during a civil rights demonstration. Jackson died of an infection at Selma's Good Samaritan Hospital eight days later. The marchers hoped to bring notice to the violations of their rights by marching to the state capitol in Montgomery. Dr. King called for a march from Selma to Montgomery to ask Governor George Wallace to protect black registrants. Wallace denounced the march as a threat to public safety and declared he would take all measures necessary to prevent it. In their first march, led by John Lewis and the Reverend Hosea Williams, and followed by Bob Mants, they made it only as far as the Edmund Pettus Bridge, six blocks away. State troopers and the Dallas County Sheriff's Department, some mounted on horseback, awaited them. In the presence of the news media, the lawmen attacked the peaceful demonstrators with billy clubs, tear gas, and bull whips, driving them back into Selma. Bloody Sunday (1965) - Alabama police attack Obtained from http://www. ... Bloody Sunday (1965) - Alabama police attack Obtained from http://www. ... is the 66th day of the year (67th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... US 80 is an east-west United States highway. ... Voter registration is the requirement in some democracies for citizens to check in with some central registry before being allowed to vote in elections. ... is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... James Bonard Fowler, as a corporal in the Alabama state police, shot and fatally wounded Jimmie Lee Jackson on 18 February 1965, as Jackson attempted to intervene to protect his mother and grandfather from battery by troopers including Fowler. ... Jimmie Lee Jackson (born in Marion, Alabama December 1938 - died in Selma, Alabama February 26, 1965) was a young man whose death was among the abuses of African-Americans that provoked the Selma to Montgomery marches, an important event in the American Civil Rights movement. ... An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: The United States Constitution The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. ... This is a list of state capitols (buildings) in the United States, not to be confused with a list of state capitals. ... George Corley Wallace, Jr. ... This is an article about the modern meaning of the term public safety. ... For other persons named John Lewis, see John Lewis (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Edmund Pettus Bridge, named for Edmund Winston Pettus, a Confederate brigadier general, and eventual U.S. Senator, is a bridge in Selma, Alabama. ... ... News media satellite up-link trucks and photojournalists gathered outside the Prudential Financial headquarters in Newark, New Jersey in August, 2004 following the announcement of evidence of a terrorist threat to it and to buildings in New York City. ...

Brutal televised images of the attack, which presented people with horrifying images of marchers left bloodied and severely injured, roused support for the U.S. civil rights movement. Amelia Boynton Robinson was beaten and gassed nearly to death — her photo appeared on the front page of newspapers and news magazines around the world. Seventeen marchers were hospitalized, leading to the naming of the day "Bloody Sunday". Rosa Parks also marched with them, along with Thomas Fitzpatrick Jones. Bloody Sunday (1965) - Alabama officers await deomnstrators at the Edmund Pettus Bridge From http://www. ... Bloody Sunday (1965) - Alabama officers await deomnstrators at the Edmund Pettus Bridge From http://www. ... Amelia Boynton Robinson Amelia Platts Boynton Robinson (born 1911) was an important figure in the American Civil Rights Movement and later became a leader in the Lyndon LaRouche-related Schiller Institute. ... Bloody Sunday refers to several historical events (listed in chronological order): Bloody Sunday (1887), a demonstration in London against coercion in Ireland Bloody Sunday (1900), a day of high casualties in the Second Boer War Bloody Sunday (1905), a massacre in Saint Petersburg A violent event during the 1913 Dublin... Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 â€“ October 24, 2005) was an African American civil rights activist and seamstress whom the U.S. Congress dubbed the Mother of the Modern-Day Civil Rights Movement. Parks is famous for her refusal on December 1, 1955 to obey bus driver James Blake...

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolutionâ€Ž (3,072 Ã— 2,304 pixels, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolutionâ€Ž (3,072 Ã— 2,304 pixels, file size: 2. ...

