W3C's Semantic Web logo

The Semantic Web is an evolving extension of the World Wide Web in which web content can be expressed not only in natural language, but also in a format that can be read and used by software agents, thus permitting them to find, share and integrate information more easily.^[1] It derives from W3C director Sir Tim Berners-Lee's vision of the Web as a universal medium for data, information, and knowledge exchange. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... WWWs historical logo designed by Robert Cailliau The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked, hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. ... I just want to try This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... The term natural language is used to distinguish languages spoken and signed (by hand signals and facial expressions) by humans for general-purpose communication from constructs such as writing, computer-programming languages or the languages used in the study of formal logic, especially mathematical logic. ... The term machine-readable (or computer-readable) refers to information encoded in a form which can be read (i. ... In computer science, a software agent is an abstraction, a logical model that describes software that acts for a user or other program in a relationship of agency. ... Digital integration is the idea that data or information on any given electronic device can be read or manipulated by another device using a standard format. ... It has been suggested that W3C Markup Validation Service be merged into this article or section. ... Sir Tim Berners-Lee Sir Tim (Timothy John) Berners-Lee, KBE (TimBL or TBL) (b. ... For other uses, see Data (disambiguation). ... The ASCII codes for the word Wikipedia represented in binary, the numeral system most commonly used for encoding computer information. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

At its core, the semantic web comprises a philosophy,^[2] a set of design principles,^[3] collaborative working groups, and a variety of enabling technologies. Some elements of the semantic web are expressed as prospective future possibilities that have yet to be implemented or realized.^[4] Other elements of the semantic web are expressed in formal specifications.^[5] Some of these include Resource Description Framework (RDF), a variety of data interchange formats (e.g. RDF/XML, N3, Turtle, N-Triples), and notations such as RDF Schema (RDFS) and the Web Ontology Language (OWL), all of which are intended to provide a formal description of concepts, terms, and relationships within a given knowledge domain. A working group (WG) is an interdisciplinary collaboration of researchers working on new research activities that would be difficult to develop under traditional funding mechanisms (e. ... Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a family of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) specifications originally designed as a metadata model but which has come to be used as a general method of modeling information, through a variety of syntax formats. ... Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a family of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) specifications originally designed as a metadata model but which has come to be used as a general method of modeling information, through a variety of syntax formats. ... Notation 3, or N3 as it is more commonly known, is a shorthand non-XML serialization of Resource Description Framework models, designed with human-readability in mind: N3 is much more compact and readable than XML RDF notation. ... This article, image, template or category should belong in one or more categories. ... RDF Schema is a language for describing vocabularies in RDF. RDF Schema is a semantic extension of RDF. It provides mechanisms for describing groups of related resources and the relationships between these resources. ... The Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a language for defining and instantiating Web ontologies. ... Description logics (DL) are a family of knowledge representation languages which can be used to represent the terminological knowledge of an application domain in a structured and formally well-understood way. ... For other uses, see Concept (disambiguation). ... Terminology is the study of terms and their use — of words and compound words that are used in specific contexts. ... Causality or causation denotes the relationship between one event (called cause) and another event (called effect) which is the consequence (result) of the first. ... Most general, domain knowledge is the knowledge which is valid and directly used for a pre-selected domain of human or an autonomous computer activity. ...

Purpose

Humans are capable of using the Web to carry out tasks such as finding the Finnish word for "car", to reserve a library book, or to search for the cheapest DVD and buy it. However, a computer cannot accomplish the same tasks without human direction because web pages are designed to be read by people, not machines. The semantic web is a vision of information that is understandable by computers, so that they can perform more of the tedious work involved in finding, sharing and combining information on the web. DVD (also known as Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc) is a popular optical disc storage media format. ...

For example, a computer might be instructed to list the prices of flat screen HDTVs larger than 40 inches with 1080p resolution at shops in the nearest town that are open until 8pm on Tuesday evenings. Today, this task requires search engines that are individually tailored to every website being searched. The semantic web provides a common standard (RDF) for websites to publish the relevant information in a more readily machine-processable and integratable form. The ASCII codes for the word Wikipedia represented in binary, the numeral system most commonly used for encoding computer information. ...

