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The apartment building on Kotyelnicheskaya Nabyerezhnaya embankment in Moscow.

The Seven Sisters (called высотки, vysotki, the summits in Russian) are seven Stalinist skyscrapers in Moscow, Russia. They were built 1947-1953^[1] in an elaborate combination of Russian Baroque and Gothic styles, and the early twentieth century technology of American skyscrapers. Similar buildings were built in Warsaw (Palace of Culture and Science), Bucharest (Casa Presei Libere)^[2], Chelyabinsk, Kiev and Riga. Image File history File links Current_event_marker. ... Image File history File links Information. ... Seven Sisters may refer to: The Pleiades, seven sisters who are companions of Artemis in Greek mythology The Pleiades, a star cluster named for the mythological characters The Hesperides of Greek mythology The Seven Sisters, fictional characters from the Forgotten Realms Geographical locations: Two places in England: Seven Sisters, Sussex... Image File history File links Kotelincheskaya_Naberezhnaja_Moscow. ... Image File history File links Kotelincheskaya_Naberezhnaja_Moscow. ... Unrealised design for the Palace of Soviets, Moscow, by Boris Iofan, 1933 Stalinist architecture (also referred to as Stalins Empire style or Socialist Classicism) is a term given to constructions that were built in the Soviet Union between 1933, when Boris Iofans draft for Palace of Soviets was... Position of Moscow in Europe Coordinates: Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Government  - Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Area  - City 1,081 km²  (417. ... The Assumption church in Pokrovka Street, Moscow (1696-99) Naryshkin Baroque, also called Moscow Baroque, or Muscovite Baroque, is the name given to a particular style of architecture and decoration which was fashionable in Moscow at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. ... Gothic architecture characterizes any of the styles of European architecture, particularly associated with cathedrals and other churches, in use throughout Europe during the high and late medieval period, from the 12th century onwards. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Motto: Contemnit procellas (It defies the storms) Semper invicta (Always invincible) Coordinates: Country Poland Voivodeship Masovia Powiat city county Gmina Warszawa Districts 18 boroughs City Rights turn of the 13th century Government  - Mayor Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz (PO) Area  - City 516. ... Palace of Culture and Science A statue holding a book of Marx, Engels, and Lenin, with the name Stalin plastered over The Palace of Culture and Science (Polish: , also abbreviated PKiN) in Warsaw is the tallest building in Poland and the worlds 164th tallest building. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 238 km² Population (2005) 1,924,959[1] Density 8,088 inh/km² Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ... Casa Presei Libere, as seen from Herăstrău Casa Presei Libere is a building in northern Bucharest, Romania. ... Chelyabinsk Theatre. ... Map of Ukraine with Kiev highlighted Coordinates: Country Ukraine Oblast Kiev City Municipality Raion Municipality Government  - Mayor Leonid Chernovetskyi Elevation 179 m (587. ... Coordinates: Founded 1201 Government  - Mayor Jānis Birks Area  - City 307. ...

History

The Manhattan Municipal Building in New York City, completed in 1915, was reportedly an architectural precursor to the Seven Sisters.

The Royal Liver Building another architectural precursor to the Seven Sisters in Liverpool.

