NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Sertraline

Sertraline hydrochloride (also sold under brand names Zoloft, Lustral, Apo-Sertral, Asentra, Gladem, Serlift, Stimuloton, Xydep, Serlain, Concorz) is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. In 2006 it was the most prescribed antidepressant on the U.S. retail market with 28,060,000 prescriptions.^[1] In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 674 Ã— 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1223 Ã— 1088 pixel, file size: 191 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Two bottles of the antidepressant Zoloft (sertraline HCl), with 50mg and 25mg pills. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 674 Ã— 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1223 Ã— 1088 pixel, file size: 191 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Two bottles of the antidepressant Zoloft (sertraline HCl), with 50mg and 25mg pills. ... A recent form of antidepressant medication - Prozac Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, Venlafaxine An antidepressant, in the most common usage, is a psychiatric medication taken to alleviate clinical depression or dysthymia (milder depression). ... Serotonin Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of antidepressants used in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders and some personality disorders. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

History

The history of sertraline^[2]^[3] goes back to the beginning of 1970s when Pfizer chemist Reinhard Sarges synthesized a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor tametraline^[4] Tametraline's development was soon stopped because of undesired stimulant effects shown in animal trials. Several years later, biochemist Kenneth Koe and chemist Willard Welch generated and tested derivatives of tametraline in vitro for the serotonin reuptake inhibition. Welch then prepared stereoisomers of the most promising candidate, which were tested in vivo by animal behavioral scientist Albert Weissman. The most active (+)-cis-isomer was taken into further development and eventually became sertraline. During the development, the group had to overcome the initial reluctance of Pfizer bureaucracy to pursue sertraline, as Pfizer was considering licensing an antidepressant candidate from another company. Sertraline was first approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the USA in 1991. Pfizer, Incorporated (NYSE: PFE) (pronounced faÉªzÉ™É¹ or faÉªzÉ™), is the worlds largest pharmaceutical company. ... Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs) are compounds that increase amounts of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in the brain by inhibiting its reuptake at synapses. ... Wiktionary has a definition of: In vitro In vitro (Latin: within glass) means within a test tube, or, more generally, outside a living organism or cell. ... ... In vivo (Latin for (with)in the living). ... FDA logo The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is responsible for regulating food, dietary supplements, drugs, biological medical products, blood products, medical devices, radiation-emitting devices, veterinary products, and cosmetics in the United States. ...

Until 2003, sertraline was only approved for use in adults ages 18 and over; that year it was approved by the FDA for use in treating children ages 6 to 17 with extreme obsessive compulsive disorder. In December 2003, the UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency issued a guidance that SSRIs except fluoxetine are not suitable for the treatment of depression in minors,^[5]^[6]. However, sertraline still can be used for the treatment of OCD in children and adolescents.^[7] In February 2005 the FDA, changed the labeling of SSRIs, except fluoxetine, adding a boxed warning pertaining to pediatric suicidality. December 2003: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December - â†’ Events December 31, 2003 In Taiwan, President Chen Shui-bian signs a law that allows referendums to be held. ... The logo of the MHRA. The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) is the UK government agency which is responsible for ensuring that medicines and medical devices work and are acceptably safe. ... Fluoxetine pills. ... For other things named OCD, see OCD (disambiguation). ... February 2005 : â† - January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December - â†’ Pope John Paul II is taken to a hospital suffering from a serious case of influenza. ...

The patent for Zoloft brand of sertraline expired in June 2006,^[8] and the drug is now available in generic form. June 2006 : â† - January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- â†’ Extraordinary renditions. ...

