In computing, optical disc authoring, including DVD authoring, known often as burning, is the process of recording source material—video, audio or other data—onto an optical disc (compact disc or DVD). The optical lens of a compact disc drive. ... It has been suggested that ISO image be merged into this article or section. ... A CD recorder drive. ... Optical disc authoring software is computer software for authoring optical discs including CD-ROMs and DVDs. ... CD and DVD recorders for authoring optical discs such as CD-ROMs and DVDs have a history of various technologies. ... In optical disc authoring, there are multiple modes for recording: Dics At Once and Track At Once. ... Packet writing is an optical disc recording technology used to allow writeable CD and DVD media to be used in a similar manner to a floppy disk. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... CD redirects here. ... The CD-ROM (an abbreviation for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (ROM)) is a non-volatile optical data storage medium using the same physical format as audio compact discs, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive. ... A CD-R (Compact Disc-Recordable) is a variation of the Compact Disc digital audio disc invented by Philips and Sony. ... Compact Disc ReWritable (CD-RW) is a rewritable optical disc format. ... See also IBMs VM operating system family, where minidisk refers to a logical unit of storage. ... DVD (commonly Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc) is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for data storage, including movies with high video and sound quality. ... A DVD+R disc The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... DVD-R DL (Dual Layer) (Also Known as DVD-R9) is a derivative of the DVD-R format standard. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... DVD+R DL (Double Layer), also known as DVD+R9, is a derivative of the DVD+R format created by the DVD+RW Alliance. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... You can recognize a DVD-RAM immediately because visually there are lots of little rectangles distributed on the surface of the data carrier. ... A Blu-ray Disc is a high-density optical disc format for the storage of digital media, including high-definition video. ... Blu-ray Disc recordable refers to two optical disc formats that can be recorded with an optical disc recorder. ... HD-DVD disc HD DVD (for High Density Digital Versatile Disc) is a digital optical media format which is being developed as one standard for high-definition DVD. HD DVD is similar to the competing Blu-ray Disc, which also uses the same CD sized (120 mm diameter) optical data... HD DVD-R is the next generation writable disk variant of HD DVD, expected to be shipping in 2006 with a single-layer capacity of 15GB and a dual-layer capacity of 30GB. External links http://arstechnica. ... Ultra Density Optical (UDO) is a next-generation optical disc format designed for high-density storage of high-definition video and data. ... The Rainbow Books are a collection of standards defining the allowed formats of Compact Discs. ... ISO 9660, a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization, defines a file system for CD-ROM media. ... Joliet is the name of an extension to the ISO 9660 file system. ... The Rock Ridge Interchange Protocol (RRIP, IEEE P1282) is an extension to the ISO 9660 volume format which adds POSIX file system semantics. ... The Rock Ridge Interchange Protocol (RRIP, IEEE P1282) is an extension to the ISO 9660 volume format which adds POSIX file system semantics. ... The El Torito Bootable CD Specification is an extension to the ISO 9660 CD-ROM specification. ... Overview Apple Macintosh computers use the HFS (or HFS+) file system on hard disks, mainly. ... The Universal Disk Format (UDF) is a format specification of a file system for storing files on optical media. ... Mount Rainier is an expansion to the Universal Disk Format (UDF). ... DVD authoring describes the process of creating a DVD video that can be played on a DVD player. ... The optical lens of a compact disc drive. ... CD redirects here. ... DVD (commonly Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc) is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for data storage, including movies with high video and sound quality. ...

Process

To create an optical disc, one usually first creates a disk image with a full file system designed for the optical disc, and then burns the image to the disc. The disc image is a single file, built and stored on the hard drive, which contains the entire information to be contained on the disc. An ISO image (.iso) is an informal term for a disk image of an ISO 9660 file system. ... For library and office filing systems, see Library classification. ...

Many programs create the disc image and burn in one bundled operation, so that end-users often do not know the distinction. However, a useful motivation for learning this distinction is that creating the disc image is an "expensive" (time-consuming) process. Most disc writing applications will silently delete this image from the "temporary directory" in which it was built unless users instruct the disc burning application to preserve the image, which can then be used for creating further copies of the same image without the need to rebuild the image each time.

There are also packet-writing applications that do not require writing the entire disc at once, but allow writing parts at a time, allowing the disc to be used in the same way as rewritable media such as floppy disk. Packet writing is an optical disc recording technology used to allow writeable CD and DVD media to be used in a similar manner to a floppy disk. ... A floppy disk is a data storage device that is composed of a disk of thin, flexible (floppy) magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell. ...

There exist many optical disc authoring technologies for optimizing the authoring process and preventing errors. Discs whose burn failed are colloquially termed coasters since that is all they are good for. Coaster can refer to: A glass with a ceramic coaster under it. ...

