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Encyclopedia > Seven Year's War

The Seven Years' War (1754 and 17561763) pitted Great Britain, Prussia and Hanover against France, Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Saxony. Spain and Portugal were later drawn into the conflict, while a force from the neutral Netherlands was attacked in India. 1754 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1756 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1763 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 The word Prussia (German: Preußen or Preussen, Polish: Prusy, Lithuanian: Prūsai, Latin: Borussia) has had various (often contradictory) meanings: The land of the Baltic Prussians (in what is now parts of southern Lithuania, the Kaliningrad exclave of Russia and... Hanover (German Hannover) is a historical territory in todays Germany. ... With an area of 18,413 km² and a population of 4. ... Conflict is a state of opposition, disagreement or incompatability between two or more people or groups of people, which is sometimes characterised by physical violence. ... Neutral means balanced between two or more opposites. ...


The North American phase of this conflict is known in the United States of America as the French and Indian War. Many of the Indians (Native Americans/First Nations) sided with France although some did fight alongside the British. The name "Seven Years' War" is used in the United States to refer only to the European portions of the conflict (1756–1763), not the nine-year North American conflict or the Indian campaigns which lasted 15 years (including Pontiac's Rebellion). The French and Indian War is the American name for the decisive nine-year conflict (1754-1763) in North America between Great Britain and France, which was one of the theatres of the Seven Years War. ... -1... First Nations is the current title used by Canada to describe the various societies of the indigenous peoples, called Native Americans in the U.S. They have also been known as Indians, Native Canadians, Aboriginal Americans, Amer-Indians, or Aboriginals, and are officially called Indians in the Indian Act, which... World map showing location of Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ... There are several common types of campaign: For organized efforts, each toward specific political goals, see political campaign. ... Pontiacs Rebellion was a war launched in 1763 by Native Americans (Indians) who were dissatisfied with British rule in the Great Lakes region and the Ohio Country after the British victory in the French and Indian War. ...


The conflict in India is termed the 2nd Carnatic War while the fighting between Prussia and Austria is called the 3rd Silesian War. The Silesian Wars were a series of wars between Prussia and Austria (and their changing allies) for control of the Silesian province. ...

Contents

Roots

The Seven Years' War may be viewed as a continuation of the War of the Austrian Succession. During that conflict, King Frederick II of Prussia had gained the rich province of Silesia. Empress Maria Theresa of Austria had only signed the peace Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in order to rebuild her military forces and to forge new alliances. The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748). ... Frederick II of Prussia (January 24, 1712–August 17, 1786) was a king of Prussia from the Hohenzollern dynasty, reigning from 1740–86. ... Silesia (Polish Śląsk, German Schlesien, Czech Slezsko) is a historical region in central Europe. ... This page is about Maria Theresa of Austria (often only known as Empress Maria Theresa), ruler of the Habsburg Empire from 1740-1780. ... There were two Treaties of Aix-la-Chapelle. ... A nations army is its military, or more specifically, all of its land forces. ... A Military alliance is an agreement between two, or more, countries; related to wartime planning, commitments, and/or contingencies; such agreements can be both defensive and offensive. ...


This she had done with remarkable success. The political map of Europe had been redrawn in a few years. Century old enemies France, Austria and Russia formed a single alliance against Prussia. Prussia had only the protection of Great Britain, which was given since the ruling dynasty saw its ancestral Hanoverian possession as being threatened by France. Great Britain's alliance with Prussia was a logical complement. The British already had the most formidable navy in Europe, Prussia had the most formidable land force on continental Europe and thus allowed Britannia to rule the seas, as well as exert some influence on mainland Europe. Furthermore, this allowed Britain to focus her soldiers towards her colonies. Hanover (German Hannover) is a historical territory in todays Germany. ... A Navy is the branch of a countrys military forces principally designated for naval warfare, namely maritime or ocean-borne combat operations and other functions. ...


The Austrian army had undergone an overhaul according to the Prussian system. Maria Theresa, whose knowledge of military affairs shamed many of her generals, had pressed relentlessly for reform. Her interest in the welfare of the soldiers had gained her their undivided respect.


The second cause for war was formed by the heated colonial struggle between Great Britain and France.