Indications

Approved

Sertraline is prescribed for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),^[9] post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),^[10] premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD),^[11] panic disorder (PD)^[12] and social phobia/social anxiety disorder.^[13] Clinical depression (also called major depressive disorder, or unipolar depression when compared to bipolar disorder) is a state of intense sadness, melancholia or despair that has advanced to the point of being disruptive to an individuals social functioning and/or activities of daily living. ... This article cites its sources but does not provide page references. ... Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a term for certain severe psychological consequences of exposure to, or confrontation with, stressful events that the person experiences as highly traumatic. ... Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a term for certain severe psychological consequences of exposure to, or confrontation with, stressful events that the person experiences as highly traumatic. ... Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome, afflicting 5-10% of all women. ... Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome, afflicting 5-10% of all women. ... Panic disorder is a diagnosed psychiatric mental condition that causes the sufferer to experience sporadic, intense, and often reoccurring panic attacks. ... Panic disorder is a diagnosed psychiatric mental condition that causes the sufferer to experience sporadic, intense, and often reoccurring panic attacks. ... Social anxiety, sometimes known as social phobia or social anxiety disorder (SAD), is a common form of anxiety disorder that causes sufferers to experience intense anxiety in some or all of the social interactions and public events of everyday life. ...

Depression

Sertraline was approved by the FDA based on the recommendation of the Psychopharmacological Drugs Advisory Committee. The committee achieved a consensus that sertraline is safe and efficient for treatment of the depression. During the discussion, Paul Leber, Director of the FDA Division of the Neuropharmacological Drug Products noted that it was a tough decision, since the treatment effect on outpatients with depression is "modest to minimal". Other experts emphasized that the drug's effect on inpatients is not different from placebo and criticized poor design of the trials by the drug's manufacturer Pfizer.^[14] For example, 40% of the participants dropped out of the trials, significantly decreasing their validity.^[15] A physician visiting the sick in a hospital. ... A patient having his blood pressure taken by a doctor. ...

Unapproved, off-label, and investigational

Sertraline can also be used in the treatment of general anxiety disorder,^[16] binge eating disorder,^[17] and premature ejaculation.^[18] General anxiety disorder or generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is an anxiety disorder that is characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry about everyday things. ... It has been suggested that Binge eating be merged into this article or section. ... It has been suggested that Drugs specifically targeted to treat premature ejaculation be merged into this article or section. ...

There is also evidence that sertraline may be effective in the treatment of refractory neurocardiogenic syncope in children and adolescents.^[19] Vasovagal syncope (also vasodepressor syncope or neurocardiogenic syncope) is the most common cause of fainting (syncope in medical terminology). ... The Adolescents were a punk band in the 1980s. ...

A study has shown that sertraline is an effective treatment for impulsive aggressive behavior in personality disordered patients.^[20] Personality disorders form a class of mental disorders that are characterized by long-lasting rigid patterns of thought and actions. ...

Side effects

Sertraline can have adverse effects, including: sleep disorder (both insomnia and increased sleep time), asthenia, gastrointestinal complaints, tremors, weight gain, confusion, dizziness, anorgasmia, nausea/vomiting, bruxism, mild depersonalization, and decreased libido. Sertraline, like all of the other SSRI drugs, can increase anxiety and depression symptoms in the first few days/week of use. These side effects generally go away as the body adjusts chemically to the drug. Sertraline can induce mania or hypomania in around 0.5% of patients. It has also been known to cause minor weight loss initially but weight gain over time. It is contraindicated in individuals taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or undergoing electroconvulsive therapy. Patients are advised to stop taking MAOIs for at least 14 days before beginning a course of sertraline.^[21] This article is about the sleeping disorder. ... Asthenia is a medical term denoting weakness, lack of energy and strength. ... Gastroenterology or Gastrology might be better described as the field of digestive diseases, which are traditionally separated by anatomic or functional category. ... Anorgasmia (also known as Retarded Ejaculation in males) is a form of sexual dysfunction, sometimes classified as a psychiatric disorder, where the patient cannot achieve orgasm, even with adequate stimulation. ... Bruxism [derived from Greek Î²ÏÏ…Î³Î¼ÏŒÏ‚ (brugmÃ³s), gnashing of teeth] is grinding of the teeth. ... Depersonalization (or derealization) is the feeling that nothing is real; there is no or little sense of reality. ... Libido in its common usage means sexual desire; however, more technical definitions, such as those found in the work of Carl Jung, are more general, referring to libido as the free creativeâ€”or psychicâ€”energy an individual has to put toward personal development, or individuation. ... SSRI is an acronym that stands for several things: It is a class of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor SSRI also is used as the stock symbol for Silver Standard Resources Inc. ... Mania is a severe medical condition characterized by extremely elevated mood, energy, and thought patterns. ... Hypomania is a mood state characterized by persistent and pervasive elated or irritable mood, and thoughts and behaviors that are consistent with such a mood state. ... Contraindicated is a medical term to indicate a situation in which a medication or treatment should not be administered. ... Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a class of antidepressant drugs prescribed for the treatment of depression. ... Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), also known as electroshock, is a controversial psychiatric treatment in which seizures are induced with electricity. ...