Tim Berners-Lee originally expressed the vision of the semantic web as follows^[6]:

Semantic publishing will benefit greatly from the semantic web. In particular, the semantic web is expected to revolutionize scientific publishing, such as real-time publishing and sharing of experimental data on the Internet. This simple but radical idea is now being explored by W3C HCLS group's Scientific Publishing Task Force. Semantic publishing on the Web or semantic web publishing refers to publishing information as data objects using a semantic web language or as documents with explicit semantic markups. ... Academic publishing describes the subfield of publishing which distributes academic research and scholarship. ... The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is a consortium that produces standards—recommendations, as they call them—for the World Wide Web. ...

Tim Berners-Lee has further stated^[7]:

Relationship to the Hypertext Web

Markup

Many files on a typical computer can be loosely divided into documents and data. Documents, like mail messages, reports and brochures, are read by humans. Data, like calendars, addressbooks, playlists and spreadsheets, are presented using an application program which lets them be viewed, searched and combined in many ways. For the similarly-named Surrealist journal, see Documents (journal). ... For other uses, see Data (disambiguation). ...

Currently, the World Wide Web is based mainly on documents written in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), a markup convention that is used for coding a body of text interspersed with multimedia objects such as images and interactive forms. Metadata tags, for example <meta name="keywords" content="computing, computer studies, computer"><meta name="description" content="xxxx... "><meta name="author" content="xxxx"> provide a method by which computers can read the content of web pages. In computing, HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is a markup language designed for the creation of web pages and other information viewable in a browser. ... HTML, short for Hypertext Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. ...

The semantic web takes the concept further; it involves publishing the data in a language, Resource Description Framework (RDF), specifically for data, so that it can be manipulated and combined just as can data files on a local computer. Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a family of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) specifications originally designed as a metadata model but which has come to be used as a general method of modeling information, through a variety of syntax formats. ...

The HTML language describes documents and the links between them. RDF, by contrast, describes arbitrary things such as people, meetings, or airplane parts.

For example, with HTML and a tool to render it (perhaps Web browser software, perhaps another user agent), one can create and present a page that lists items for sale. The HTML of this catalog page can make simple, document-level assertions such as "this document's title is 'Widget Superstore'". But there is no capability within the HTML itself to assert unambiguously that, for example, item number X586172 is an Acme Gizmo with a retail price of €199, or that it is a consumer product. Rather, HTML can only say that the span of text "X586172" is something that should be positioned near "Acme Gizmo" and "€ 199", etc. There is no way to say "this is a catalog" or even to establish that "Acme Gizmo" is a kind of title or that "€ 199" is a price. There is also no way to express that these pieces of information are bound together in describing a discrete item, distinct from other items perhaps listed on the page. A user agent is the client application used with a particular network protocol; the phrase is most commonly used in reference to those which access the World Wide Web. ...

See also: Semantic HTML, Linked Data. HTML, short for Hypertext Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for the creation of web pages. ... Linked Data is a term used to describe a recommended best practice for exposing, sharing, and connecting pieces of data on the Semantic Web. ...

Descriptive and extensible

The semantic web addresses this shortcoming, using the descriptive technologies Resource Description Framework (RDF) and Web Ontology Language (OWL), and the data-centric, customizable Extensible Markup Language (XML). These technologies are combined in order to provide descriptions that supplement or replace the content of Web documents. Thus, content may manifest as descriptive data stored in Web-accessible databases, or as markup within documents (particularly, in Extensible HTML (XHTML) interspersed with XML, or, more often, purely in XML, with layout/rendering cues stored separately). The machine-readable descriptions enable content managers to add meaning to the content, i.e. to describe the structure of the knowledge we have about that content. In this way, a machine can process knowledge itself, instead of text, using processes similar to human deductive reasoning and inference, thereby obtaining more meaningful results and facilitating automated information gathering and research by computers. Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a family of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) specifications originally designed as a metadata model but which has come to be used as a general method of modeling information, through a variety of syntax formats. ... The Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a language for defining and instantiating Web ontologies. ... The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a general-purpose markup language. ... This article is about computing. ... The Extensible HyperText Markup Language, or XHTML, is a markup language that has the same depth of expression as HTML, but also conforms to XML syntax. ... Deductive reasoning is the kind of reasoning where the conclusion is necessitated or implied by previously known premises. ... Inference is the act or process of deriving a conclusion based solely on what one already knows. ... This article is about the concept. ...

