The Serviceberry (Amelanchier), also known as shadbush, sarvisberry, juneberry, saskatoon, shadblow, shadwood, sugarplum, wild-plum, and amélanchier, is a genus of about 20 species of small deciduous trees and large shrubs in Rosaceae (the rose family). Amelanchier grows primarily in early successional habitats of the North Temperate Zone. The genus is most diverse taxomically in North America, especially in the northern United States and southern Canada, and is native to every state of the United States except Hawaii. These plants are valued horticulturally, and their fruits are important to wildlife. The systematics (taxonomy) of shadbushes has long perplexed botanists, horticulturalists, and others, as suggested by the range in number of species recognized in the genus from 6 to 33 in two recent publications ^[1][2]. A major source of complexity comes from the occurrence of apomixis (asexual seed production), polyploidy, and hybridization. For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... Deciduous means temporary or tending to fall off (deriving from the Latin word decidere, to fall off) and is typically used in reference to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally. ... The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... A broom shrub in flower A shrub or bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 6 m tall. ... Global distribution of Rosaceae Subfamilies Rosoideae Spiraeoideae Maloideae Amygdaloideae or Prunoideae The Rosaceae or rose family is a large family of plants, with about 3,000-4,000 species in 100-120 genera. ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... Biological systematics is the study of the diversity of life on the planet earth, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. ... In botany, apomixis is asexual reproduction, without fertilization. ... Polyploidy refers to cells or organisms that contain more than two copies of each of their chromosomes. ... In genetics, hybridisation is the process of mixing different species or varieties of organisms. ...

Amelanchier are 0.2--20 m tall, arborecent or suckering and forming loose colonies or dense clumps to single-stemmed. Bark is gray or less often brown, smooth or fissuring in older trees. Leaves are deciduous, cauline, alternate, simple, lanceolate to elliptic to orbiculate, 0.5--10 x 0.5--5.5 cm, thin to coriaceous, with surfaces abaxially glabrous or densely tomentose at flowering, abaxially glabrous or +/- hairy at maturity. Inflorescences are terminal, with 1--20 flowers, erect or drooping, either in 1--4-flowered clusters or in 4--20-flowered racemes. Flowers have 5 white (rarely somewhat pink, yellow, or streaked with red), linear to orbiculate petals, 2.6--25 mm long, occasionally andropetalous (bearing apical microsporangia adaxially; only known in this genus in A. nantucketensis). The flowers appear in early spring, "when the shad run" according to tradition (leading to names such as "shadbush"). Fruits are berrylike pomes, red to purple to nearly black at maturity, 5--15 mm diam., insipid to delectably sweet, maturing in summer (whence the name 'juneberry'). For other meanings of bark, see Bark (disambiguation). ... Leaves are an Icelandic five-piece alternative rock band who came to prominence in 2002 with their debut album, Breathe, drawing comparisons to groups such as Coldplay and Doves. ... Wildflowers A flower is the reproductive organ of those plants classified as angiosperms ( flowering plants; Division Magnoliophyta). ... Species See text. ... Popular Japanese fashion magazine throughout the 1990s; the photography of which has recently been reissued in two collections from Phaidon press. ...

The name serviceberry comes from the similarity of the fruit to the related European Service Tree, Sorbus domestica, a name derived from the Latin name for the tree sorbus, recorded by Pliny the Elder. A widespread folk etymology states that plant's flowering time signaled to early American pioneers that the ground had thawed enough in spring for the burial of the winter's dead. The taxonomic name Amelanchier is derived from the French name amélanchier (amélanche) of the European serviceberry. The city name of Saskatoon in Saskatchewan comes from a Cree Indian noun misâskwatômina (misāskwatōmina, misaaskwatoomina) for saskatoon berries. Binomial name L. The Service Tree (Sorbus domestica) is sometimes known as the True Service Tree to distinguish it from the Wild Service Tree. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... Pliny the Elder: an imaginative 19th Century portrait. ... Folk etymology is a term used in two distinct ways: A commonly held misunderstanding of the origin of a particular word, a false etymology. ... A family of Russian settlers in the Caucasus region, ca. ... Nickname: Location of Saskatoon (indicated by the red star) Coordinates: Country Canada Province Saskatchewan Establishment 1883 Incorporation 1906 Government  - Mayor Don Atchison  - Governing body Saskatoon City Council  - MP Carol Skelton Brad Trost Maurice Vellacott Lynne Yelich  - MLAs Graham Addley Pat Atkinson Lorne Calvert Ken Cheveldayoff Eric Cline David Forbes Andy... Motto: Multis E Gentibus Vires (Latin: The Strength of Many Peoples) Capital Regina Largest city Saskatoon Official languages English Government - Lieutenant-Governor Gordon Barnhart - Premier Lorne Calvert (NDP) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 14 - Senate seats 6 Confederation September 1, 1905 (Split from NWT) (9th (province)) Area  Ranked... For other uses, see Cree (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. ...