Zoloft has long been seen as the best option for breastfeeding mothers who wish to continue breastfeeding and be able to take their antidepressants. Despite its apparent safety and effectiveness during the breastfeeding period, recent studies and consumer complaints have seen a need to alter Zoloft's labeling regarding use during the third trimester of pregnancy. Though there are no teratogenic effects associated with Zoloft, there is reason to be concerned about its effects on infants who were exposed to sertraline during the third trimester in utero. It seems that Zoloft use in late pregnancy significantly increases the potential need for hospitalization and breathing assistance in the newborn period and has also been shown to cause an increased risk of neonatal death. In light of this increased risk it is still being used due to the greater potential risk of a seriously depressed mother to herself and her fetus. Like all other medications, Zoloft's use must be decided only after carefully weighing out all potential risks and benefits. Breastfeeding an infant Symbol for breastfeeding (Matt Daigle, Mothering magazine contest winner 2006) Breastfeeding is the feeding of an infant or young child with milk from a womans breasts. ... Teratogenesis is a medical term from the Greek, literally meaning monster making. ...

Although SSRI anti-depressants may cause problems in newborn babies whose mothers took Zoloft during pregnancy, the ceasing of Zoloft consumption during pregnancy may cause a relapse of depression.

According to the manufacturer's website, "if depression is left untreated, the risk of childhood suicide increases about 12 times, according to federal figures".^[22]

Sertraline and other SSRIs have been shown to cause sexual side effects called Post SSRI Sexual Dysfunction in both males and females taking them.^[23] Sometimes, these may last months, years, or indefinitely after the drug has been withdrawn. Post SSRI Sexual Dysfunction (PSSD) is a type of sexual dysfunction caused by the previous use of SSRI antidepressants. ...

Suicidality

According to mentalhealth.com, Zoloft is not currently recommended or advised for use in individuals under the age of 18. After these changes, multiple incidences and at least one medical study showed an increased suicide risk in seniors who were taking Zoloft. In response to these findings, the FDA released a public health warning. This warning indicates that anyone currently using Zoloft for any reason has a greater chance of exhibiting suicidal thoughts or behaviors regardless of age. This warning is questionable, however, due to the types of illnesses Zoloft is used to treat, it is impossible to determine if these tendencies are a side effect of the drug or the illness the drug is meant to treat, though some have found links to increased suicide rates especially among individuals with bipolar disorder. Suicidal ideation is common medical term for the mere thoughts about and of plans of committing suicide, not the actual following through or act itself. ...