Start of the war

Fighting began in the Ohio Country in the Ohio River area of North America in 1754. The war spread to Europe on May 15, 1756, when Great Britain declared war on France. Learning about the intentions of the coalition opposing him, Frederick determined to strike first. On August 29, his well prepared army crossed the frontier of Saxony. The Ohio Country, showing the present-day U.S. state boundaries The Ohio Country (sometimes called the Ohio Territory) was the name used in the 18th century for the regions of North America west of the Appalachian Mountains and in the region of the upper Ohio River south of Lake... US Grant Bridge in Portsmouth, Ohio with Ohio River and Scioto River tributary on right. ... May 15 is the 135th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (136th in leap years). ... 1756 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... A Coalition is an alliance between entities, during which they cooperate in joint action, each in their own self-interest. ... August 29 is the 241st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (242nd in leap years), with 124 days remaining. ...


European theatre

In the European theatre, Prussia was outnumbered, but not outclassed, by her opponents. Prussia was a small state, but as one historian has remarked, it was an army with a country, not the other way around. The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 The word Prussia (German: Preußen or Preussen, Polish: Prusy, Lithuanian: Prūsai, Latin: Borussia) has had various (often contradictory) meanings: The land of the Baltic Prussians (in what is now parts of southern Lithuania, the Kaliningrad exclave of Russia and...


At the start of the war, Frederick crossed the border of Saxony, one of the smaller German States in league with Austria. The Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and at the Battle of Lobositz Frederick prevented the isolated Saxon army from being relieved by an Austrian army under General von Browne. However, Saxony had successfully delayed the Prussian campaign. The Battle of Lobositz was a battle fought on October 1, 1756 during the Seven Years War. ... Maximilian Ulysses, Reichsgraf von Browne, Baron de Camus and Mountany (October 23, 1705 - May 6, 1757), Austrian generalfeldmarschall, was born at Basel. ...


In the spring of 1757, Frederick again took the initiative by marching on Prague. After the bloody Battle of Prague the Prussians started to besiege the city, but had to lift the siege after Frederick's first defeat at the Battle of Kolin. 1757 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The battle of Prague was a battle fought on May 6, 1757 during the Seven Years War. ... The Battle of Kolin was a battle fought on June 18, 1757 during the Seven Years War. ...


Things were looking very grim for Prussia at this time, with the Austrians mobilizing to attack Prussian-controlled soil and a French army under Soubise approaching from the west. In what Napoleon called "a masterpiece in maneuver and resolution", Frederick both thoroughly crushed the French at the Battle of Rossbach and the Austrians at the Battle of Leuthen. With these complete victories at hand, Frederick had once again established himself as Europe's finest general and his men as the world's finest soldiers. Charles de Rohan, prince de Soubise (1715 - July 4, 1787) was a peer and marshal of France, the grandson of the Princesse de Soubise, who is known to history as one of the mistresses of Louis XIV. He accompanied Louis XV in the campaign of 1744-1748 and attained high... The Battle of Rossbach (November 5, 1757) took place during the Seven Years War (1756 - 1763) near the village of Rossbach, then in Prussian Saxony. ... The battle of Leuthen was a battle fought on December 5, 1757 during the Seven Years War. ...


Though Frederick invaded Austria in the spring of 1758, he failed to score an important victory. In the west, the French were beaten in the Battle of Rheinberg and the Battle of Krefeld (Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick). 1758 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The battle of Krefeld (sometimes referred to by its French name of Crefield) is a battle fought on June 23, 1758 between a Hanoverian army and a French army during the Seven Years War. ...


In the east, at the Battle of Zorndorf in Prussia, a Prussian army of 35,000 men under Frederick fought to a standstill with a Russian army of 43,000 commanded by Count Fermor. The Russians withdrew from the field. In the undecided Battle of Tornow on September 25, a Swedish army repulsed six assaults by a Prussian army. On October 14, the Austrians surprised the main Prussian army at the Battle of Hochkirch. Frederick lost much of his artillery but retreated in good order. The Battle of Zorndorf was a battle fought on August 25, 1758 during the Seven Years War. ... September 25 is the 268th day of the year (269th in leap years). ... October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in Leap years). ...


1759 saw some severe Prussian defeats. At the Battle of Kay, or Paltzig, the Russian Count Saltykov with 70,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussian commanded by General von Wedel. Though the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French at Minden, Frederick lost half his army in the Battle of Kunersdorf. In the Battle of Maxen, Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000 men. The Battle of Kay was a battle fought on July 23, 1759 during the Seven Years War. ... The Battle of Minden was a battle fought on August 1, 1759 during the Seven Years War. ... The battle of Kunersdorf was fought on August 23, 1759 during the Seven Years War near Kunersdorf, east of Frankfurt an der Oder. ... The Battle of Maxen was a battle fought on November 21, 1759 during the Seven Years War. ... Leopold Josef, count von Daun (or Dhaun) (September 24, 1705 - February 5, 1766), prince of Thiano, Austrian field marshal, was born at Vienna. ...