Third march

A week after Reeb's death, the federal judge ruled in favor of the SCLC, preventing the state from blocking the marchers, weighing the right of mobility against the right to march:

The five-day/four-night event covered a 54-mile route along state Highway 80 through chilling weather and rain. The marchers reached Montgomery on March 24 and camped out at the Catholic complex City of St. Jude. That night, a "Stars for Freedom" rally was held, with singers Harry Belafonte, Tony Bennett, Frankie Laine, Peter, Paul and Mary, Sammy Davis, Jr. and Nina Simone all performing. By the next day, Thursday, March 25, their numbers had swelled to 25,000, and King delivered the speech "How Long, Not Long" beside the State Capitol Building.^[1] is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Harold George Belafonete, Jr. ... For other persons named Tony Bennett, see Tony Bennett (disambiguation). ... Frankie Laine, born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio (March 30, 1913 â€“ February 6, 2007), was one of the most successful American singers of the twentieth century. ... The trio Peter, Paul and Mary (often PP&M) is a musical group from the United States; they were one of the most successful folk-singing groups of the 1960s. ... This article is about the entertainer. ... Eunice Kathleen Waymon, better known by her stage name Nina Simone (February 21, 1933 â€“ April 21, 2003), was an American singer, songwriter, pianist, arranger and civil rights activist. ... is the 84th day of the year (85th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... John Lewis (on right in trench coat) and Hosea Williams (on the left) lead marchers across the Edmund Pettus Bridge, March 7, 1965 How Long, Not Long is the the popular name given to the public speech delivered by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. ...

Within five months of the third march, President Lyndon Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Amelia Boynton Robinson was present during the ceremony. Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908–January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was an American politician. ... The United States Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed requiring would-be voters to take literacy tests and provided for federal registration of African American voters in areas that had less than 50% of eligible voters registered. ...

See also

Viola Liuzzo with her husband Anthony, 1949. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... James Reeb (January 1, 1927 â€” March 11, 1965) was a white Unitarian minister from Boston, Massachusetts who, while marching for civil rights in Selma, Alabama, was beaten to death by segregationists ([1]). He was 38 years old. ...

Notes

For other uses, see Jefferson Davis (disambiguation). ... Motto Deo Vindice (Latin: Under God, Our Vindicator) Anthem (none official) God Save the South (unofficial) The Bonnie Blue Flag (unofficial) Dixie (unofficial) Capital Montgomery, Alabama (until May 29, 1861) Richmond, Virginia (May 29, 1861â€“April 2, 1865) Danville, Virginia (from April 3, 1865) Language(s) English (de facto) Religion...