Discontinuation syndrome

Sertraline, along with other SSRIs, has been associated with a "cessation syndrome." This syndrome has both somatic and psychological elements, although SSRIs fall short of being classified as addictive. This non-addictive classification stems from the fact persons given the drug will not seek it out in ever-increasing quantities. Although sertraline is defined as non-habit forming, the existence of SSRI discontinuation syndrome often necessitates a gradual tapering of one's prescribed dose when seeking to stop SSRI therapy. The prescription insert for Zoloft describes the potential side effects SSRI discontinuation as follows: SSRI discontinuation syndrome, also known as SSRI withdrawal syndrome or SSRI cessation syndrome, is a condition that can occur during or following the interruption, lowering of dose or discontinuation of regular SSRI or SNRI antidepressant drug usage. ... SSRI is an acronym that stands for several things: It is a class of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor SSRI also is used as the stock symbol for Silver Standard Resources Inc. ... The term somatic refers to the body, as distinct from some other entity, such as the mind. ... Addiction is an uncontrollable compulsion to repeat a behavior regardless of its negative consequences. ... SSRI discontinuation syndrome, also known as SSRI withdrawal syndrome or SSRI cessation syndrome, is a condition that can occur during or following the interruption, lowering of dose or discontinuation of regular SSRI or SNRI antidepressant drug usage. ...

"During marketing of Zoloft and other SSRIs and SNRIs (Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors), there have been spontaneous reports of adverse events occurring upon discontinuation of these drugs, particularly when abrupt, including the following: dysphoric mood, irritability, agitation, dizziness, sensory disturbances (e.g. paresthesias such as electric shock sensations), anxiety, confusion, headache, lethargy, emotional lability, insomnia, and hypomania. While these events are generally self-limiting, there have been reports of serious discontinuation symptoms."^[24] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of antidepressants for treating depression, anxiety disorders and some personality disorders. ... Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are a class of antidepressant used in the treatment of clinical depression and other affective disorders. ...

Formulations

Sertraline is manufactured by Pfizer and sold as Zoloft in the United States as small green 25 mg tablets, blue 50 mg tablets, and yellow 100 mg tablets (Generic 100 mg sertraline tablets are also yellow), each of which is scored to allow easy halving. Pfizer, Incorporated (NYSE: PFE) (pronounced faÉªzÉ™É¹ or faÉªzÉ™), is the worlds largest pharmaceutical company. ... The milligram (symbol mg) is an SI unit of mass. ...

In the UK, the brand name is Lustral and is available in white 50 mg or 100 mg scored tablets, according to the British National Formulary (BNF). Elsewhere in the EU the brand name is Zoloft, available in white 50 mg or 100 mg scored tablets. In Australia, only the 50 mg and 100 mg strengths are available, both as white tablets. Otherwise known as the doctors prescribing Bible the British National Formulary (BNF) contains a wide spectrum of information on prescribing and pharmacology, among others indications, side effects and costs of the prescription of all medication drugs available on the National Health Service. ...

Sertraline is an odorless, white, sparingly soluble crystalline solid. The minimum effective dose is usually 50 mg per day (it can be still effective at 25 mg or 37.5 mg), but lower doses may be used in the initial weeks of treatment to acclimatize the patient's body, especially the liver, to the drug and to minimize the severity of any side effects. Patients who do not experience relief of symptoms at 50 mg a day may have their dose increased, up to 200 mg a day.

Precautions

The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... Elimination is a residence hall game where every player is both the hunter and the hunted. ... Functional group of an alcohol molecule. ... SSRI is an acronym that stands for several things: It is a class of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor SSRI also is used as the stock symbol for Silver Standard Resources Inc. ... Binomial name Macfad. ... The milligram (symbol mg) is an SI unit of mass. ...

Mechanism of action

Sertraline is primarily a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. It is also a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, but this effect is relatively weak compared to its serotonin reuptake inhibition. As mainly an SSRI, Sertraline blocks the reuptake of serotonin and in effect, keep the neurotransmitters longer on the synapse. This allows more time for the receptors to recognize the serotonin and send the nerve impulse. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of antidepressants. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ...