1760 brought even more disaster to the Prussians. The Prussian general Fouque was defeated in the Battle of Landshut. The French captured Marburg, the Swedes part of Pomerania. The Hanoverians were victorious over the French at the Battle of Marburg, but the Austrians captured Glatz in Silesia. In the Battle of Liegnitz Frederick scored a victory despite being outnumbered three to one. The Russians under General Totleben and Austrians under General Lacy briefly occupied Berlin. The end of the year saw Frederick once more victorious in the Battle of Torgau. 1760 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Battle of Landesschut or Battle of Landshut was an engagement fought on June 23, 1760 during the Seven Years War. ... Marburg is a city in Hesse, Germany, on the Lahn river. ... Pomerania (Polish: Pomorze, German: Pommern and Pommerellen, Pomeranian (Kashubian): Pòmòrze and Pòmòrskô, Latin: Pomerania, Pomorania) is a geographical and historical region in northern Poland and Germany on the south coasts of the Baltic Sea between and on both sides of the Vistula and Oder (Odra) rivers, reaching the Reknitz river... Motto: none Voivodship Lower Silesian Municipal government Rada Miejska w Kłodzku Mayor Roman Lipski Area 25 km² Population  - city  - urban  - density 30. ... Two military engagements are known as the Battle of Liegnitz: The Battle of Legnica (1241) was a battle in the Mongol invasion of Europe The Battle of Liegnitz (1760) was a battle in the Seven Years War This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that... Eduard Ivanovich Totleben (or Todleben) (May 20, 1818 - July 1, 1884), Count, general, was a famous Russian military engineer. ... Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy Lascy (Count Franz Moritz von Lacy), (October 21, 1725–November 24, 1801), Austrian field marshal, was born at St Petersburg. ... Berlin (pronounced: , German ) is the capital of Germany and its largest city, with 3,426,000 inhabitants (as of January 2005); down from 4. ... The battle of Torgau (Germany) was a battle fought on November 3, 1760 during the Seven Years War on the Süptitzer Höhen. ...


1761 brought a new country into the war. Spain declared war on Great Britain on January 4. In the Battle of Villinghausen Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick defeated a 92,000 man French army. The Russians captured more area in Pomerania, while the Austrians captured Schweidnitz. 1761 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... January 4 is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Świdnica (German Schweidnitz) is a town in southwestern Poland. ...


Great Britain now threatened to withdraw her subsidies, and as the Prussian armies had dwindled to 60,000 men the end seemed very near. But a turn of fortune was already at hand. On 5 January 1762 the Tsarina died, and her Prussophile successor, Peter III, at once offered peace. January 5 is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1762 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Empress Elizaveta Petrovna (1709-62) Yelizaveta Petrovna (Елизаве́та Петро́вна) (December 29, 1709 - January 5, 1762) was an Empress of Russia (1741 - 1762) who took the country into the War of Austrian succession (1740 - 1748) and the Seven Years War (1756-63). ... Peter III (February 21, 1728 - July 17, 1762) (Russian Пётр III Федорович (Pyotr III Fyodorovitch)) was Emperor of Russia for six months in 1762. ...


The final major battle between Prussia and Austria was the Battle of Freiberg, fought on 29 October 1762. October 29 is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 63 days remaining. ... 1762 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...


Colonial theatre

For North American events, see French and Indian War. The French and Indian War is the American name for the decisive nine-year conflict (1754-1763) in North America between Great Britain and France, which was one of the theatres of the Seven Years War. ...


British battled French across India, North America, Europe, the Caribbean isles, the Philippines and coastal Africa. During the 1750s up to 1763, Britain gained enormous areas of land and influence at the expense of the French. Robert Clive ran the French from India, and General Wolfe defeated the French forces of General Montcalm at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham leading in the following year to the surrender of Canada (New France) to the British. World map showing location of North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is the third largest continent in area and in population after Eurasia and Africa. ... World map showing location of Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ... A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... Events and Trends Scientific navigation is developed. ... 1763 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive Another Robert Clive was formerly British ambassador to Japan. ... The Death of General Wolfe by Benjamin West. ... Portrait of Montcalm Montcalm trying to stop Native Americans from attacking British soldiers and civilians as they leave Fort William Henry. ... The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, fought September 13, 1759, was a decisive battle of the French and Indian War, the North American theatre of the Seven Years War. ... New France (French: la Nouvelle-France) describes the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River by Jacques Cartier in 1534 to the cession of New France to the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763. ...