One of several designs for the uncompleted Pantheon

The first Soviet skyscraper project, Palace of Soviets, was interrupted by the German invasion of 1941, at which point the steel frame was scrapped in order to fortify the Moscow defence ring, and the site was abandoned. Between 1947 and 1956 Boris Iofan presented six new drafts for this site, and also for Vorobyovy Gory on a smaller scale - they were all rejected. In 1946^[3] Stalin personally switched to another idea - construction of vysoltki, a chain of reasonably-sized skyscrapers not tarnished by the memories of Comintern. As Nikita Khrushchev recalled Stalin's words, "We won the war ... foreigners will come to Moscow, walk around, and there's no skyscrapers. If they compare Moscow to capitalist cities, it's a moral blow to us".^[4][5] Sites were selected in between January, 1947 (the official decree on vysotki) and September, 12 1947 (formal opening ceremony). Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (2112 × 2816 pixel, file size: 4. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (2112 × 2816 pixel, file size: 4. ... The Municipal Building from down Chambers Street. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2100x2076, 2398 KB) Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2100x2076, 2398 KB) Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... The Royal Liver Building The Royal Liver Building - Matthew Street Festival 2006 Liver birds tower over Dale Street and the Guildhall The Royal Liver Building as seen from the Pier Head The Royal Liver Building (prounced ) is one of the city of Liverpools most recognisable landmarks. ... Liverpool skyline. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 486 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (568 × 700 pixel, file size: 110 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Pantheon, Moscow. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 486 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (568 × 700 pixel, file size: 110 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Pantheon, Moscow. ... One of several proposals of a new Pantheon in Moscow The Pantheon (Russian: ), officially also called the Monument of the eternal glory of the great people of the Soviet country (Russian: ), was a project to construct a monumental memorial tomb in Moscow, Soviet Union. ... Categories: Buildings in Moscow | Soviet Union | Stub ... Combatants Germany, Romania, Finland, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia Soviet Union Commanders Adolf Hitler, Ion Antonescu, C.G.E. Mannerheim, Benito Mussolini, Miklós Horthy, Jozef Tiso Joseph Stalin Strength ~3. ... Iofans Palace of Soviets design Iofans House on Embankmemt, present day Boris Mihailovic Iofan (April 28, 1891–1976) is a Russian Soviet architect, known for his Stalinist architecture buldings like 1931 House on Embankment and the 1931-1933 winning draft of the Palace of Soviets. ... edit Vorobyovy Gory (Russian: ) is a station on the Sokolnicheskaya Line of the Moscow Metro. ... The Comintern (Russian: Коммунистический Интернационал, Kommunisticheskiy Internatsional – Communist International, also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organization founded in March 1919, in the midst of the war communism period (1918-1921), by Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik), which intended to fight by all available means, including... Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (Russian: , Nikita Sergeevič Chruščiov; IPA: , in English, , or , occasionally ); surname more accurately romanized as Khrushchyov[1]; April 17 [O.S. April 5] 1894[2]–September 11, 1971) was the chief director of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ...

Triumph-Palace building, built in 2005, the tallest building in Europe (second place holds Commerzbank Tower in Frankfurt) is just one of many prestigious residential complexes

Nothing is known about selection of construction sites or design evaluation; this process (1947-1948) was kept secret, a sign of Stalin's personal tight management. The choice of architects is a clear indicator of a rotation in Stalin's preferences.^[6] Old professionals (Shchusev, Zholtovsky etc.) were not involved. Instead, the job was given to the next generation of mature architects. In 1947 the oldest of them, Vladimir Gelfreikh, was 62. The youngest, Mikhail Posokhin, was 37). Individual commissions were ranked according to each architect's status, and clearly segmented into two groups - four first class and four second class towers. Job number one, a Vorobyovy Gory tower that would become Moscow State University, was awarded to Lev Rudnev, a new leader of his profession. Rudnev received his commission only in September 1948, and employed hundreds of professional designers. He released his draft in early 1949. Dmitry Chechulin received two commissions. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x769, 107 KB) Summary http://markokomp. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x769, 107 KB) Summary http://markokomp. ... Triumph palace and the typical Soviet block of flats Triumph-Palace, view from Peschanaya Street Triumph-Palace is the name of an apartment building in Moscow. ... View of Commerzbank Tower from the top of Main Tower The Commerzbank Tower at night Commerzbank Tower is a skyscraper located in Frankfurt, Germany. ... Alexey Viktorovich Shchusev (Russian: ) (September 26, 1873, Kishinev—May 24, 1949, Moscow) was an acclaimed Russian architect whose works may be regarded as a bridge connecting Revivalist architecture of Imperial Russia with Stalins Empire Style. ... Ivan Vladislavovich Zholtovsky (Иван Владиславович Жолтовский, 1867-1959) was a Russian-Soviet architect and educator. ... edit Vorobyovy Gory (Russian: ) is a station on the Sokolnicheskaya Line of the Moscow Metro. ... Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russian: Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова, often abbreviated МГУ, MSU, MGU) is the largest and the oldest university in Russia, founded in 1755. ... Lev Rudnev Lev Vladimirovich Rudnev (Russian: ; 13 March 1885 [O.S. 1 March]-November 19, 1956) was a Russian architect, representant of the Stalinist architecture. ...