Controversy

The brand-name form of sertraline, Zoloft, was widely advertised to consumers as "correcting a chemical imbalance", a claim not found in the FDA-approved product labeling. Hundreds of millions of dollars were spent promoting Zoloft this way while it was still on-patent. Some have argued that this advertising may lead consumers to believe that they must take Zoloft to recover when in fact they may benefit from other non-medical treatments such as psychotherapy or exercise.^[26]

In the case of Hawkins v The Commonwealth (an Australian court case from the state of New South Wales), Zoloft was described as an important factor in David Hawkins' murder (through strangling) of his wife. Hawkins had been depressed, was prescribed 50 mg of Zoloft a day and on his first day of treatment took 250 mgs. He claimed on the night of the murder that he couldn't sleep, was agitated and claimed he had hallucinations during the attack on his wife. As a result of this case Zoloft received a large amount of negative publicity, with questions being raised about its impact on behaviour.^[27]

In 2004, a Los Angeles nurse sued Pfizer as a private attorney general "on behalf of all California residents who have been misled about Zoloft", claiming the company covered up side effects.^[28] Nickname: Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates: , State California County Los Angeles County Settled 1781 Incorporated April 4, 1850 Government - Type Mayor-Council - Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa - City Attorney Rocky Delgadillo - Governing body City Council Area - City 498. ... A private attorney general is a private party in the United States who brings a lawsuit that is considered to be in the public interest, i. ...

A well-publicized essay published in the December 2005 issue of open access journal PLoS Medicine claimed the direct-to-consumer advertising for Zoloft has been very misleading and could well violate FDA regulations.^[26] Open access (OA) means immediate, free and unrestricted online access to digital scholarly material[1], primarily peer-reviewed research articles in scholarly journals. ... PLoS Medicine is a scientific journal covering the full spectrum of the medical sciences it began operation on October 19, 2004. ...

