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Encyclopedia > Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri
Yadavas of Devagiri
Official languages Marathi, Sanskrit
Capital Devagiri
Government Monarchy
Preceding state Kalyani Chalukya
Succeeding state Deccan Sultanates

The Yadavas of Devagiri, Seuna/Sevuna or Yadava dynasty (Marathi: देवगिरीचे यादव) (850 - 1334) was an Indian dynasty, which during their peak ruled present day Maharashtra, north Karnataka and parts of Madhya Pradesh from their capital at Devagiri(or Deogiri) (present-day Daulatabad in Maharashtra). Yadavas are very important part of Maharashtra's history. They are considered as first true Maratha empire. The foundations of Marathi culture was laid by Yadavas. Peculiarities of Maharashtra's social life were developed in their rule.[1] An official language is a language that is given a privileged legal status in a state, or other legally-defined territory. ... Marathi is one of the widely spoken languages of India, and has a long literary history. ... The Sanskrit language ( , ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... In politics, a capital (also called capital city or political capital — although the latter phrase has a second meaning based on an alternative sense of capital) is the principal city or town associated with a countrys government. ... Daulatabad (from Persian دولت‌آباد meaning Built by the Government), also called Deogiri or Devagiri, is a hill-fortress in Maharashtra state, India, in about 40 miles northwest of the city of Aurangabad in Aurangabad district. ... Places where monarchies maintain rule appear in blue. ... The Chalukya dynasty (Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು) was a powerful Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th century C.E. They began to assert their independence at the decline of the Satavahana empire and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of... The Deccan sultanates were five Muslim-ruled kingdoms–-Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmednagar, Bidar, and Berar of south-central India. ... Marathi is one of the widely spoken languages of India, and has a long literary history. ... Events April 20 - Guntherus becomes Bishop of Cologne. ... Events Births January 4 - Amadeus VI of Savoy, Count of Savoy (died 1383) January 13 - King Henry II of Castile (died 1379) May 25 - Emperor Suko of Japan, third of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders (died 1398) August 30 - King Peter I of Castile (died 1369) James I of Cyprus (died... Maharashtra   (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र , English: , IPA: ) is Indias third largest state in terms of area and second largest in terms of population after Uttar Pradesh. ... Karnātakā   (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: ) is one of the four southern states of India. ... Madhya PradeÅ›   (HindÄ«: मध्य प्रदेश, English: , IPA: ), often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. ... Daulatabad (from Persian دولت‌آباد meaning Built by the Government), also called Deogiri or Devagiri, is a hill-fortress in Maharashtra state, India, in about 40 miles northwest of the city of Aurangabad in Aurangabad district. ... Track within Daulatabad Fort. ... Maharashtra   (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र , English: , IPA: ) is Indias third largest state in terms of area and second largest in terms of population after Uttar Pradesh. ... Maharashtra   (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र , English: , IPA: ) is Indias third largest state in terms of area and second largest in terms of population after Uttar Pradesh. ...


Sindhan, Krishnadev, Mahadev and Ramdev are considered as 'able' rulers in Yadavas.[2] The Yadavas adopted Marathi as the court language at their capital Devgiri and became a beacon for learned scholars in Marathi to showcase and find patronage for their skills. The origin and growth of Marathi literature is directly linked with rise of Yadava dynasty.[3] They initially ruled as feudatories of the Kalyani Chalukyas and around the middle of the 12th. century, declared their independence. At their peak under Singhana II, they ruled a large kingdom stretching from the Tungabhadra to the Narmada rivers. Marathi is one of the widely spoken languages of India, and has a long literary history. ... Literature in Marathi. ... The Chalukya Dynasty was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled parts of southern India between 550 and 750, and again between 973 and 1190. ... The Tungabhadra is a river of southern India. ... The Narmada or Nerbudda is a river in central India. ...

Contents

Origin

The Seuna dynasty claimed descent from Yadavas. Hence, they are often referred to as "Yadavas of Devagiri". They are also described as Marathas as they ruled a large part of Maharashtra. But, the correct name of the dynasty is Seuna or Sevuna[4]. The inscriptions of this dynasty as well as those of contemporary kingdoms, the Hoysala, Kakatiya and Chalukyas call them Seunas[5]. The name is probably derived from the name of their second ruler Seunachandra. The Yadava Dynasty ruled a kingdom in what is now Maharashtra, India from the 12th century to the 14th century. ... The Marāthās (Marathi: मराठा)is a collective term referring to an Indo Aryan group of Hindu warriors and peasants hailing mostly from the present-day state of Maharashtra, who created a substantial empire, covering a major part of India, in the late 17th and 18th centuries AD. The Marathas... Maharashtra   (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र , English: , IPA: ) is Indias third largest state in terms of area and second largest in terms of population after Uttar Pradesh. ... The Hoysala Empire ruled part of southern India from 1000 to 1346. ... The Kakatiya Dynasty was a South Indian dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083 to 1323. ... The Chalukya Dynasty was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled parts of southern India between 550 and 750, and again between 973 and 1190. ...


