Chelyuskin, Semion Ivanovich (Челюскин, Семен Иванович in Russian)(c. 1700 — after 1760), Russian polar explorer, naval officer.

Chelyuskin graduated from the Navigation School in Moscow. He first became a deputy navigator while serving in the Baltic Fleet (1726) and later promoted to navigator (1733). Chelyuskin was chosen for the Second (Great Northern) Kamchatka expedition, in which he took part until 1743. He participated in expeditions, led by Vasily Pronchischev and Khariton Laptev. In spring of 1741, Chelyuskin made a voyage from the Khatanga River to the Pyasina River by land. He described the western coastline from the Taimyr Peninsula to the Middendorf Bay and then from the mouth of Pyasina to the mouth of the Yenisey River. In winter of 1741-1742, he traveled from Turukhansk to the mouth of the Khatanga River, describing the northern coastline of the Taimyr Peninsula from the Cape Faddey on the East to the mouth of the Taimyra River on the West. Chelyuskin found the northern extremity of Asia, which Aleksandr Fyodorovich Middendorf would later name after him in 1843 (Cape Chelyuskin).

He was discharged from the Baltic Fleet in the rank of a captain in 1760.

In 1933, the Soviet Union built an ill-fated steamship named after Semion Chelyuskin (see the Chelyuskin steamship).