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In telecommunications and computer science, serial communications is the process of sending data one bit at one time, sequentially, over a communications channel or computer bus. This is in contrast to parallel communications, where all the bits of each symbol are sent together. Serial communications is used for all long-haul communications and most computer networks, where the cost of cable and synchronization difficulties make parallel communications impractical. Serial computer buses are becoming more common as improved technology enables them to transfer data at higher speeds. Telecommunication involves the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. ...
Computer science, or computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. ...
This article is about the unit of information. ...
A Communications channel (or channel for short), models the medium through which information is transmitted from a sender (or transmitter) to a receiver. ...
In computer architecture, a bus is a subsystem that transfers data or power between computer components inside a computer or between computers and typically is controlled by device driver software. ...
In computing, a parallel port is an interface from a computer system where data is transferred in or out in parallel, that is, on more than one wire. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
6 or 15cm outside diameter, oil-cooled cables, traversing the Grand Coulee Dam throughout. ...
Synchronization (or Sync) is a problem in timekeeping which requires the coordination of events to operate a system in unison. ...
Teletype systems
Standard teletype systems evolved as an automated telegraphy system called telex. Originally, a rotating mechanical commutator (a rotating switch) was started by a "start bit". The commutator would distribute the other bits to set relays that would pull on solenoids which would cause the mechanism to print a figure on paper. The routing was automated with rotary electromechanical dialing systems like those used in early telephone systems. When computers became commonplace, these serial communication systems were adapted using I/O devices called serial ports that used UARTs. The development of communications hardware had a deep continuing impact on the nature of software and operating systems, both of which usually arrange data as sequences of characters. A teleprinter (teletypewriter, teletype or TTY) is a now largely obsolete electro-mechanical typewriter which can be used to communicate typed messages from point to point through a simple electrical communications channel, often just a pair of wires. ...
Optical Telegraf of Claude Chappe on the Litermont near Nalbach, Germany Telegraph and telegram redirect here. ...
Telex can refer to more than one thing: For the communications network, see Telegraphy. ...
Automotive style miniature relay A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit. ...
Various solenoid actuators from Trombetta Motion Technologies A solenoid is a loop of wire, often wrapped around a metallic core, which produces a magnetic field when an electrical current is passed through it. ...
A BlueGene supercomputer cabinet. ...
A male DE-9 connector used for a serial port on a PC style computer. ...
A UART or universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter is a piece of computer hardware that translates between parallel bits of data and serial bits. ...
Serial buses Integrated circuits are more expensive when they have more pins. To reduce the pins, many ICs use a serial bus to transfer data when speed is not important. Some examples of such low-cost serial buses include SPI, I²C, and 1-Wire. Integrated circuit showing memory blocks, logic and input/output pads around the periphery Microchips with a transparent window showing the integrated circuit inside. ...
A serial bus is a computer bus that sends data bit by bit down one or a few wires. ...
The Serial Peripheral Interface Bus or SPI bus is a very loose standard for controlling almost any digital electronics that accepts a clocked serial stream of bits. ...
I²C is a multi-master serial computer bus invented by Philips that is used to attach low-speed peripherals to a motherboard, embedded system, or cellphone. ...
1-Wire is a computer bus system designed by Dallas Semiconductor that provides low-speed data, signaling and power over a single wire. ...
Serial versus parallel The communications links across which computers—or parts of computers—talk to one another may be either serial or parallel. A parallel link transmits several streams of data (perhaps representing particular bits of a stream of bytes) along multiple channels (wires, printed circuit tracks, optical fibres, etc.); a serial link transmits a single stream of data.
At first sight it would seem that a serial link must be inferior to a parallel one, because it can transmit less data on each clock tick. However, it is often the case that serial links can be clocked considerably faster than parallel links, and achieve a higher data rate. A number of factors allow serial to be clocked at a greater rate:
- Clock skew between different channels is not an issue (for unclocked serial links)
- A serial connection requires fewer interconnecting cables (e.g. wires/fibres) and hence occupies less space. The extra space allows for better isolation of the channel from its surroundings
- Crosstalk is less of an issue, because there are fewer conductors in proximity.
In many cases, serial is a better option because it is cheaper to implement. Many ICs have serial interfaces, as opposed to parallel ones, so that they have fewer pins and are therefore cheaper. // In circuit design In circuit design, clock skew is a phenomenon in synchronous circuits in which the clock signal (sent from the clock circuit) arrives at different components at different times. ...
In telecommunication, the term crosstalk (XT) has the following meanings: 1. ...
Examples of serial communication architectures (see additional examples in Computer bus) It has been suggested that Farnsworth method and Koch method be merged into this article or section. ...
Optical Telegraf of Claude Chappe on the Litermont near Nalbach, Germany Telegraph and telegram redirect here. ...
RS-232 (also referred to as EIA RS-232C or V.24) is a standard for serial binary data interchange between a DTE (Data terminal equipment) and a DCE (Data communication equipment). ...
A male DE-9 connector used for a serial port on a PC style computer. ...
EIA-485 (formerly RS-485 or RS485) is an electrical specification of a two-wire, half-duplex, multipoint serial connection. ...
Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a serial bus standard to interface devices. ...
The 6-pin and 4-pin FireWire Connectors FireWire is Apple Inc. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
InfiniBand is a switched fabric communications link primarily used in high-performance computing. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Musical Instrument Digital Interface, or MIDI, is a system designed to transmit information between electronic musical instruments. ...
DMX512, often shortened to DMX (Digital MultipleX), is a communications protocol used mainly to control stage lighting. ...
In computer hardware, Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) is a computer bus technology primarily designed for transfer of data to and from devices like hard disk, cd-rom and so on. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
PCI Express (formerly known as 3GIO for 3rd Generation I/O, not to be mistaken with PCI-X) is an implementation of the PCI computer bus that uses existing PCI programming concepts and communications standards, but bases it on a much faster serial communications system. ...
In computer architecture, a bus is a subsystem that transfers data or power between computer components inside a computer or between computers and typically is controlled by device driver software. ...
There are a number of serial communication standards which, while significantly at variance with the RS-232 standard, are casually and incorrectly called "RS-232".
See also This is a list of device bandwidths: the channel capacity (or, more informally, bandwidth) of some computer devices employing methods of data transport is listed by bit/s, kilobit/s (kbit/s), megabit/s (Mbit/s), or gigabit/s (Gbit/s) as appropriate and also MB/s or megabytes per...
Synchronous and asynchronous transmission are two different methods of transmission synchronization. ...
Asynchronous serial communication describes an asynchronous transmission protocol in which a start signal is sent prior to each byte, character or code word and a stop signal is sent after each code word. ...
External links - Serial interfaces listing (with pinouts)
- Wiki:SerialPorts
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