References

^ The sertraline prescriptions were calculated as a total of prescriptions for Zoloft and generic Sertraline using data from the charts for generic and brand name drugs.Top 200 generic drugs by units in 2006. Top 200 brand-name drugs by units.. Drug Topics, Mar 5, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-07-03.
^ The most complete account has been presented in: Mullin R (2006). "ACS Award for Team Innovation". Chemical & Engineering News 84 (5): 45-52.
^ A short blurb on the history of sertraline, see: Couzin J (2005). "The brains behind blockbusters". Science 309 (5735): 728. DOI:10.1126/science.309.5735.728. PMID 16051786.
^ For the structure of tametraline, see: tametraline HCl CP 24441-1 (Pfizer). Retrieved on 2007-07-03.
^ MHRA (2003-12-10). Safety review of antidepressants used by children completed. Retrieved on 2007-07-05.
^ Boseley, Sarah. "Drugs for depressed children banned", The Guardian, December 10, 2003. Retrieved on 2007-04-19.
^ MHRA. Overview of regulatory status and CSM advice relating to major depressive disorder (MDD) in children and adolescents. Retrieved on 2007-07-05.
^ Smith, Aaron (July 17, 2006). Pfizer needs more drugs. CNNMoney.com. Retrieved on 2007-01-27.
^ Kronig MH, Apter J, Asnis G, Bystritsky A, Curtis G, Ferguson J, Landbloom R, Munjack D, Riesenberg R, Robinson D, Roy-Byrne P, Phillips K, Du Pont IJ. (1999). "Placebo-controlled, multicenter study of sertraline treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder.". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 19 (2): 172-176. PMID 10211919.
^ Brady K, Pearlstein T, Asnis GM, Baker D, Rothbaum B, Sikes CR, Farfel GM. (2000). "Efficacy and safety of sertraline treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial.". The Journal of the American Medical Association 283 (14): 1837-1844. PMID 10770145.
^ Yonkers KA, Halbreich U, Freeman E, Brown C, Endicott J, Frank E, Parry B, Pearlstein T, Severino S, Stout A, Stone A, Harrison W. (1997). "Symptomatic improvement of premenstrual dysphoric disorder with sertraline treatment. A randomized controlled trial. Sertraline Premenstrual Dysphoric Collaborative Study Group.". The Journal of the American Medical Association 278 (12): 983-988. PMID 9307345.
^ Londborg PD, Wolkow R, Smith WT, DuBoff E, England D, Ferguson J, Rosenthal M, Weise C. (1998). "Sertraline in the treatment of panic disorder. A multi-site, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose investigation.". The British Journal of Psychiatry 173: 54-60. PMID 9850204.
^ Katzelnick DJ, Kobak KA, Greist JH, Jefferson JW, Mantle JM, Serlin RC. (1995). "Sertraline for social phobia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study.". The American Journal of Psychiatry 152 (9): 1368-1371. PMID 7653696.
^ FDA (1990). Minutes of the 33rd Meeting of Psychopharmacological Drugs Advisory Committee on November 19, 1990 (PDF). Retrieved on 2007-07-20.
^ See also:Fabre LF, Abuzzahab FS, Amin M, Claghorn JL, Mendels J, Petrie WM, Dubé S, Small JG (1995). "Sertraline safety and efficacy in major depression: a double-blind fixed-dose comparison with placebo". Biol. Psychiatry 38 (9): 592-602. DOI:10.1016/0006-3223(95)00178-8. PMID 8573661.
^ Allgulander C, Dahl AA, Austin C, Morris PL, Sogaard JA, Fayyad R, Kutcher SP, Clary CM. (2004). "Efficacy of sertraline in a 12-week trial for generalized anxiety disorder.". The American Journal of Psychiatry 161: 1642-1649. PMID 15337655.
^ McElroy SL, Casuto LS, Nelson EB, Lake KA, Soutullo CA, Keck PE Jr, Hudson JI. (2000). "Placebo-controlled trial of sertraline in the treatment of binge eating disorder.". The American Journal of Psychiatry 157 (6): 1004-1006. PMID 10831483.
^ McMahon CG. (1998). "Treatment of premature ejaculation with sertraline hydrochloride: a single-blind placebo controlled crossover study.". The Journal of Urology 159 (6): 1935-1938. PMID 9598491.
^ Grubb BP, Samoil D, Kosinski D, Kip K, Brewster P. (1994). "Use of sertraline hydrochloride in the treatment of refractory neurocardiogenic syncope in children and adolescents.". Journal of the American College of Cardiology 24 (2): 490-494. PMID 8034887.
^ Kavoussi RJ, Liu J, Coccaro EF. (1994). "An [[open trial (medical)|]] of sertraline in patients with personality disorder who also have impulsive aggression.". Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 55 (4): 137-141. PMID 8071257.
^ Zoloft Information. Drugs.com (August 8, 2006). Retrieved on 2007-01-27.
^ Treatment for Depression and Anxiety - Zoloft.com. Pfizer (2005). Retrieved on 2007-01-27.
^ Clayton A, Keller A, McGarvey EL. Burden of phase-specific sexual dysfunction with SSRIs. J Affect Disord 2006;91:27-32. PMID 16430968.
^ Zoloft® Prescribing Information. Pfizer (July 2006). Retrieved on 2007-01-27.
^ Lee A, Chan W, Harralson A, Buffum J, Bui B (1999). "The effects of grapefruit juice on sertraline metabolism: an in vitro and in vivo study". Clin Ther 21 (11): 1890–9. PMID 10890261.
^ ^a ^b Lacasse J, Leo J (2005). "Serotonin and depression: a disconnect between the advertisements and the scientific literature". PLoS Med 2 (12): e392. DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020392.g001. PMID 16268734. Free full text, open-access source
^ Baum, Hedlund et al (May 25, 2001). Australian Supreme Court Justice Rules Zoloft Caused Man to Murder his wife. Press release. Retrieved on 2007-01-27.
^ Business Wire (July 23, 2004). Suit Claims Pfizer Conceals Evidence and Misleads Doctors and Patients About Safety and Effectiveness of Zoloft. Press release. Retrieved on 2007-04-19.