Some operating systems are aware of disc images as a filesystem type, and can mount these images so that they appear as actual mounted discs. This feature can be useful for testing a disc image after authoring but before writing to the disc media. See Filing system for this term as it is used in libraries and offices In computing, a file system is a method for storing and organizing computer files and the data they contain to make it easy to find and access them. ...

Sessions

Data on an optical disc is laid out in sessions. Each session consists of a lead-in, containing the session's Table of Contents, the program area in which the individual tracks are located, and the lead-out.

The number of tracks is limited to 99 in a session. The specifications require at least one track in each session. The tracks are located in the program area of the session.

In multisession discs, the lead-in areas contain addresses of the previous sessions. The TOC written in the lead-in of the latest session is used to access the tracks.

TOC

The Table of Contents (TOC) is the area where the layout of the tracks on the disc is described. It is located in the lead-in area of the disc session. The TOC on discs is in principle similar to partition table on hard drives. In general, a partition is a splitting into parts. ... Typical hard drives of the mid-1990s. ...

Nonstandard or corrupted TOC records are abused as a form of CD/DVD copy protection, in e.g. the key2audio scheme. CD/DVD copy protection is a set of copy protection mechanisms that prevent users from copying compact discs (CDs) or digital video discs (DVDs). ...

Lead-In

The lead-in area of a CD session is the starting part of the disc. It contains the TOC for the session, and the address of the next available free part of the disc available for the start of the next session, unless the disc is closed and therefore no more sessions can be added, or the disc is not multisession.

Lead-Out

The lead-out area is the ending part of the CD session. When the session is closed, the lead-out area is written.

The first lead-out is 6750 sectors (about 13 megabytes) long, each subsequent lead-out is 2250 sectors (4 megabytes) long.

Tracks

Main article: Track (CD)

A track is a consecutive set of sectors on the disc containing a block of data. One session may contain one or more tracks of the same or different types. There are several kinds of tracks: Audio tracks, Data tracks. On a compact disc or a DVD, a track is a consecutive set of sectors on the disc containing a block of data. ...

Hardware

Main article: Optical disc recorder

Authoring is commonly done in software on computers with optical disc recorders. There are, however, stand-alone devices like personal video recorders which can also author and record discs. A CD recorder drive. ... A CD recorder drive. ... A digital video recorder (DVR) is a device that records video to a digital storage medium in digital form. ...

Software

Main article: Optical disc authoring software

Use of optical disc recorders require optical disc authoring software, (sometimes called "burning applications" or "burner applications"). Such software is usually sold with the recorder. Optical disc authoring software is computer software for authoring optical discs including CD-ROMs and DVDs. ... Optical disc authoring software is computer software for authoring optical discs including CD-ROMs and DVDs. ...

File systems

Please help improve this article or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. This article has been tagged since January 2007.

Optical disk file systems include ISO-9660 (often known simply as "ISO") and Universal Disk Format (UDF). ISO is most common for CDs and UDF is most common for DVDs. Image File history File links Wiki_letter_w. ... ISO 9660, a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), defines a file system for CD-ROM media. ... The Universal Disk Format (UDF) is a format specification of a file system for storing files on optical media. ...

ISO 9660

Main article: ISO 9660

ISO 9660 is a format mainly used on CDs. The ISO 9660 can be extended with Joliet, Rock Ridge, Amiga Extensions to Rock Ridge, El Torito, or the Apple ISO9660 Extensions. The Joliet file system was made by Microsoft. It makes it possible to have long file names, among other things. Rock Ridge is a system providing ownership, fewer restrictions on the file names, and more. Amiga extensions allow use of Amiga attribute bits and comments. El Torito makes it possible to boot from a CD. The Apple Extensions enables creator codes, file type, and so on. ISO 9660, a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization, defines a file system for CD-ROM media. ... Joliet is the name of an extension to the ISO 9660 file system. ... The Rock Ridge Interchange Protocol (RRIP, IEEE P1282) is an extension to the ISO 9660 volume format which adds POSIX file system semantics. ... The Rock Ridge Interchange Protocol (RRIP, IEEE P1282) is an extension to the ISO 9660 volume format which adds POSIX file system semantics. ... The El Torito Bootable CD Specification is an extension to the ISO 9660 CD-ROM specification. ... Overview Apple Macintosh computers use the HFS (or HFS+) file system on hard disks, mainly. ... Long filename is the name given to the longer and therefore more descriptive titles on the FAT filesystem, which was previously restricted to eight characters and a three-character extension (referred to as 8. ...

Universal Disk Format

Main article: Universal Disk Format

Universal Disk Format is a format. UDF can be extended with Mount Rainier which makes it possible to use the disc like a floppy. You can delete, create, modify files, without having to write the whole disc again. The Universal Disk Format (UDF) is a format specification of a file system for storing files on optical media. ... Mount Rainier is an expansion to the Universal Disk Format (UDF). ... A floppy disk is a data storage device that comprises a circular piece of thin, flexible (hence floppy) magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic wallet. ...

See also

• List of optical disc authoring software