Skeptical reactions

Practical feasibility

Some critics question the basic feasibility of a complete or even partial fulfillment of the semantic web. Some develop their critique from the perspective of human behavior and personal preferences, which ostensibly diminish the likelihood of its fulfillment (see e.g., metacrap). Other commentators object that there are limitations that stem from the current state of software engineering itself. (see e.g., Leaky abstraction). Metacrap is a portmanteau word drawn from metadata and crap. ... Software engineering is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software. ... A leaky abstraction is an unsatisfactory implementation of an abstraction. ...

Where semantic web technologies have found a greater degree of practical adoption, it has tended to be among core specialized communities and organizations for intra company projects.^[8] The practical constraints toward adoption have appeared less challenging where domain and scope is more limited than that of the general public and the world wide web.^[8]

An unrealized idea

The original 2001 Scientific American article (from Berners-Lee) described an expected evolution of the existing Web to a Semantic Web. Such an evolution has yet to occur, indeed a more recent article from Berners-Lee and colleagues stated that: "This simple idea, however, remains largely unrealized." ^[9] Nonetheless, the recognized authorities in the Semantic Web keep asserting the feasibility of the original idea, and sometimes they even claim that many of the components of the initial vision have been already deployed.^{[citation needed]}

Censorship and privacy

Enthusiasm about the semantic web could be tempered by concerns regarding censorship and privacy. For instance, text-analyzing techniques can now be easily bypassed by using other words, metaphors for instance, or by using images in place of words. An advanced implementation of the semantic web would make it much easier for governments to control the viewing and creation of online information, as this information would be much easier for an automated content-blocking machine to understand. In addition, the issue has also been raised that, with the use of FOAF files and Geolocation meta-data, there would be very little anonymity associated with the authorship of articles on things such as a personal blog. For other uses, see Censor. ... Privacy has no definite boundaries and it has different meanings for different people. ... Text mining, also known as intelligent text analysis, text data mining or knowledge-discovery in text (KDT), refers generally to the process of extracting interesting and non-trivial information and knowledge from unstructured text. ... FOAF (Friend of a Friend) is a project for machine-readable modelling of homepage-like content and social networks founded by Libby Miller and Dan Brickley. ... Metadata can refer to a number of things: Metadata (computing) Metadata (corporation) This is a disambiguation page &#8212; a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Doubling output formats

Another criticism of the semantic web is that it would be much more time-consuming to create and publish content because there would need to be two formats for one piece of data: one for human viewing and one for machines. With this being the case, it would be much less likely for companies to adopt these practices, as it would only slow down their progress. However, many web applications in development are addressing this issue by creating a machine-readable format upon the publishing of data or the request of a machine for such data. The development of microformats has been one reaction to this kind of criticism. In software engineering, a web application is an application delivered to users from a web server over a network such as the World Wide Web or an intranet. ... Microformats are mark-up that allow expression of semantics in an HTML (or XHTML) web page. ...

Specifications such as eRDF and RDFa allow arbitrary RDF data to be embedded in HTML pages. The GRDDL (Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects of Language) mechanism allows existing material (including microformats) to be automatically interpreted as RDF, so publishers only need to use a single format, such as HTML. eRDF (embedded RDF) is a syntax for writing HTML in such a way that the information in the HTML document can be extracted (with an eRDF parser or XSLT stylesheet) into RDF. It was invented by Ian Davis in 2005, and partly inspired by microformats. ... RDFa is a set of extensions to XHTML being proposed by W3C. RDFa uses attributes from XHTMLs meta and link elements, and generalises them so that they are usable on all elements. ... GRDDL is a markup format for Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects of Languages; that is, for getting RDF data out of XML and XHTML documents using explicitly associated transformation algorithms, typically represented in XSLT. It is currently undergoing standardization in the W3C. microformats RDFa [1] World Wide Web GRDDL Specification...

Components

XML, XML Schema, RDF, OWL, SPARQL

The semantic web comprises the standards and tools of XML, XML Schema, RDF, RDF Schema and OWL. The OWL Web Ontology Language Overview describes the function and relationship of each of these components of the semantic web: The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a general-purpose markup language. ... An XML schema is a description of a type of XML document, typically expressed in terms of constraints on the structure and content of documents of that type, above and beyond the basic syntax constraints imposed by XML itself. ... Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a family of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) specifications originally designed as a metadata model but which has come to be used as a general method of modeling information, through a variety of syntax formats. ... RDF Schema is a language for describing vocabularies in RDF. RDF Schema is a semantic extension of RDF. It provides mechanisms for describing groups of related resources and the relationships between these resources. ... The Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a language for defining and instantiating Web ontologies. ...