Moscow State University at Sparrow Hills.

In April 1949, the winner of the Stalin Prize for 1948 was announced. All eight design teams received first and second class awards, according to their project status, regardless of their architectural value. At this stage, these were conceptual drafts; often one would be cancelled and others would be altered. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2592x1944, 993 KB) Summary Author: Athens Yan Place: Moscow State University Date: 1 Oct 2004 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Moscow Seven Sisters (Moscow) Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2592x1944, 993 KB) Summary Author: Athens Yan Place: Moscow State University Date: 1 Oct 2004 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Moscow Seven Sisters (Moscow) Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera... Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russian: Московский государственный университет имени Ðœ.Ð’.Ломоносова, often abbreviated МГУ, MSU, MGU) is the largest and the oldest university in Russia, founded in 1755. ... A view of central Moscow from Sparrow Hills Sparrow Hills (Sparrows Hills, Russian: Воробьёвы горы, former name in 1935 – 1999: Lenin Hills - Ленинские горы) is a part of the right bank of the Moscow River and one of highest point in Moscow with an altitude up to 220 m (60-70 m above... The USSR State Prize (Russian:Госуда́рственная пре́мия СССР) was the Soviet Unions highest civilian honour. ...

All the buildings employed over-engineered steel frames with concrete ceilings and masonry infill, based on concrete slab foundations (in the case of the University building - 7 meters thick). Exterior ceramic tiles, actually panels up to 15 square meters, were secured with stainless steel anchors. The height of these buildings was not limited by political will, but by lack of technology and experience - the structures were far heavier than American skyscrapers.^[7].

1934 The Palace of Soviets concept by Iofan, Schuko, Gelreikh after the destruction of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour but was never completed.

The toll of this project on real urban needs can be seen from these numbers: Image File history File links Palace-of-soviets. ... Image File history File links Palace-of-soviets. ... Categories: Buildings in Moscow | Soviet Union | Stub ... View of the cathedral and the Great Stone Bridge in 1905. ...

• In 1947, 1948, 1949 Moscow built a total of 100,000, 270,000, and 405,000 square meters of housing.
• The skyscrapers project exceeded 500,000 square meters (at a higher cost per meter)^[7]

In other words, the funds diverted for this project effectively halved housing construction rates. On the other hand, the new construction plants, built for this project (like Kuchino Ceramics^[8]), were fundamental to Khrushchev's residential program just a few years later.

Moscow project

Moscow State University's main building

Buildings are listed under their current names, in the same order as they appeared in the April 1949 Stalin Prize decree. Note that different sources report different number of levels and height, depending on inclusion of mechanical floors and uninhabited crown levels. Download high resolution version (1024x768, 170 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1024x768, 170 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

Moscow State University, Vorobyovy Gory

Main article: Moscow State University

Boris Iofan made a mistake placing his draft skyscraper right on the edge of Vorobyovy Gory. The site was a potential landslide hazard. He made a worse mistake by insisting on his decision and was promptly replaced by Lev Rudnev, a 53-year-old rising star of Stalin's establishment. Rudnev had already built high-profile edifices like the 1932-1937 Frunze Military Academy and the 1947 Marshals' Apartments (Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya, 28), which earned the highest credits of the Party. Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russian: Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова, often abbreviated МГУ, MSU, MGU) is the largest and the oldest university in Russia, founded in 1755. ... Iofans Palace of Soviets design Iofans House on Embankmemt, present day Boris Mihailovic Iofan (April 28, 1891–1976) is a Russian Soviet architect, known for his Stalinist architecture buldings like 1931 House on Embankment and the 1931-1933 winning draft of the Palace of Soviets. ... edit Vorobyovy Gory (Russian: ) is a station on the Sokolnicheskaya Line of the Moscow Metro. ... There were a number of military academies in the Soviet Union of different specialties. ...