External links

Categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since June 2007 | National Trails of the United States | Historic trails and roads in the United States | History of African-American civil rights | Civil rights protests | Protests in the United States | Protest marches | History of Alabama | 1965 in the United States | Selma, Alabama BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... Prominent figures of the African-American Civil Rights Movement. ... This is a timeline of the African-American Civil Rights Movement. ... The Albany Movement was a desegregation group formed in Albany, Georgia on November 17, 1961. ... The Albany movement proved to be an important education for the SCLC, however, when it undertook the Birmingham campaign in 1963. ... â€¹ The template below is being considered for deletion. ... Holding Segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, because separate facilities are inherently unequal. ... President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. ... President Johnson signing the Civil Rights Act of 1968 On April 11, 1968, President Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1968 (also known as CRA 68), which was meant as a follow-up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. ... For the civil rights action by Indigenous Australians, see Freedom Ride (Australia). ... Freedom Summer (also known as the Mississippi Summer Project) was a campaign in the United States launched in June 1964 to attempt to register to vote as many African American voters as possible in Mississippi, which up to that time had almost totally excluded black voters. ... In Harper v. ... Bottom row, left to right: Thelma Mothershed, Minnijean Brown, Elizabeth Eckford, Gloria Ray; Top row, left to right: Jefferson Thomas, Melba Pattillo, Terrence Roberts, Carlotta Walls, Daisy Bates (NAACP President), Ernest Green The Little Rock Nine were a group of African-American students who enrolled in Little Rock Central High... The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. ... The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party was an American political party created in the state of Mississippi in 1964, during the civil rights movement. ... Rosa Parks arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man. ... In 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. ... Amendment XXIV in the National Archives Amendment XXIV (the Twenty-fourth Amendment) of the United States Constitution prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax. ... The National Voting Rights Act of 1965 ()[1] outlawed the requirement that would-be voters in the United States take literacy tests to qualify to register to vote, and it provided for federal registration of voters in areas that had less than 50% of eligible minority voters registered. ... Ralph Abernathy at National Press Club luncheon. ... Victoria Jackson Gray Adams (November 5, 1926 - August 12, 2006) was a pioneering civil rights activist from Hattiesburg, Mississippi. ... Ella Josephine Baker (December 13, 1903 - December 13, 1986) was an African-American Civil Rights activist. ... Stokely Standiford Churchill Carmichael (June 29, 1941 â€“ November 15, 1998), also known as Kwame Ture, was a Trinidadian-American black activist active in the 1960s American Civil Rights Movement. ... Vernon Ferdinand Dahmer (born March 10, 1908 in Forrest County, Mississippi - died January 11, 1966 in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, burns suffered from an arson fire) was a civil rights leader and president of the Forrest County, Mississippi chapter of the NAACP. // In late 1965, Dahmer set up a voter registration drive... Annie Belle Robinson Devine (1912-2000) was active in the American Civil Rights Movement. ... Medgar Wiley Evers (July 2, 1925 â€“ June 12, 1963) was an African American civil rights activist from Mississippi. ... James L. Farmer, Jr. ... James Forman (October 4, 1928 - January 10, 2005) was an African-American Civil Rights leader active in both the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Black Panther Party. ... Fannie Lou Hamer (born Fannie Lou Townsend on October 6, 1917 â€“ March 14, 1977) was an American voting rights activist and civil rights leader. ... Dorothy Irene Height (born March 24, 1912) is an African American administrator, educator, social activist, and a recipient of the Congressional Gold Medal. ... Theodore Roosevelt Mason Howard (b. ... Jesse Louis Jackson, Sr. ... Clyde Kennard (died July 4, 1963) was an African-American in Mississippi who attempted several times to enroll in the states public institutions of higher learning during the 1950s. ... Martin Luther King redirects here. ... For other persons named John Lewis, see John Lewis (disambiguation). ... Viola Liuzzo with her husband Anthony, 1949. ... Malcolm X, born Malcolm Little, also known as Detroit Red and Al-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Omaha, Nebraska, May 19, 1925 â€“ February 21, 1965 in New York City) was a Muslim Minister and National Spokesman for the Nation of Islam. ... This is about the educator and civil rights activist; for other uses, see Robert Moses (disambiguation). ... Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 â€“ October 24, 2005) was an African American civil rights activist and seamstress whom the U.S. Congress dubbed the Mother of the Modern-Day Civil Rights Movement. Parks is famous for her refusal on December 1, 1955 to obey bus driver James Blake... Asa Philip Randolph (April 15, 1889 â€“ May 16, 1979) was a prominent twentieth century African-American civil rights leader and founder of the first black labor union in the United States. ... Bayard Rustin at news briefing on the Civil Rights March on Washington, August 27, 1963 Bayard Rustin (March 17, 1912 â€“ August 24, 1987) was an African-American civil rights activist, important largely behind the scenes in the civil rights movement of the 1960s and earlier and principal organizer of the... Modjeska Monteith Simkins Modjeska Monteith Simkins (born 1899 in Columbia, South Carolina - 1992) was a civil rights leader. ... Roy Wilkins, 1968. ... Whitney Young at the White House, 1964. ... â€œCOREâ€ redirects here. ... Leadership Conference on Civil Rights (LCCR) Leadership Conference on Civil Rights(LCCR) was founded in 1950 by A. Philip Randolph( founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters), Roy Wilkins (Executive Secretary of the NAACP), and Arnold Aronson, a leader of the National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council. ... The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP, generally pronounced as EN Double AY SEE PEE) is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States. ... Operation Breadbasket is an organization dedicated to improving the economic conditions of black communities across the United States of America. ... The Southern Christian Leadership Conference Logo. ... The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (or SNCC, pronounced snick) was one of the principal organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. ... The National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) was founded in 1935 by Mary McLeod Bethune, child of slave parents, distinguished educator and government consultant. ... National Urban League Logo The National Urban League (NUL) is a nonpartisan civil rights organization based in New York City that advocates on behalf of African Americans and against racial discrimination in the United States. ... The Womens Political Council was an organization that was part of the African-American Civil Rights Movement. ...

Contents

Third march

See also

Notes

External links