W3C Semantic Web Layer Cake (outdated)^[10]

• XML provides an elemental syntax for content structure within documents, yet associates no semantics with the meaning of the content contained within.
• XML Schema is a language for providing and restricting the structure and content of elements contained within XML documents.
• RDF is a simple language for expressing data models, which refer to objects ("resources") and their relationships. An RDF-based model can be represented in XML syntax.
• RDF Schema is a vocabulary for describing properties and classes of RDF-based resources, with semantics for generalized-hierarchies of such properties and classes.
• OWL adds more vocabulary for describing properties and classes: among others, relations between classes (e.g. disjointness), cardinality (e.g. "exactly one"), equality, richer typing of properties, characteristics of properties (e.g. symmetry), and enumerated classes.
• SPARQL is a protocol and query language for semantic web data sources.

Current ongoing standardizations include: Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a general-purpose markup language. ... An XML schema is a description of a type of XML document, typically expressed in terms of constraints on the structure and content of documents of that type, above and beyond the basic syntax constraints imposed by XML itself. ... Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a family of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) specifications originally designed as a metadata model but which has come to be used as a general method of modeling information, through a variety of syntax formats. ... A data model is a model that describes how data are represented and used in an abstract way. ... The term resource is a foundational term in World Wide Web architecture because it is the root of Uniform Resource Identifiers, also known as URIs and URLs. ... RDF Schema is a language for describing vocabularies in RDF. RDF Schema is a semantic extension of RDF. It provides mechanisms for describing groups of related resources and the relationships between these resources. ... The Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a language for defining and instantiating Web ontologies. ... SPARQL (pronounced sparkle [1]) is an RDF query language; its name is a recursive acronym that stands for Simple Protocol and RDF Query Language. ...

• Rule Interchange Format (RIF) as the Rule Layer of the Semantic web stack

The intent is to enhance the usability and usefulness of the Web and its interconnected resources through: The Rule Interchange Format (RIF) is a W3C recommendation-track effort to develop a format for interchange of rules in rule-based systems on the semantic web. ... Usability is a term used to denote the ease with which people can employ a particular tool or other human-made object in order to achieve a particular goal. ... A resource, also referred to as system resource, is any physical or virtual system component of a computer system with limited availability. ...

• servers which expose existing data systems using the RDF and SPARQL standards. Many converters to RDF exist from different applications. Relational databases are an important source. The semantic web server attaches to the existing system without affecting its operation.
• documents "marked up" with semantic information (an extension of the HTML <meta> tags used in today's Web pages to supply information for Web search engines using web crawlers). This could be machine-understandable information about the human-understandable content of the document (such as the creator, title, description, etc., of the document) or it could be purely metadata representing a set of facts (such as resources and services elsewhere in the site). (Note that anything that can be identified with a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) can be described, so the semantic web can reason about animals, people, places, ideas, etc.) Semantic markup is often generated automatically, rather than manually.
• common metadata vocabularies (ontologies) and maps between vocabularies that allow document creators to know how to mark up their documents so that agents can use the information in the supplied metadata (so that Author in the sense of 'the Author of the page' won't be confused with Author in the sense of a book that is the subject of a book review).
• automated agents to perform tasks for users of the semantic web using this data
• web-based services (often with agents of their own) to supply information specifically to agents (for example, a Trust service that an agent could ask if some online store has a history of poor service or spamming).

A relational database is a database that conforms to the relational model, and refers to a databases data and schema (the databases structure of how that data is arranged). ... This article is about the extension mechanism. ... In computing, an HTML element indicates structure in an HTML document and a way of hierarchically arranging content. ... The ASCII codes for the word Wikipedia represented in binary, the numeral system most commonly used for encoding computer information. ... This article is about search engines. ... A web crawler (also known as a Web spider or Web robot) is a program or automated script which browses the World Wide Web in a methodical, automated manner. ... Metadata is data about data. ... A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), is a compact string of characters used to identify or name a resource. ... In both computer science and information science, an ontology is a data model that represents a set of concepts within a domain and the relationships between those concepts. ... A KMail folder full of spam emails collected over a few days. ...