Serviceberries are preferred browse for deer and rabbits, and heavy browsing pressure can suppress natural regeneration. Caterpillars of Lepidoptera such as Brimstone Moth, Brown-tail, Grey Dagger, Gypsy moth, Mottled Umber, Rough Prominent, The Satellite, Winter Moth, Limenitis arthemis and other herbivorous insects also have a taste for serviceberry. Many insects and diseases that attack orchard trees also affect this genus, in particular trunk borers and Gymnosporangium rust. In years when late flowers overlap those of wild roses and brambles, bees may spread bacterial fireblight. This article is about a form of an insect. ... The order Lepidoptera is the second most speciose order in the class Insecta and includes the butterflies, moths and skippers. ... Binomial name Opisthograptis luteolata Linnaeus, 1758 The Brimstone Moth (Opisthograptis luteolata) is a moth of the family Geometridae. ... Binomial name Euproctis chrysorrhoea Linnaeus, 1758 The Brown-tail (Euproctis chrysorrhoea) is a moth of the family Lymantriidae. ... Binomial name Acronicta psi Linnaeus, 1758 The Grey Dagger (Acronicta psi) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. ... Binomial name Lymantria dispar Linnaeus, 1758 The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, is a moth in the family Lymantriidae of Eurasian origin. ... Binomial name Erannis defoliaria Clerck, 1759 The Mottled Umber (Erannis defoliaria) is a moth of the family Geometridae. ... Binomial name Nadata gibbosa J.E. Smith, 1797 The Rough Prominent (Nadata gibbosa) is a moth of the family Notodontidae. ... Binomial name Eupsilia transversa Hufnagel, 1766 The Satellite (Eupsilia transversa) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. ... Binomial name Operophtera brumata Linnaeus, 1758 The Winter Moth (Operophtera brumata) is a moth of the family Geometridae. ... Binomial name Limenitis arthemis (Drury, 1773) The Red-spotted Admiral, White Admiral, Western White Admiral or Red-spotted Purple (Limenitis arthemis) is a North American brush-footed butterfly, common throughout much of the eastern United States. ... Species (juniper-hawthorn rust) (juniper-rowan rust) (juniper-hawthorn rust) (juniper-apple rust) (juniper-pear rust) (juniper-quince rust) (Japanese juniper-apple rust) Gymnosporangium is a fungus which infects alternately members of the genus Juniperus (junipers) and members of the family Rosaceae in the subfamily Maloideae (apples, pears, quinces, hawthorns... Binomial name Erwinia amylovora The causal pathogen is Erwinia amylovora, a Gram-negative bacterium in the family Enterobacteriaceae. ...

Selected species

Taxonomy follows the Flora of North America ^[3]

• Amelanchier alnifolia var. alnifolia - Saskatoon serviceberry, alder-leaved shadbush, saskatoon, saskatoon berry, amélanchier à feuilles d'aulne
• Amelanchier amabilis - Lovely shadbush, amélanchier gracieux
• Amelanchier arborea - Downy shadbush
• Amelanchier bartramiana - Mountain shadbush, amélanchier de Bartram
• Amelanchier canadensis var. canadensis - Eastern shadbush, amélanchier du Canada
• Amelanchier humilis - Low shadbush, amélanchier bas
• Amelanchier interior - Inland serviceberry
• Amelanchier laevis - Smooth shadbush, amélanchier glabre
• Amelanchier sanguinea - Red-twigged shadbush, amélanchier sanguin
• Amelanchier spicata - Thicket shadbush, amélanchier en épis
• Amelanchier utahensis - Utah Serviceberry

Uses and cultivation

• The Native American food pemmican was flavored by serviceberry fruits in combination with fat and dried meats, and the stems were made into arrow shafts.

• The fruit of several species are excellent to eat raw, tasting like a slightly nutty blueberry, though their popularity with birds makes harvesting difficult. Fruit is harvested locally for pies and jams. The saskatoon berry is harvested commercially.

• Serviceberries are also very popular ornamental shrubs, grown for their flowers, bark, and fall color. All serviceberries need similar conditions to grow well, requiring good drainage, air circulation (to discourage leaf diseases), watering during drought and acceptable soil. Note that species names are often used interchangeably in the nursery trade. Many A. arborea plants that are offered for sale are actually hybrids, or entirely different species.

• The wood of Amelanchier species is brown, hard, close-grained, and heavy. The heartwood is reddish-brown, and the sapwood is lighter in color. It can be used for tool handles and fishing rods.

• The serviceberry was brought to England in the 18th century, and grown as an exotic plant by the Duke of Argyll. George Washington planted it on the grounds of Mount Vernon.

• Propagation is by seed, divisions and grafting. Serviceberries graft so readily that grafts with other genera, such as Crataegus and Sorbus, are often successful.

Pemmican is a concentrated food consisting of dried pulverized meat, dried berries, and rendered fat. ... For other uses, see Bird (disambiguation). ... This article is about the baked good, for other uses see Pie (disambiguation). ... Jam from berries Jam (also known as jelly or preserves) is a type of sweet spread or condiment made with fruits or sometimes vegetables, sugar, and sometimes pectin if the fruits natural pectin content is insufficient to produce a thick product. ... Binomial name Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. ... Petunia This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Loess field in Germany Surface-water-gley developed in glacial till, Northern Ireland Technically, soil forms the pedosphere: the interface between the lithosphere (rocky part of the planet) and the biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. ... Portrait of Archibald Campbell, 3rd Duke of Argyll, 1749 by Allan Ramsay. ... George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and in 1789 was elected the first President of the United States of America. ... Back of the main house. ...

References

1. ^ Landry, P. 1975. Le concept d'espece et la taxinomie du genre Amelanchier (Rosacees). Bull. Soc. Bot. France 122: 43-252.
2. ^ Phipps, J.B., K.R. Robertson, P.G. Smith and J.R. Rohrer. 1990. A checklist of the subfamily Maloideae (Rosaceae). Can. J. Bot. 68:2209-2269.
3. ^ Campbell, C.S., A.C. Dibble, C.T. Frye, and M. B. Burgess. 2008 (Accepted for publication). Amelanchier in FNA Editorial Committee, Flora of North America volume 9. Magnoliophyta: Rosidae (in part): Rosales (in part). Oxford University Press, New York.

External links

• Amelanchier Systematics and Evolution
• Amelanchier arborea at hort.net
• Donald Culross Peattie, A Natural History of Trees of Eastern and Central North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1964.
• Michael A. Dirr, Manual of Woody Landscape Plants. Fifth ed. Champaign, Ill: Stipes Publishing LLC.