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Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a class of antidepressant drugs prescribed for the treatment of depression. ... Harmala, also known at various times as Telepathine and Banisterine, is a blanket term for a group of naturally occurring beta-carbolines including harmine, harmaline, and others. ... Iproniazid is a monamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) that was developed as the first anti-depressant (Also first psychiatric drug). ... Isocarboxazid is a nonselective hydrazine-derived monoamine oxidase inhibitor used in treatment resistant depression. ... Nialamide (EsprilÂ®, NiamidÂ®, NiaquitilÂ®, NuredalÂ®, NyazinÂ®, and PsicodistenÂ®) was one of the first MAOI (monoamine oxidase inhibitor) antidepressants. ... Pargyline is a monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe hypertension. ... Phenelzine (brand name Nardil) is an antidepressant drug that belongs to the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) class of drugs. ... Selegiline (l-deprenyl, EldeprylÂ® or AniprylÂ® [veterinary]) is a drug used for the treatment of early-stage Parkinsons disease and senile dementia. ... Toloxatone is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressant. ... Tranylcypromine (sold under the brand name ParnateÂ®) is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) used as an antidepressant drug. ... Rasagiline (trade name AzilectÂ®) is a selective irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B used as a monotherapy in early Parkinsons disease or as an adjunct therapy in more advanced cases. ... These drugs, a subset of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), inhibit only isoenzyme A and are reversible. ... Brofarmine is a psychiatric drug primarily used to treat depression and anxiety. ... Moclobemide (sold as AurorixÂ®, ManerixÂ®) is a psychiatric drug primarily used to treat depression and social anxiety. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Amineptine is an atypical tricyclic antidepressant that selectively inhibits the reuptake of dopamine and to a lesser extent norepinephrine, thus exerting a powerful and fast-acting antidepressant effect. ... Phenmetrazine is an amphetamine-like drug. ... Vanoxerine, also known as GBR-12909, is a piperazine derivative which is a potent and selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor. ... A Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor is a class of drugs that is both: Dopamine reuptake inhibitor Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor An example is Bupropion. ... Bupropion (INN; also amfebutamone,[1] brand names Wellbutrin, Zyban, Budeprion and Buproban) is an atypical antidepressant, which acts as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and dopamine reuptake inhibitor,[2] and a nicotinic antagonist. ... Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs) are compounds that increase amounts of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in the brain by inhibiting its reuptake at synapses. ... Atomoxetine is the first non-stimulant drug approved for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Reboxetine is an antidepressant drug used in the treatment of clinical depression, panic disorder and ADD/ADHD. Its mesilate ( methanesulfonate) salt is sold under tradenames including EdronaxÂ®, NoreboxÂ®, ProliftÂ®, SolvexÂ® or VestraÂ®. Reboxetine has two chiral centers, but it only exists as two enantiomers, (R,R)-(-)- and (S,S)-(+)-reboxetine. ... Viloxazine is a bicyclic antidepressants[2] that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin, and to a lesser extent, dopamine and norepinephrine. ... Serotonin Norepinephrine Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are a class of antidepressant used in the treatment of clinical depression and other affective disorders. ... Desvenlafaxine succinate, marketed under the name Pristiq, is an antidepressant of the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor class from Wyeth. ... Duloxetine (brand names Cymbalta, Yentreve, and in parts of Europe, Xeristar or Ariclaim) is a drug which primarily targets major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), pain related to diabetic peripheral neuropathy and in some countries stress urinary incontinence (SUI). ... Milnacipran is an antidepressant of the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor class. ... Nefazodone hydrochloride (SerzoneÂ®) is an antidepressant drug marketed by Bristol-Myers Squibb. ... Venlafaxine hydrochloride is a prescription antidepressant used in the treatment of clinical depression, anxiety disorders, and (controversially) bipolar disorder. ... Serotonin Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of