RDF - URI, XML, namespaces

The primary facilitators of this technology are URIs (which identify resources) along with XML and namespaces. These, together with a bit of logic, form RDF, which can be used to say anything about anything. As well as RDF, many other technologies such as Topic Maps and pre-web artificial intelligence technologies are likely to love to the semantic web. A namespace is a context in which a group of one or more identifiers might exist. ... Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a family of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) specifications originally designed as a metadata model but which has come to be used as a general method of modeling information, through a variety of syntax formats. ... Topic Maps are an ISO standard for the representation and interchange of knowledge, with an emphasis on the findability of information. ... AI redirects here. ...

Projects

Neurocommons

The Neurocommons is an open RDF database developed by Science Commons. It was compiled from major life sciences databases with a focus on neuroscience. It is accessible via a web-based front end using the SPARQL query language at its original location and at the DERI mirror location.

FOAF

A popular application of the semantic web is Friend of a Friend (or FoaF), which describes relationships among people and other agents in terms of RDF. FOAF (Friend of a Friend) is a project for machine-readable modelling of homepage-like content and social networks founded by Libby Miller and Dan Brickley. ...

SIOC

The SIOC Project - Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities provides a vocabulary of terms and relationships that model web data spaces. Examples of such data spaces include, among others: discussion forums, weblogs, blogrolls / feed subscriptions, mailing lists, shared bookmarks, image galleries. Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities Project (SIOC) is a Semantic Web technology. ... This article is about a type of web application. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

SIMILE

Semantic Interoperability of Metadata and Information in unLike Environments Massachusetts Institute of Technology

SIMILE is a joint project, conducted by the MIT Libraries and MIT CSAIL, which seeks to enhance interoperability among digital assets, schemata/vocabularies/ontologies, meta data, and services.

Linking Open Data

Datasets in the Linking Open Data project, as of September 2007

The Linking Open Data project is a community lead effort to create openly accessible, and interlinked, RDF Data on the Web. The data in question takes the form of RDF Data Sets drawn from a broad collection of data sources. There is a focus on the Linked Data style of publishing RDF on the Web. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Linked Data is a term used to describe a recommended best practice for exposing, sharing, and connecting pieces of data on the Semantic Web. ...

The project is one of several sponsored by the W3C's Semantic Web Education & Outreach Interest Group (SWEO) The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is a consortium that produces standards&#8212;recommendations, as they call them&#8212;for the World Wide Web. ...

Tools

Browsers

A semantic web Browser is a form of Web User Agent that expressly requests RDF data from Web Servers using the best practice known as "Content Negotiation". These tools provide a user interface that enables data-link oriented navigation of RDF data by dereferencing the data links (URIs) in the RDF Data Sets returned by Web Servers.

Examples of semantic web browsers include:

• Tabulator
• DISCO
• OpenLink RDF Browser
• OntoWiki Browser
• Crowbar - SIMILE

Services

Notification Services

Semantic Web Ping Service

The Semantic Web Ping Service is a notification service for the semantic web that tracks the creation and modification of RDF based data sources on the Web. It provides Web Services for loosely coupled monitoring of RDF data. In addition, it provides a breakdown of RDF data sources tracked by vocabulary that includes: SIOC, FOAF, DOAP, RDFS, and OWL.

Piggy Bank

Another freely downloadable tool is the plug-in to Firefox, Piggy Bank. Piggy Bank works by extracting or translating web scripts into RDF information and storing this information on the user’s computer. This information can then be retrieved independently of the original context and used in other contexts, for example by using Google Maps to display information. Piggy Bank works with a new service, Semantic Bank, which combines the idea of tagging information with the new web languages. Piggy Bank was developed by the Simile Project, which also provides RDFizers, tools that can be used to translate specific types of information, for example weather reports for US zip codes, into RDF. Efforts like these could ease a potentially troublesome transition between the web of today and its semantic successor. Firefox may refer to: Firefox (novel), written by Craig Thomas, published in 1978 Firefox (film), the 1982 movie starring Clint Eastwood, based on the novel Firefox (arcade game), the laserdisc arcade game based on the movie Mozilla Firefox, a web browser The Red Fox or the Red Panda, based on...

