Isoprene

Terpenes are a class of hydrocarbons, produced by many plants, particularly conifers. They are major components of resin, and of turpentine produced from resin. The name "terpene" comes from "turpentine". structure of isoprene. ... structure of isoprene. ... // Definition In chemistry, a hydrocarbon is any chemical compound that consists only of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). ... Divisions Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta - liverworts Anthocerotophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongues Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering plants Adiantum pedatum (a... Orders & Families Cordaitales † Pinales   Pinaceae - Pine family   Araucariaceae - Araucaria family   Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family   Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family   Cupressaceae - Cypress family   Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family   Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † The conifers, division Pinophyta, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. ... Insect trapped in resin. ... Turpentine is a fluid obtained by the complex distillation from resin obtained by trees, mainly various species of pine (Pinus). ... Turpentine is a fluid obtained by the complex distillation from resin obtained by trees, mainly various species of pine (Pinus). ...

Terpenes are derived from isoprene C₅H₈ units and have the basic formula of multiples of it, i.e., (C₅H₈)_n. This is called the isoprene rule. The isoprene units can be arranged in a linear way or forming rings. One can consider isoprene as one of nature's preferred building blocks. Isoprene is a common synonym for the chemical compound 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene. ... General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Atomic mass 12. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ...

Myrcene, a monoterpene

Terpenes can be classified according to the number of isoprene units that they contain:

• Monoterpenes, C₁₀H₁₆, 2 isoprene units
  • Acyclic - myrcene, ocimene
  • Monocyclic - limonene, cymene, terpinene, phellandrene, terpinolene
  • Bicyclic - pinene, carene, sabinene, thujene, camphene
• Sesquiterpenes, C₁₅H₂₄, 3 isoprene units
  • Acyclic - farnesene
  • Monocyclic - humulene, bisabolene
  • Bicyclic - caryophyllene, guaiazulene, vetivazulene, selinene, cadinene
  • Tricyclic - longifolene, copaene
• Diterpenes, C₂₀H₃₂, 4 isoprene units
  • Monocyclic - cembrene
• Triterpenes, C₃₀H₄₈, 6 isoprene units
  • Acyclic - squalene
• Tetraterpenes, C₄₀H₆₀, 8 isoprene units
  • Acyclic - lycopene
  • Monocyclic - gamma-carotene
  • Bicyclic - alpha-carotene, beta-carotene
• Polyterpenes with a large number of isoprene units
  • Acyclic - rubber

Cadinene, a sesquiterpene

The important plant photosynthetic pigment carotene is a tetraterpene. Rubber is essentially a polyterpene. Most plant essential oils consist of such important terpenes as: Myrcene, or β-myrcene, is an olefinic natural organic compound. ... Limonene is a hydrocarbon, classed as a terpene. ... The chemical compound pinene is a bicyclic terpene known as a monoterpene. ... Carene, or delta-3-carene, is a bicyclic diterpene which occurs naturally as a constituent of turpentine, with a content as high as 42% depending on the source. ... Sabinene is a natural bicyclic diterpene with the molecular formula C10H16. ... Camphene is bicyclic monoterpene. ... Humulene, or α-humulene or α-caryophyllene, is a naturally occurring monocyclic sesquiterpene. ... Caryophyllene, or (−)-β-caryophyllene, is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene that is a constituent of some essential oils, especially clove oil and the oil from the stems and flowers of Syzygium aromaticum. ... Longifolene is the common (or trivial) chemical name of a naturally-occurring, oily liquid hydrocarbon found primarily in the high-boiling fraction of certain pine resins. ... Squalene is a low density compound often stored in the bodies of cartilaginous fishes such as sharks, who lacking a swim bladder must reduce their body density with fats and oils. ... Lycopene (molecular formula: C40H56) is a bright red carotenoid pigment (phytochemical) found in tomatoes and other red fruits. ... Carotene is a terpene, an orange photosynthetic pigment, important for photosynthesis. ... Rubber is an elastic hydrocarbon polymer which occurs as a milky emulsion (known as latex) in the sap of a number of plants but can also be produced synthetically. ... Leaf. ... In biology, pigment is any material resulting in color in plant or animal cells which is the result of selective absorption. ... Carotene is a terpene, an orange photosynthetic pigment, important for photosynthesis. ... Rubber is an elastic hydrocarbon polymer which occurs as a milky emulsion (known as latex) in the sap of a number of plants but can also be produced synthetically. ... An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aromatic compounds extracted from plants. ...

• alpha-Pinene (pine oil up to 40%)
• beta-Pinene (in some type of pine oils (turpentine) and minor component of many other essential oils)
• delta-3-Carene (in pine oil up to 40%)
• Limonene (in citrus oil).

If terpenes are further modified, for instance by adding hydroxyl groups or moving or removing a methyl group, the resulting compounds are called terpenoids, e.g. menthol and thujone. (Some authors also call these compounds terpenes.) The chemical compound pinene is a bicyclic terpene known as a monoterpene. ... The chemical compound pinene is a bicyclic terpene known as a monoterpene. ... Turpentine is a fluid obtained by the complex distillation from resin obtained by trees, mainly various species of pine (Pinus). ... Carene, or delta-3-carene, is a bicyclic diterpene which occurs naturally as a constituent of turpentine, with a content as high as 42% depending on the source. ... Limonene is a hydrocarbon, classed as a terpene. ... Hydroxide is a functional group consisting of oxygen and hydrogen: -O−H It has a charge of 1-. The term hydroxyl group is used when the functional group -OH is counted as a substituent of an organic compound. ... In chemistry a methyl-group is a hydrophobic Alkyl functional group which is derived from methane (CH4). ... The terpenoids, sometimes referred to as isoprenoids, are a class of naturally occurring chemicals similar to terpenes, derived from five-carbon isoprene units assembled and modified in thousands of ways. ... Menthol is a covalent organic compound made synthetically or obtained from peppermint or other mint oils. ... Thujone (C10H16O) is a chemical compound. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Terpene

• Institute of Chemistry - terpenes
• Structures of alpha pinene and beta pinene