Lev Rudnev set the building 800 meters away from the cliff. The opening ceremony was followed by less glorious events - building camps for Gulag laborers, mostly German prisoners of war. A so-called Site-560 (Строительство-560), run by Gulag, supervised the workforce that reached 14,290. When the structure was completed, some inmates were relocated and sealed-off inside the 24th and 25th levels.^[9] A story, anecdotal or true, exists about inmates who tried to escape the tower on self-made plywood gliders. Another anecdotal story asserts that the MGU foundation requires permanent freezing (otherwise it will slide into the river) and the basement is occupied by huge cryo freezer. Actually, foundation is stable, and a 'freezer' is an ordinary centralised air conditioner. Gulag ( , Russian: ) was the government body responsible for administering prison camps across the former Soviet Union. ...

The main tower, which consumed over 40,000 metric tons of steel, was inaugurated September 1, 1953.

Never built: Zaryadye Administrative Building

Chechulin's draft for Zaryadye skyscraper

Main article: Rossiya Hotel

In 1934, the Commissariat for Heavy Industries initiated a design contest for its new building on Red Square (on the site of GUM). A last showcase for constructivists, this contest didn't materialize and GUM still stands. Image File history File links The 8th of Seven Sisters (Moscow), projected but not built in Zaryadye district of Kitai-gorod. ... Image File history File links The 8th of Seven Sisters (Moscow), projected but not built in Zaryadye district of Kitai-gorod. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... The GUM facade faces Red Square. ... Constructivist architecture was a form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s. ...

In 1947, the nearby historical Zaryadye district was razed to make way for the new 32-storey, 275-meter tower (the numbers are quoted as in the 1951 finalized draft). It is sometimes associated with the Ministry of Heavy Machinery, the same institution that ran a contest in 1934. However, in all public documents of this time its name is simply the administrative building, without any specific affiliation. Likewise, association with Beria is mostly anecdotal.^[10] Zaryadye (Russian: ) is a historical district in Moscow established in 12-13th centuries within Kitai-gorod. ... Lavrenty Beria Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria (Russian: Лавре́нтий Па́влович Бе́рия) (29 March 1899 - 23 December 1953), Soviet politician and police chief, is remembered chiefly as the executor of Joseph...

The tower, designed by Chechulin, was supposed to be the second largest after the University. Eventually, the plans were cancelled at the foundation stage; these foundations were used later for the construction of the Hotel Rossia (also by Chechulin, 1967, demolished 2006-2007).

Hotel Ukraina

Main article: Hotel Ukraina

Ukraina by Arkady Mordvinov and Vyacheslav Oltarzhevsky (leading Soviet expert on steel-framed highrise construction) is the second tallest of the "sisters" (198 meters, 34 levels), and is still Europe's tallest hotel. Total capacity is 1627 beds. Kharkiv Post Office Arkady Grigoryevich Mordvinov (Russian: ), born Arkady Grigorievich Mordvishev (Мордвишев, January 27, 1896 - 1964) was a Soviet architect and construction manager, notable for stalinist architecture of Tverskaya Street, Leninsky Prospect, Hotel Ukraina skyscraper in Moscow and his administrative role in Soviet construction industry and architecture. ... Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Oltarzhevsky (Russian: Вячеслав Константинович Олтаржевский, 1880-1966) was a Russian Soviet architect. ...

Construction on the low river bank had to dig well below the water level. This was solved by an ingenious water retention system, using a perimeter of needle pumps driven deep into ground.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Main article: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia

The Ministry of Forign Affairs viewed from the Old Arbat

This 172 meter, 27 story building was built between 1948 and 1953 and overseen by V G Gelfreikh and M A Minkus. Currently, it houses the offices for the Ministry of Foreign affairs and the Ministry of Trade for the Russian Federation. The Ministry is covered by a light external stone wall with projecting pilasters and pylons and, according to architectural critic Maria Kiernan, was inspired by a neo-gothic New York city hospital. Its interior is splendidly decorated with stones and metals. According to the 1982 biography of Minkus, draft plans were first drawn up in 1946 and ranged from 9 to 40 stories. In 1947 two designs were proposed: one utilized layered setbacks while the other called for a more streamlined construction which culminated into a blunt rectangular top. The second proposal was accepted but as the Ministry's completion neared, a metal spire dyed to match the building's exterior (and presumably ordered by Stalin) was hastily added to tower's roof, assimilating its silhouette with those of the other Sisters. ^{[11] [12]} View on Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs building, Moscow, Russia, 9 May 2003. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1200 × 1600 pixel, file size: 887 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Taken by Nate Jones. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1200 × 1600 pixel, file size: 887 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Taken by Nate Jones. ... Melnikov House (1929), just a few steps away from the Arbat. ... In architecture, pilasters comprise slightly-projecting pseudo-columns built into or onto a wall, with capitals and bases. ... This article is in need of attention. ... Neo-gothic architecture is an American branch of the Gothic revival style that was imported from England in the 1830s. ... Nickname: Location in the state of New York Coordinates: Country United States State New York Boroughs The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Settled 1625 Government  - Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area  - City  468. ... Maestro Ludwig Minkus, Paris, circa 1870. ... A modern spire on the Lancaster University Chaplaincy Centre A spire is a tapering conical or pyramidal structure on the top of a building, particularly a church tower. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314...

Hotel Leningradskaya

Leningradskaya Hotel. Note the pseudo-Russian portal and crown topping

Main article: Hotel Leningradskaya

The relatively small (136 meters, 26 floors, of which 19 are usable) building by Leonid Polyakov on Komsomolskaya Square is decorated with pseudo-Russian ornaments mimicking Alexey Shchusev's Kazansky Rail Terminal. Inside, it was inefficiently planned. Khruschev, in his 1955 decree "On liquidation of excesses..." asserted that at least 1000 rooms could be built for the cost of Leningradskaya's 354, that only 22% of the total space was rent-able, and that the costs per bed were 50% higher than in Moskva Hotel.^[13] Following this critique, Polyakov was stripped of his 1948 Stalin Prize but retained the other one, for a Moscow Metro station. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (768 × 1024 pixel, file size: 173 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Hotel Leningradskaya photograph by Evgeny Gerashchenko File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (768 × 1024 pixel, file size: 173 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Hotel Leningradskaya photograph by Evgeny Gerashchenko File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects... Hotel Leningradskaya in Moscow. ... Komsomolskaya Square, view from the Hotel Leningradskaya. ... Alexey Viktorovich Shchusev (Russian: ) (September 26, 1873, Kishinev—May 24, 1949, Moscow) was an acclaimed Russian architect whose works may be regarded as a bridge connecting Revivalist architecture of Imperial Russia with Stalins Empire Style. ... Kazansky Rail Terminal Kazansky Rail Terminal (Russian: , Kazansky vokzal) is one of nine rail terminals in Moscow, situated on the Komsomolskaya Square and serving eastern directions. ... View of the hotel from Manege Square. ...

Kotelnicheskaya Embankment Building

Main article: Kotelnicheskaya Embankment

Another of Chechulin's works, 176 meters high, with 22 usable levels, strategically placed on the confluence of Moskva River and Yauza. The building incorporates an earlier 9-story apartment block facing Moskva River, by the same architects (completed 1940). It was intended as an elite housing building. However, very soon after construction, units were converted to multi-family kommunalka (communal apartments). Built in a neo-gothic design, though also drew inspiration from Hotel Metropol (Moscow). Kotelnicheskaya Embankment (Russian: ) is a street on the northern bank of Moskva River in central Tagansky District of Moscow, Russia. ... Moskva River near the Moscow Kremlin in 19th century. ... Yauza River is a confluent of the Moskva River, the second in size river in Moscow (after the Moskva River). ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Kommunalka (коммуналка) - is a shared apartament in Russia. ... Hotel Metropol (Russian:Метрополь) is a historical hotel in the center of Moscow, Russia, built in 1899-1907 in Art Nouveau style. ...

Kudrinskaya Square Building

Dushkin's Red Gates Building, view from south

Main article: Kudrinskaya Square Building

Designed by Mikhail Posokhin (Sr.) and Ashot Mndoyants. 160 meters high, 22 floors (17 usable). Image File history File links Lermontovka. ... Image File history File links Lermontovka. ...