See also

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Concepts and methodologies

Related articles

Companies and applications

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Shortcut: WP:WIN Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia and, as a means to that end, also an online community. ... The DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML) is a agent markup language developed by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) for the semantic web. ... Description logics (DL) are a family of knowledge representation languages which can be used to represent the terminological knowledge of an application domain in a structured and formally well-understood way. ... For the british film, see Death of a President DOAP (Description Of A Project) is an attempt to make an RDF schema and XML vocabulary to describe open-source projects. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... The adjective epistematic come from greek episteme (knowledge) and means deductive; therefore epistematic reasoning is usually meant as opposed to inductive reasoning. ... Microformats are mark-up that allow expression of semantics in an HTML (or XHTML) web page. ... // Multimedia Web Ontology Language (MOWL) has been designed to facilitate semantic interactions with multimedia contents. ... // Multimedia Web Ontology Language (MOWL) has been designed to facilitate semantic interactions with multimedia contents. ... Knowledge representation is an issue that arises in both cognitive science and artificial intelligence. ... Knowledge technologies have emerged as a concept distinct from Knowledge Management. ... Ontology Alignment is the process of determining correspondences between concepts. ... RDFa is a set of extensions to XHTML being proposed by W3C. RDFa uses attributes from XHTMLs meta and link elements, and generalises them so that they are usable on all elements. ... In computer science, the Semantic Desktop is a collective term for ideas related to changing a computers user interface and data handling capabilities so that data is more easily shared between different applications or tasks and so that data that once could not be automatically processed by a computer could... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Semantic publishing on the Web or semantic web publishing refers to publishing information as data objects using a semantic web language or as documents with explicit semantic markups. ... A Semantic Service Oriented Architecture (SSOA) is an computer architecture that allows for scalable and controlled Enterprise Application Integration solutions. ... The semantic spectrum describes a series of technologies for creating increasingly precise definitions for Data elements. ... Semantic translation is the process of using semantic information to aid in the translation of data in one representation or data model to another representation or data model. ... Existing Semantic Reasoners: Bossam, a RETE-based rule engine with native supports for reasoning over OWL ontologies, SWRL ontologies, and RuleML rules. ... A Semantic Wiki is a Wiki that has an underlying model of the knowledge described in its pages beyond structured structrued text and hyperlinks. ... Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities Project (SIOC) is a Semantic Web technology. ... SKOS or Simple Knowledge Organisation System is a family of formal languages designed for representation of thesauri, classification schemes, taxonomies, subject-heading systems, or any other type of structured controlled vocabulary. ... SPARQL (pronounced sparkle [1]) is an RDF query language; its name is a recursive acronym that stands for Simple Protocol and RDF Query Language. ... Terminology extraction, term extraction, or glossary extraction, is a subtask of information extraction. ... Description Of A Career (DOAC) is a semantic vocabulary created by Ramon A. Parada to describe professional capabilities of a worker. ... An expert system, also known as a knowledge based system, is a computer program that contains some of the subject-specific knowledge, and contains the knowledge and analytical skills of one or more human experts. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... The Implicit Web is a concept coined in 2007 to denote web sites which specialize in the synthesis of personal information gleaned from the Internet into a single, coherent picture of user behavior. ... Metadata publishing is the process of making metadata Data elements available to external users, both people and machines. ... The concept of the Social Semantic Web subsumes developments in which social interactions on the Web lead to the creation of explicit and semantically rich knowledge representations. ... Web 3. ... AskWiki, developed in partnership between AskMeNow and the Wikimedia Foundation, is a preliminary integration of a semantic search engine that seeks to provide specific answers to questions using information from Wikipedia articles. ... AskMeNow is an Irvine, California based mobile search company that launched in the United States in late 2005. ... Metaweb Technologies, Inc. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... In 1969 a number of libraries founded a small co-operative project, based in Birmingham to provide services that would help the libraries become more efficient. ... The Semantic MediaWiki is an extension to Wikipedias software, which allows every user to make information more accessible to machines, which in turn makes it easier for humans to search or further use this information. ... Swoogle is a search engine for Semantic Web documents, terms and data found on the Web. ... This article is about search engines. ... Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a family of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) specifications originally designed as a metadata model but which has come to be used as a general method of modeling information, through a variety of syntax formats. ... Quintura is a visual search engine, powered by Yahoo. ... In general, a query is a form of questioning, in a line of inquiry. ...

References

• Cardoso, J. (March 2007). Semantic Web Services: Theory, Tools and Applications. Idea Group.. ISBN 978-1-59904-045-5. 

• Cardoso, J., Sheth, Amit (2006). Semantic Web Services, Processes and Applications. Springer. ISBN 0-38730239-5. 