Many writers referred to the dyanasty as "Yadavas of Devagiri". The former name of the dynasty i.e. "Sevuna" (or Seuna) was brought back into use by John Faithful Fleet in his book The dynasties of the Kanarese districts of the Bombay Presidency from the earliest historical times to the Musalman conquest of A.D. 1318[6].


Scholars are divided regarding the descent of Suena dynasty.


North India

The Suena dynasty claimed descent from Yadavas of north India[7]. According to a Sanskrit work by Hemadri, the Seunas were originally from Mathura and later moved to Dwaraka. Some of their inscriptions call them Dvaravatipuravaradhishvaras ("masters of Dvaravati or Dwaraka").Dr.Kolarkar also confirms that Yadavas are from North India.[2] Yadav is a Hindu caste which is referred to in ancient Hindu scriptures. ... Mathura (मथुरा) is a city in India, located approximately 50 km north of Agra, and south of Delhi. ... Dwarka is a city in Gujarat, India. ...


Maratha

According to some scholars such as Prof. George Moraes[8], Dr. A.S. Altekar, Dr. D.R. Bhandarkar and J. Duncan M. Derrett[6], the Suena dynasty rulers were of Maratha descent. The Suenas patronised the Marathi language[9], along with Sanskrit and Kannada. Digambar Balkrishna Mokashi noted that Yadava dynasty rule was "what seems to be the first true Maratha empire"[10]. The Marāthās (Marathi: मराठा)is a collective term referring to an Indo Aryan group of Hindu warriors and peasants hailing mostly from the present-day state of Maharashtra, who created a substantial empire, covering a major part of India, in the late 17th and 18th centuries AD. The Marathas...


A stone inscription found at Anjaneri near Nasik suggests that there was a minor branch of the Yadava family ruling over a small district with Anjaneri as the chief city. The inscription indicates that a ruler called Seunadeva belonging to Yadava family called himself Mahasamanta and made a grant to a Jain temple[11]. Nashik or Nasik is a city, and also a district and division, in Indias Maharashtra state. ... JAIN is an activity within the Java Community Process, developing APIs for the creation of telephony (voice and data) services. ...


Shivaji's mother, Jijabai and Sant Dnyaneshwar was of Yadava descent. Shivaji Bhonsle, also known as Chatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhonsle (Marathi: छत्रपती शिवाजी राजे भोसले) was the founder of the Maratha empire in western India in 1674. ... Jijabai with the infant Shivaji Jijabai was the mother of Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire. ... Sant Dnyaneshwar (1275-1296) (ज्ञानेश्वर in Marathi) (also known as Jnanadeva - ज्ञानदेव or Jnaneshvar - ज्ञानेश्वर) was a 13th century rebel saint-poet born in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra state, west India. ...


Immigrants from Karnataka

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Many Seuna rulers had pure Kannada names like "Dhadiyappa", "Bhillama", "Rajugi", "Vadugi" and "Vasugi", "Kaliya Ballala". Other kings had names like "Singhana" and "Mallugi" which were also used by the Southern Kalachuri dynasty. Records show that one of the early rulers "Seunachandra II" had a Kannada title Sellavidega. The Seunas had very close matrimonial relationships with royal Kannada families through out their rule. Bhillama II was married to Lachchiyavve from a Rashtrakuta descendant family in Karnataka area. Vaddiga was married to Vaddiyavve, daughter of Rashtrakuta chieften Dhorappa. Wives of Vesugi and Bhillama III were Chalukya princesess. In Dr. Ritti's opinion, Seunas must have been originally from Kannada-speaking region and migrated northwords due to political situation in the Deccan at that time[5]. Image File history File links Information_icon. ... Shortcut: WP:-( Vandalism is indisputable bad-faith addition, deletion, or change to content, made in a deliberate attempt to compromise the integrity of the encyclopedia. ... This name is used by two kingdoms who had a secession of dynasties from the 10th-12th century AD, ruling over areas in Central India (west Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan) and were called Chedi or Haihaya (Heyheya) (northern branch) and the other Kalachuri (southern branch). ... Jain cave in Ellora The Rastrakutas (Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ) were a dynasty which ruled the southern and the central parts or the Deccan, India during the 8th - 10th century. ... The Chalukya dynasty (Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು) was a powerful Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th century C.E. They began to assert their independence at the decline of the Satavahana empire and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of... The Deccan Plateau is a vast plateau in India, encompassing most of Central and Southern India. ...