antidepressants used in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders and some personality disorders. ... Alaproclate is an antidepressant that increases serotonin levels by inhibiting the uptake of 5-HT. Today, its primarily used to stagment the cravings for cocaine. ... Citalopram is an antidepressant drug used to treat depression associated with mood disorders. ... Dapoxetine is the International Nonproprietary Name of a drug currently being considered for approval by the FDA for the treatment of premature ejaculation in men, which would make it the first drug approved for such treatment. ... Lexapro pills Escitalopram (Lexapro, Cipralex, Sipralexa and Seroplex)[1] is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. ... Etoperidone is a 5-HT agonist used primarily in the 1970s to impede the effects of LSD. ... Fluoxetine pills. ... Fluvoxamine (brand name as LuvoxÂ®, FaverinÂ®, FevarinÂ® and DumyroxÂ®) is an antidepressant which functions pharmacologically as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. ... Paroxetine or paroxetine hydrochloride is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant. ... // General Remars and History Zimelidine is a pyridylallylamine and has a structure different from other antidepressants. ... SNDRI compounds rapidly elevate serotonin and catecholamines in the synaptic cleft and surrounding glial cells. ... Nomifensine is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor that increases the amount of synaptic dopamine available to receptors by blocking dopamines re-uptake transporter. ... Tianeptine (INN) (StablonÂ®, CoaxilÂ®, TatinolÂ®), is structurally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants. ... Tianeptine (INN) (StablonÂ®, CoaxilÂ®, TatinolÂ®), is an SSRE, or Selective Serotonin Reuptake Enhancer, structurally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants. ... Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (abbreviated: NaSSAs) are a relatively new class of antidepressants. ... Mirtazapine is an antidepressant introduced by Organon International in 1996 used for the treatment of mild to severe depression. ... Chemical structure of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline. ... Amitriptyline (or Amitryptyline) hydrochloride (sold as Elavil, Tryptanol, Endep, Elatrol, Tryptizol, Trepiline, Laroxyl) is a tricyclic antidepressant drug. ... Amoxapine (Asendin®; Asendis®; Defanyl®; Demolox®; Moxadil®) is a tricyclic antidepressant of the dibenzoxazepine class. ... Butriptyline (Dl-10,11-Dihydro-N,N,beta-trimethyl-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene-5-propylamine) is a tricyclic antidepressant with sedative properties and uses similar to that of amitriptyline. ... Clomipramine (brand-name AnafranilÂ®) is a tricyclic antidepressant. ... Desipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) that inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine. ... Dibenzepin (NoverilÂ®) is a muscarinic antagonist. ... Dosulepin hydrochloride (sometimes known outside the USA as dothiepin hydrochloride) is an antidepressant of the tricyclic family. ... Doxepin is a tricyclic antidepressant, known under many brand-names such as AponalÂ®, the original preparation by Boehringer-Ingelheim, now part of the Roche group; AdapineÂ®, SinquanÂ® and SinequanÂ® (Pfizer Inc. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Iprindole (C19H28N2), a 5-HT2 antagonist, is a tricyclic antidepressant that can be fatal when combined with MDMA. Categories: | ... Lofepramine (trademarked Gamanil) is a tricyclic antidepressant prescribed primarily for sleeping and eating disorders. ... Melitracen (or melitracene) is a tricyclic antidepressant. ... Nortriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant marketed under the tradenames Aventyl® and Pamelor®. It is used to treat depression. ... Opipramol (Opipramol-neuraxpharmÂ®, InsidonÂ®), 4-[3-(5H-Dibenz[b,f]azepin-5-yl)propyl]-1-piperazinethanol, is a anxiolytic primarily used in Germany. ... Protriptyline (VivactilÂ®) is a tricyclic antidepressant indicated for depression and ADHD. Categories: | ... Trimipramine is an tricyclic antidepressant with sedative and anxiolytic properties. ... There are also several chemically unrelated tetracyclic antibiotics based on Tetracycline. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Mianserin is a tetracyclic antidepressant that has antihistaminic and hypnosedative, but almost no anticholinergic, effect. ... Nefazodone hydrochloride (SerzoneÂ®) is an antidepressant drug marketed by Bristol-Myers Squibb. ... Trazodone (trade names Desyrel, Molipaxin, Trittico, Thombran, Trialodine) is a psychoactive compound with sedative, anxiolytic, and antidepressant properties. ...

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