• Michael C. Daconta, Leo J. Obrst, Kevin T. Smith (30 May 2003). The Semantic Web: A Guide to the Future of XML, Web Services, and Knowledge Management. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-43257-1. 
• Dieter Fensel, Wolfgang Wahlster, Henry Lieberman, James Hendler (15 November 2002). Spinning the Semantic Web: Bringing the World Wide Web to Its Full Potential. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-06232-1. 
• Lee W. Lacy (1 January 2005). OWL: Representing Information Using the Web Ontology Language. Trafford Press. ISBN 1-412-03448-5. 
• Steffen Staab, Rudi Studer (January 2004). Handbook on Ontologies. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. ISBN 3-540-40834-7. 
• (17 January 2003) in Vladimir Geroimenko, Chaomei Chen (Eds.): Visualizing the Semantic Web. Springer Verlag. ISBN 1-85233-576-9. 
• John Davies, Dieter Fensel, Frank van Harmelen (21 January 2003). Towards the Semantic Web: Ontology-Driven Knowledge Management. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-470-84867-7. 
• Grigoris Antoniou, Frank van Harmelen (1 April 2004). A Semantic Web Primer. The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-01210-3. 
• Jeffrey T. Pollock, Ralph Hodgson (21 July 2004). Adaptive Information: Improving Business Through Semantic Interoperability, Grid Computing, and Enterprise Integration. ISBN 0-471-48854-2. 
• Christopher Walton (12 October 2006). Agency and the Semantic Web. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929248-6. 

is the 150th day of the year (151st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Web services architecture The W3C defines a Web service (many sources also capitalize the second word, as in Web Services) as a software system designed to support interoperable Machine to Machine interaction over a network. ... Knowledge Management (KM) comprises a range of practices used by organisations to identify, create, represent, and distribute knowledge for reuse, awareness and learning. ... Wolfgang Wahlster (born February 2, 1953) is a German Artificial Intelligence researcher. ... James Hendler is one of the originators of the Semantic Web. ... is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... “MIT” redirects here. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Rudi Studer (born 1951 in Stuttgart) is a German computer scientist and professor at the University of Karlsruhe, Germany. ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Frank van Harmelen is a Professor of Computer Science at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam in the Netherlands. ... is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about ontology in philosophy. ... is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 202nd day of the year (203rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 285th day of the year (286th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Notes

Sir Tim Berners-Lee Sir Tim (Timothy John) Berners-Lee, KBE (TimBL or TBL) (b. ... Sir Tim Berners-Lee Sir Tim (Timothy John) Berners-Lee, KBE (TimBL or TBL) (b. ... HarperCollins is a publishing company owned by Rupert Murdochs News Corporation. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 207th day of the year (208th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 103rd day of the year (104th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Semantic Discovery Systems OWL/SPARQL over all Distributed, Heterogeneous Data Sources & Web Services
• Heather Green A Web That Thinks Like You, Businessweek.com, July 9, 2007
• Michael Copeland Weaving the Semantic Web, Business2.com, July 3, 2007
• Semantic Focus
• Minding the Planet: The Meaning and Future of the Semantic Web
• The Third Generation Web is Coming
• Wikipedia 3.0: The End of Google?
• The Semantic Web Scientific American, May 2001, the defining article by Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler and Ora Lassila
• The Semantic Web Revisited by Nigel Shadbolt, Tim Berners-Lee and Wendy Hall, IEEE Intelligent Systems 21(3) pp. 96-101, May/June 2006
• Semantic Web Activity at the World Wide Web Consortium (splash page)
• Searching semantic Documents in Internet
• Recuperación y organización de la información(Spanish)
• Web 3.0 = Semantic Web?
• Mashups in the Middle - Bridging the Gap to the Semantic Web
• Nooron - a distributed ecosystem of evolving knowledge, logic and presentation
• What is Semantic Web Life Science?
• Semantic Web FAQ (maintained by the W3C SWEO group)
• Semantic Web Cases Studies and Use Cases (maintained by the W3C SWEO group)
• Demonstration of the Semantic Web (maintained by Cortex Intelligence)
• Demonstration of the Semantic Web components (maintained by Ambient Webs LLC)
• Semantic Technology News Includes an actively-maintained list of real-world semantic web case studies.
• Semantic Web - A Usage Scenario