Also, over five hundred inscriptions belonging to the Seuna dynasty have been found in Karnataka. Most of these are in Kannada language. Many others are in Kannada language but Devanagari script[5]. The first inscription which is in Kannada is from the rule of Bhillama II. The Seuna coins from the early part of the rule itself have Kannada legends. Many scholars such as Dr. O. P. Varma, therefore believe that Kannada was certainly a court language along with Marathi and Sanskrit during Seuna times[5]. Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ ) is one of the major Dravidian languages of southern India and one of the oldest languages in India. ... Rigveda manuscript in Devanagari (early 19th century) Devanāgarī (देवनागरी — in English pronounced ) (ISCII – IS13194:1991) [1] is an abugida alphabet used to write several Indian languages, including Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Kashmiri, Sindhi, Bihari, Bhili, Konkani, Bhojpuri and Nepali from Nepal. ...


During the rule of the Seunas, many ruling chieftens who were related to the Seuna Kings were from Kannada-speaking families, like the Seunas of Masavadi-140 in present day Dharwad. Dr. A. V. Narasimha Murthy opined that during the later part of the Rashtrakuta rule from Manyakheta, Seuna chieftens were despatched from the Karnataka region to rule near Nasik. [5]. Dharwad Peda Dharwad ಧಾರವಾಡ, also known as Dharwar, is a town in Indias Karnataka state. ... Jain cave in Ellora The Rastrakutas (Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ) were a dynasty which ruled the southern and the central parts or the Deccan, India during the 8th - 10th century. ... Modern Malkheda in Karnataka, once tha capital of Rashtrakutas ...


History

Feudatory

Seunas were once the feudatories of the Rashtrakutas and then of the Western Chalukyas[4]. The founder of the Suena dynasty was Dridhaprahara, the son of Subahu. According to Vratakhanda, his capital was Shrinagara. However, an early inscription suggests that Chandradityapura (modern Chandor in the Nasik district) was the capital[11]. Jain cave in Ellora The Rastrakutas (Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ) were a dynasty which ruled the southern and the central parts or the Deccan, India during the 8th - 10th century. ... The Western Chalukyas (973 - 1200) also known as Kalyani Chalukya or Later Chalukya ruled the western Deccan in South India between the tenth and the thirteenth centuries CE. They were related to the Chalukya dynasty of Badami who were a powerful dynasty who reigned over most of the Deccan between... Nashik or Nasik is a city, and also a district and division, in Indias Maharashtra state. ...


The name Seuna comes from Dridhaprahara's son, Seunachandra. He originally ruled a region called Seunadesha (present-day Khandesh). Bhillama II, a later ruler in the dynasty, assisted Tailapa III in his war with the Paramara king Munja. Seunachandra II helped Vikramaditya VI in gaining the throne. Kandesh (also Khandesh) is a region of central India, which forms the northwestern portion of Maharashtra state. ... Tailapa III (1151 - 1164) succeded Jagadhekamalla II to the Chalukya throne. ... The Paramara or Parmar were a prominent Rajput clan of medieval India. ...


Bhillama V

Bhillama V (1173-1192), son of Mallugi, established the sovereign kingdom (as opposed to feudatory of Chalukyas). He took over the Chalukya capital of Kalyani in 1190. He founded Devagiri (now Daulatabad) as the capital of the Yadava dynasty. Events Canonization of Saint Thomas à Becket, buried at Canterbury August 9th - Construction starts on the Leaning tower of Pisa Castle at Abergavenny was seized by the Welsh. ... // Events The Third Crusade ends in disaster. ... Kalyani is a raga in the Carnatic music of South India. ... Daulatabad (from Persian دولت‌آباد meaning Built by the Government), also called Deogiri or Devagiri, is a hill-fortress in Maharashtra state, India, in about 40 miles northwest of the city of Aurangabad in Aurangabad district. ... Track within Daulatabad Fort. ...