Red Gates Administrative Building

Main article: Red Gates Building

Designed by Alexey Dushkin of the Moscow Metro fame, this mixed-use block of 11-storey buildings is crowned with a slim tower (total height 133 meters, 24 levels). Alexey Nikolayevich Dushkin (24 December 1904 - 8 October 1977) was a Soviet architect, best known for his 1930s designs of Kropotkinskaya and Mayakovskaya stations of Moscow Metro. ...

In this case, cryotechnology was indeed used for the escalator tunnels connecting the building with the Krasniye Vorota subway station. The building's frame was erected deliberately tilted to one side; when the frozen soil thawed, it settled down - although not enough for a perfect horizontal level. Then the builders warmed the soil by pumping hot water; this worked too well, the structure slightly over-reacted, tilting to the opposite side (well within tolerance). edit Krasniye Vorota (Russian: ) (literally Red Gates, named after the square where the famous landmark Red Gates once stood) is a station on the Sokolnicheskaya Line of the Moscow Metro. ...

Other cities

Kiev: First draft of Hotel Moskva (now Ukraina). Actual structure was completed without steeple

While many cities in the former USSR and former Soviet Bloc countries have Stalinist towers on top of them, only three fall in the same league as Moscow vysotki. Of these three, Hotel Ukraina in Kiev was completed in stripped-down form, without the tower and steeple originally planned for them. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 447 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (559 × 750 pixel, file size: 54 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Original project for Hotel Moskva (later renamed Ukrayina) Original source is [1] File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 447 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (559 × 750 pixel, file size: 54 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Original project for Hotel Moskva (later renamed Ukrayina) Original source is [1] File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to... Map of Ukraine with Kiev highlighted Coordinates: Country Ukraine Oblast Kiev City Municipality Raion Municipality Government  - Mayor Leonid Chernovetskyi Elevation 179 m (587. ... Map of Ukraine with Kiev highlighted Coordinates: Country Ukraine Oblast Kiev City Municipality Raion Municipality Government  - Mayor Leonid Chernovetskyi Elevation 179 m (587. ...

Kiev: Hotel Ukraina

Main article: Hotel Ukrayina

Plans to build a skyscraper on the site of the destroyed Ginzburg Hotel emerged in 1948, but the design was finalized by Anatoly Dobrovolsky as late as 1954, when Stalinist architecture was already doomed. Building work proceeded slowly, with numerous political orders to make it simpler and cheaper. It was completed in 1961, without a tower, steeple and any original ornaments. Hotel Ukrayina (Ukrainian: , Russian: ) is a three-star Hotel in central Kiev, the capital of Ukraine. ...

Warsaw: Palace of Culture and Science, 1952-1955

Warsaw: Palace of Culture and Science

Main article: Warsaw Palace of Culture and Science

Another Lev Rudnev design, with Polish Renaissance Revival detailing. Built in 1952-1955 (topped out October, 1953). Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw, originally uploaded by Azu File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw, originally uploaded by Azu File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Motto: Contemnit procellas (It defies the storms) Semper invicta (Always invincible) Coordinates: Country Poland Voivodeship Masovia Powiat city county Gmina Warszawa Districts 18 boroughs City Rights turn of the 13th century Government  - Mayor Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz (PO) Area  - City 516. ... Palace of Culture and Science A statue holding a book of Marx, Engels, and Lenin, with the name Stalin plastered over The Palace of Culture and Science (Polish: PaÅ‚ac Kultury i Nauki, also abbreviated PKiN) in Warsaw is the tallest building in Poland and the worlds 164th tallest... The Renaissance (French for rebirth, or Rinascimento in Italian), was a cultural movement in Italy (and in Europe in general) that began in the late Middle Ages, and spanned roughly the 14th through the 17th century. ...

Construction plans were agreed upon April 5, 1952 and sealed during Molotov's visit on July, 3 of the same year (after the opening ceremony on May 1st). Soviets planned it as a university, but the Polish side insisted on its current administrative function. A workforce of around 7000 was nearly evenly split between Poles and exported Soviet laborers; 16 were presumed killed during the work. The building remains the highest in Warsaw, but looks dwarfed by the height of modern glass skyscrapers. Molotov can refer to: Vyacheslav Molotov - a Soviet politician and diplomat under Stalin The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, signed by Molotov, also known as the Nazi-Soviet Pact The Molotov Line, a line of fortifications built by the Soviet Union in World War II following the Nazi-Soviet Pact Molotov cocktail...