The Seunas were bordered by aggressive neighbours on all sides: Paramara Rajputs of Malwa in the north, Kakatiyas in the east, Hoysalas in the south and Solanki Rajputs of Gujarat in the west. As a precaution, they built their citadel at Devagiri. The citadel was situated on a hill rising 183 meters[12] (300 meters according to John Keay[4]). The hill was enclosed by three lines of walls, each of which was defended by moats and turrets. The othermost wall had a circumfrence of 4.4 km. The Paramara or Parmar were a prominent Rajput clan of medieval India. ... Image:Maharana Pratap. ... Malwa (Malvi:माळवा) is a region in western India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin in the western part of Madhya Pradesh state and the south-eastern part of Rajasthan. ... The Kakatiya Dynasty was a South Indian dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083 to 1323. ... The Hoysala Empire ruled part of southern India from 1000 to 1346. ... For the English cricketer, See Vikram Solanki The Solanki or Chalukya is a Hindu Gurjar,Rajput dynasty of India, who ruled the kingdom of Gujarat from the 10th to the 13th centuries. ... Image:Maharana Pratap. ... Gujarāt (GujarātÄ«: , IPA: ,  ) is the most industrialized state in the Republic of India with 19. ... The moated manor house of Baddesley Clinton in Warwickshire, England Moats (also known as a Fosse) were deep and wide water-filled trenches, excavated to provide a barrier against attack upon castle ramparts or other fortifications. ... Corbelled corner turrets at Newark Castle, Port Glasgow. ...


Singhana II

Singhana II 1200-1247 C.E. is considered the greatest ruler of the Yadava dynasty. During his rule the the kingdom expanded from Narmada to Tungabhadra. Events University of Paris receives charter from Philip II of France The Kanem-Bornu Empire was established in northern Africa around the year 1200 Mongol victory over Northern China — 30,000,000 killed Births Al-Abhari, Persian philosopher and mathematician (died 1265) Ulrich von Liechtenstein, German nobleman and poet (died... Events Shams ad-Din disappears resulting in Jalal Uddin Rumi writing 30,000 verses of poetry about his disappearance. ... The Narmada or Nerbudda is a river in central India. ... The Tungabhadra is a river of southern India. ...


He founded the town Shinghanapur (or Singhanapur). He was a great patron of learning and literature. He established the college of astronomy to study the work of celebrated astronomer Bhaskaracharya. Bhāskara (1114-1185), also called Bhāskara II and Bhāskarācārya (Bhaskara the teacher) was an Indian mathematician. ...


Sangit Ratnakar, an authoritative Sanskrit work on Indian music was written by Sharangadhar (or Shrangadeva) during Singhana II's reign[13]. He also patronised Changadeva, Kannada poet Kamalabhava. The Sanskrit language ( , ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Indian music is: The music of India or Native American music This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Kannada - aptly described as sirigannada (known to few as Kanarese) is one of the oldest Dravidian languages and is spoken in its various dialects by roughly 45 million people. ...


Ramachandra

Ramachandra (or Ramadevarava), the grandson of Singhana II, ruled from 1271 to 1309 CE. His Shrikaranadhipa (Chief Minister) was Hemadri (or Hemadapant), who compiled the encyclopedic Sanskrit work Chaturvarga Chintamani. He is said to have built many temples in a style known after him - Hemadapanti. He also invented the Modi script in Marathi[13]. Hemdri wrote many books on vaidhyakshastra (Medical science), he brought and helped Bajra cultivation.[2] Marathi is one of the widely spoken languages of India, and has a long literary history. ... Nutrition information for one cup of cooked millet Millet is the collective name of a group of genera of the grass family(Gramineae/Paniceae) widely grown around the world for food or animal feed. ...


In 1294, during the reign of Ramachandra (1271-1312), Ala-ud-din Khalji captured Devagiri. He restored it to Ramachandra in return for promise of a high ransom and an annual tribute[12]. However, this was not paid and Seuna kingdom's arrears to the Khalji dynasty kept mounting. In 1307, Ala-ud-din Khalji sent an army commanded by Malik Kafur to Devagiri. For broader historical context, see 1270s and 13th century. ... Events June 15 : Battle near Rozgoni Battle near Thebes Siege of Rostock begins Births November 13 - King Edward III of England Deaths June 19 - Piers Gaveston, favourite of Edward II of England September 7 - King Ferdinand IV of Castile Categories: 1312 ... Ala-ud-din Khilji (real name Juna Khan) (d. ... The term ransom refers to the practice of holding a prisoner to extort money or property extorted to secure their release, or to the sum of money involved. ... Khilji or Khalji (Persian: سلطنت خلجی ) was a ruling dynasty of Turkic origin that conquered and ruled northern India (1290-1320). ... Malik Kafur ( - 1318 C.E.) was a eunuch general who conquered Tamil Nadu around 1310 C.E. Malik Kafur was a slave, who was purchased by Nusrat Khan. ...