Bucharest: "The House of the Free Press"

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1509x687, 223 KB) Casa Presei Libere (Press Freedom House) in Bucharest, Romania. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1509x687, 223 KB) Casa Presei Libere (Press Freedom House) in Bucharest, Romania. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 238 km² Population (2005) 1,924,959[1] Density 8,088 inh/km² Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ...

Bucharest: The "Scînteia"-House

Main article: Casa Presei Libere

Riga, Latvia: Academy of Sciences projects behind Riga Market

Casa Presei Libere, as seen from Herăstrău Casa Presei Libere is a building in northern Bucharest, Romania. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1424x1068, 493 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1424x1068, 493 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Coordinates: Founded 1201 Government  - Mayor Jānis Birks Area  - City 307. ...

Riga: Academy of Sciences

The 108-meter high Academy is not the tallest in Riga; at the time of completion, St.Peter's of Riga was taller. Unlike other vysotki, which are based on a steel frame with masonry infill, this is a reinforced concrete structure, a first of its kind in the USSR. Latvian Academy of Sciences The Academy of Sciences is the official science academy of Latvia and is an association of the countrys foremost scientists. ... Reinforced concrete at Sainte Jeanne dArc Church (Nice, France): architect Jacques Dror, 1926–1933 Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete in some countries, is concrete in which reinforcement bars (rebars) or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen a material that would otherwise be brittle. ...

Main building of the South Ural State University in Chelyabinsk.

Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 532 pixelsFull resolution (3008 × 2000 pixel, file size: 3. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 532 pixelsFull resolution (3008 × 2000 pixel, file size: 3. ... South Ural State University (SUSU) (Russian: Южно-Уральский государственный университет, ЮУрГУ) was established on December 15, 1943 as Chelyabinsk Mechanical Engineering Institute in Chelyabinsk. ... Chelyabinsk Theatre. ...

Chelyabinsk: South Ural State University

South Ural State University (SUSU) (Russian: Южно-Уральский государственный университет, ЮУрГУ) was established on December 15, 1943 as Chelyabinsk Mechanical Engineering Institute in Chelyabinsk. ...

Related development

Peking Hotel, Moscow

Peking Hotel by Dmitry Chechulin does not qualify as vysotka.

Many Stalinist buildings have tower crowns, but they do not belong to vysotki project and their style is completely different. This is evident in Chechulin's Peking building. Seen from a low point of the Garden Ring south, it could be mistaken for a skyscraper, but a frontal view from Mayakovsky square north is not as promising. There is also several smaller Stalinesque towers in Barnaul, St. Petersburg and other cities. Design and construction of such towers became widespread in early 1950s, although many ongoing projects were cancelled in 1955, when regional "skyscrapers" were specifically addressed by Nikita Khrushchev's decree "On liquidation of architectural excesses..." as unacceptable expense. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 443 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (480 × 650 pixel, file size: 75 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Seven Sisters (Moscow... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 443 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (480 × 650 pixel, file size: 75 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Seven Sisters (Moscow... The Garden Ring, also known as the B Ring (Russian: Садовое кольцо, кольцо Б) is a circular avenue in the centre of Moscow, Russia. ... Portrait of Vladimir Mayakovsky Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (Влади́мир Влади́мирович Маяко́вский) (July 7 (O.S.) = July 19 (N.S.), 1893 - April... Barnaul sign near the Ob River Barnaul (Russian Барнау́л, pop. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... This does not cite any references or sources. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (Russian: , Nikita Sergeevič Chruščiov; IPA: , in English, , or , occasionally ); surname more accurately romanized as Khrushchyov[1]; April 17 [O.S. April 5] 1894[2]–September 11, 1971) was the chief director of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ...

Triumph-Palace, Moscow, 2005

Triumph Palace looms over the last stalinist blocks of Peschanaya Square, Moscow

This high-profile tower in north-western Moscow (3, Chapayevsky Lane), completed December, 2003, attempts to imitate the vysotki, and actually exceeds the University building in structural height. It is criticized for being placed deeply inside a residential mid-rise area, away from major avenues and squares, where it could be an important visual anchor. A close inspection reveals that this white-red tower has little common with Stalinist style, except for sheer size and layered tower outline. It competes for the 'Eighth Vysotka' title with an earlier Edelweiss Tower in western Moscow. Construction began in 2001. The 57-story building, containing about 1,000 luxury apartments, was topped out on December 20, 2003, making it Europe's tallest building at 264.1 metres or 867 feet. The previous title holder was the Commerzbank Tower in Frankfurt. However, Federation Tower also in Moscow is set for completion in 2008. When finished it will be the tallest structure in Eurasia and is expected to usher in a new age of Russian skyscapers. Triumph palace and the typical Soviet block of flats Triumph-Palace, view from Peschanaya Street Triumph-Palace is the name of an apartment building in Moscow. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 629 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (640 × 610 pixel, file size: 103 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Seven Sisters (Moscow... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 629 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (640 × 610 pixel, file size: 103 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Seven Sisters (Moscow... Triumph palace and the typical Soviet block of flats Triumph-Palace, view from Peschanaya Street Triumph-Palace is the name of an apartment building in Moscow. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Europes tallest skyscraper is Moscows 264 m Triumph-Palace, topped out in 2003. ... The or meter (see spelling differences) is a measure of length. ... View of Commerzbank Tower from the top of Main Tower The Commerzbank Tower at night Commerzbank Tower is a skyscraper located in Frankfurt, Germany. ... For other uses, see Frankfurt (disambiguation). ... Federation Tower rendering The Federation Tower is a skyscraper complex currently under construction in Moscow, Russia and is designed to be both the tallest building in Europe as well as Europes first supertall building. ... 2008 (MMVIII) will be a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Eurasia African-Eurasian aspect of Earth Eurasia is the Earths largest landmass covering about 21215121321km² compared with the Americas (approximately 42,000,000 km²), Africa (approximately 30,000,000 km²), and Antarctica (approximately 13,000,000 km²). Eurasia comprises the traditional continents of Europe and Asia. ... Moscow-City (Russian: Москва-Сити) or Moscow International Business Center (Московский Международный Деловой Центр) is a projected part of central Moscow, Russia. ...

Triumph Palace and the typical Soviet block of flats

ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1704x2272, 721 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Triumph-Palace ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1704x2272, 721 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Triumph-Palace ... Triumph palace and the typical Soviet block of flats Triumph-Palace, view from Peschanaya Street Triumph-Palace is the name of an apartment building in Moscow. ...

References

1. ^ Some work definitely extended years beyond official completion dates
2. ^ Romanian: [http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Sc%C3%A2nteii
3. ^ 1946 attribution is tied to January, 1947 decree on vysotki
4. ^ This section is based on (Russian:) Хмельницкий, Дмитрий, "Сталин и архитектура", гл.11, Khmelnizky, Dmitry, "Stalin and Architecture", available www.archi.ru
5. ^ Own translation of Khmelnizky's citation of Khruschev's memoirs. Please find a published English translation and replace
6. ^ Unlike NKVD rotations, no one of the old architects was killed
7. ^ ^{a b} Russian: Горин, С.С., "Вершины сталинской архитектуры в Москве", "Строительный мир", N4/2001 (Gorin, S.S., Stalin's architectural summits), www.stroi.ru
8. ^ Russian: Moscow Skyscrapers
9. ^ Russian: www.mmforce.ru
10. ^ Russian: Moscow Skyscrapers, also contains many drawings and elevation cutout
11. ^ Kiernan, Maria. Moscow: A Guide to Soviet and Post-Soviet Architecture, Ellipis, London, 1998, p.126. 127
12. ^ Russian: Варзар, Л., «М. А. Минкус», М, 1982, p.66
13. ^ Постановление ЦК КПСС и СМ СССР от 4 ноября 1955 г. N 1871 "Об устранении излишеств в проектировании и строительстве www.lawmix.ru

Coordinates: 55°42′11″N, 37°31′49″E This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...