Ramachandra was taken to Delhi. Khalji reinstated him on the throne. In turn, Ramachandra helped him to subdue the Hindu kingdoms of South. In 1309, Malik Kafur mounted an assault on the Kakatiyas from Devagiri[4]. Malik Kafur ( - 1318 C.E.) was a eunuch general who conquered Tamil Nadu around 1310 C.E. Malik Kafur was a slave, who was purchased by Nusrat Khan. ...


Fall of the kingdom

Ramachandra's successor Singhana III challenged the supremacy of Alauddin Khilji, who sent Malik Kafur to capture Devagiri. Singhana III lost his life in the ensuing battle[14]. In 1310, Khalji's army occupied Devagiri. Later, Mumahmmad Tughluq renamed it Daultabad. Alauddin Khilji also Ala-Ud-Din Khilji; Ala-ud-Din Muhammad Khilji Alauddin Khilji (1296-1316 AD) (nephew of Jalaluddin Khilji) came to power after killing his uncle and the then Sultan of Khilji Dynasty Sultan Jalaluddin Khilji in 1296 AD. 1297 AD : Alauddin Khilji set off to conquer Gujarat. ... Malik Kafur ( - 1318 C.E.) was a eunuch general who conquered Tamil Nadu around 1310 C.E. Malik Kafur was a slave, who was purchased by Nusrat Khan. ...


TheYadava rulers

Feudatory of Western Chalukyas of Kalyani

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Independent kingdom

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Tributary status under Khilji dynasty

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Literature

Marathi

The Yadavas of Devagiri patronised Marathi[15] and it was their only official language.[16][17][18]. Yadavs overthrew the rule of Kannada.[19] Their reign also oversaw the literary development of Marathi language.[20] Marathi is one of the widely spoken languages of India, and has a long literary history. ... Marathi (मराठी ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of western India (Maharshtrians). ...


Bhillama V's son, Jaitrapal (or Jaitugi) had Mukundaraja, the author of Paramamrita and Vivekasindhu as his spiritual teacher[13]. Paramamrita is considered the first systematic attempt to explain the Vendantic principles in Marathi language. Vivekasindhu is another exposition of Vedantic principles. Mukundaraja's earliest works were completed in 1190 C.E. Mahimabhatta wrote Lilacharita in 1238 Vedanta (Devanagari: , ) is a school of philosophy within Hinduism. ... Events March 16 - Massacre and mass-suicide of the Jews of York, England prompted by Crusaders and Richard Malebys kill 150-500 Jews in Cliffords Tower June 10 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowned in the Saleph River while leading an army to Jerusalem. ... Events In the Iberian peninsula, James I of Aragon captures the city of Valencia September 28 from the Moors; the Moors retreat to Granada. ...


The famous Marathi saint-poet Dnyaneshwar wrote Dnyaneshwari, a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita in 1290, during Ramachandra's period. He also composed devotional songs called abhangas. Dnyaneshwar gave a higher status to Marathi by bringing the sacred Geeta from Sanskrit to Marathi. He proudly said about Marathi- Marathi is one of the widely spoken languages of India, and has a long literary history. ... Sant Dnyaneshwar (1275-1296) (ज्ञानेश्वर in Marathi) (also known as Jnanadeva - ज्ञानदेव or Jnaneshvar - ज्ञानेश्वर) was a 13th century rebel saint-poet born in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra state, west India. ... The Dnyaaneshwari is the commentary on Bhagavad Gita written by Marathi saint poet Dnyaneshwar. ... Bhagavad Gīta भगवद्गीता, composed ca the fifth - second centuries BC, is part of the epic poem Mahabharata, located in the Bhisma-Parva chapters 23–40. ... For broader historical context, see 1290s and 13th century. ... Bhagavad Gīta भगवद्गीता, composed ca the fifth - second centuries BC, is part of the epic poem Mahabharata, located in the Bhisma-Parva chapters 23–40. ... The Sanskrit language ( , ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Marathi is one of the widely spoken languages of India, and has a long literary history. ...

माझा मर्हाटाची बोलु कवतिके|

परि अमृतातेहि पैजा जिंके|
ऐसी अक्षरे रसिके-
मेळवीन|

which means I will speak my Marathi (language) only with pride and I will give such Marathi words to the ardent listeners which will even win bets against the nectar (amRit).[21] Hemadri invented the Modi script in Marathi during this period. Chakradhara propagated the Mahanubhava cult, using Marathi as the medium of his religious teachings. The work of his followers are counted among the first works of Marathi literature.[22]. Marathi is one of the widely spoken languages of India, and has a long literary history. ... Literature in Marathi. ...

Kannada

According to scholars Kannada was one of the court languages during Seuna times[citation needed], as is evident from a number of Kannada-language inscriptions (See Origin section). Kamalabhava, patronised by Bhillama V wrote Santhishwarapurana, Achanna composed Varadhamanapurana in 1198, Amugideva composed many Vachanas or devotional songs. He was patronised by Singhana II. Chaundarasa of Pandharapur wrote Dashakumara Charite. Events End of the reign of Emperor Go-Toba of Japan Emperor Tsuchimikado ascends to the throne of Japan January 8 - Pope Innocent III ascends Papal Throne Frederick II, infant son of German King Henry VI, crowned King of Sicily Births August 24 - Alexander II of Scotland (d. ... Vachanas are a form of Kannada poetry and, according to the 20th century scholars, closely linked to the social revolution lead by Basaveshvara, Allama Prabhu and Akka Mahadevi. ... Pandharpur is a town in district Solapur in state of Maharashtra in Western India. ...


Sanskrit

The Sanskrit literary works from Seuna period include Chaturvarga Chintamani by Hemadri, Suktimuthavali by Jalhana and Hammiramadhana by Jayasimha Suri, Karnakutuhala and Siddhanta Shiromani by Bhaskaracharya. Anantadeva wrote a commentary on Varahamihira's Brijajjataka and Brahmagupta's Brihatsputa siddhanta. Bhāskara (1114-1185), also called Bhāskara II and Bhāskarācārya (Bhaskara the teacher) was an Indian mathematician. ... Varahamihira (505 – 587) was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer born in Ujjain. ... Brahmagupta (ब्रह्मगुप्त) (598-668) was an Indian mathematician and astronomer. ...


References

  1. ^ Marathiworld.com-history
  2. ^ a b c Marathyancha Itihaas by Dr.S.G Kolarkar, pg-4, Shri Mangesh Prakashan,Nagpur
  3. ^ BhashaIndia
  4. ^ a b c d Keay, John (2001-05-01). India: A History. Atlantic Monthly Pr, 252-257. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0.. The quoted pages can be read at Google Book Search.
  5. ^ a b c d e Kamat, Suryanath Upendra. A Concise History of Karnataka.
  6. ^ a b Murthy, A. V. Narasimha (1971). The Sevunas of Devagiri. Rao and Raghavan, 32.
  7. ^ Chapter 8, "Yadavas Through the Ages" J.N.S.Yadav (1992)
  8. ^ Professor George Moraes. Pre-Portuguese Culture of Goa. International Goan Convention. Retrieved on 2006-10-01.
  9. ^ Kulkarni, Chidambara Martanda (1966). Ancient Indian History & Culture. Karnatak Pub. House, 233.
  10. ^ Mokashi, Digambar Balkrishna (1987-07-01). Palkhi: An Indian Pilgrimage. SUNY Press, 37. ISBN 0-88706-461-2.
  11. ^ a b Nasik District Gazetteer: History - Ancient period. Retrieved on 2006-10-01.
  12. ^ a b Bennett, Mathew (2001-09-21). Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare. Stackpole Books, 98. ISBN 0-8117-2610-X.. The quoted pages can be read at Google Book Search.
  13. ^ a b c Mann, Gurinder Singh (2001-03-01). The Making of Sikh Scripture. Oxford University Press US, 1. ISBN 0-19-513024-3.
  14. ^ Michell, George (1999-006-10). Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates. Cambridge University Press, 5. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.
  15. ^ Kulkarni, Chidambara Martanda (1966). Ancient Indian History & Culture. Karnatak Pub. House, 233.
  16. ^ "Yadav - Pahila Marathi Bana" S.P.Dixit (1962)
  17. ^ Govt.of India page on yadavas
  18. ^ Sainistar
  19. ^ Literary Konkani: a brief history By José Pereira, pg2, Konkani Sahitya Prakashan Online view
  20. ^ "History of the Marhattas" Grant Duff
  21. ^ Marathi language
  22. ^ Ancient History, Part VII. Retrieved on 2006-10-01.

John Keay (born 1941) is a British writer and historian. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

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