Peace

The British-French hostilities were ended by the Treaty of Paris, which involved a complex series of land exchanges. France was given the choice of keeping either New France or its Caribbean island colony Guadeloupe, and chose the latter to retain one of its sources of sugar. This suited the British as well, as their own Caribbean islands already supplied ample sugar, but with the handover of New France they gained control of all lands in North America east of the Mississippi River. Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but took control of New Orleans and the Louisiana Territory west of the Mississippi River from the French. The Treaty of Paris was signed on February 10, 1763, by the Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Spain with Portugal in agreement. ... A sugar is a form of carbohydrate; the most commonly used sugar is a white crystalline solid, sucrose; used to alter the flavor and properties (mouthfeel, preservation, texture) of beverages and food. ... Length 6,270 km Elevation of the source 450 m Average discharge Saint Louis¹: 5,500 m³/s Vicksburg²: 16,800 m³/s Baton Rouge³: 12,800 m³/s Area watershed 2,980,000 km² Origin Lake Itasca Mouth Gulf of Mexico Basin countries United States (98. ... State nickname: Sunshine State, Everglade State Other U.S. States Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Governor Jeb Bush Official languages English Area 170,451 km² (22nd)  - Land 137,374 km²  - Water 30,486 km² (17. ... New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... Louisiana Territory was a historic, organized territory of the United States from July 4, 1805 until December 11, 1812. ... Length 6,270 km Elevation of the source 450 m Average discharge Saint Louis¹: 5,500 m³/s Vicksburg²: 16,800 m³/s Baton Rouge³: 12,800 m³/s Area watershed 2,980,000 km² Origin Lake Itasca Mouth Gulf of Mexico Basin countries United States (98. ...


European boundaries were returned to their pre-war states, by the Treaty of Hubertusburg (February 1763). This meant that Prussia was confirmed in its possession of Silesia. Prussia had survived the combined assault of its numerous neighbours, each larger than itself. Prussia gained enormously in influence at the cost of the Holy Roman Empire. This influence marks the beginning of the modern German state, an event at least as influential as the colonial empire Britain had gained. The word Boundary has a variety of meanings. ... The Treaty of Hubertusburg, signed on 15 February 1763, together with the Treaty of Paris signed on 10 February 1763, marked the end of the French and Indian War and of the Seven Years War. ... 1763 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... This page is about the Germanic empire. ...


In retrospect, it is interesting to note how close the Prussians were to defeat. Had Prussia's enemies all invaded at the same time, it would have been very likely Prussia would be destroyed and the future of Europe would have drastically changed.


From a military point of view the battles are less interesting than the numerous marches and countermarches in which Frederick excelled. This warfare of mobility would later be admired by Napoleon Bonaparte. Bonaparte as general Napoleon Bonaparte ( 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution and was the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from November 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des Français...


See also

History, War, Military history, Frederick the Great, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, British military history, World War A history resource for kids -Chronology of Events in History, Mythology, and Folklore. ... WAR is a TLA that could refer to: Warrenton Railroad (AAR reporting mark WAR) Web Application Archive WAR, a Japanese professional wrestling promotion See also: War This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Military history is the recording (in writing or otherwise) of the events in the history of humanity that fall within the category of conflict. ... Frederick the Great Frederick II of Prussia (Friedrich der Große, Frederick the Great, January 24, 1712 – August 17, 1786) was the Hohenzollern king of Prussia 1740–86. ... Count Aleksei Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin (Алексе́й Петро́вич Бесту́жев-Рю́мин) (1693 - 1768), Grand Chancellor of Russia, who was chiefly responsible for the Russian foreign policy during the reign of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna. ... British military history is a long and varied topic, extending from the prehistoric and ancient historic period, through the Roman invasions of Julius Cæsar and Claudius and subsequent Roman occupation; warfare in the Mediaeval period, including the invasions of the Saxons and the Vikings in the Dark Ages, the Norman... A world war is a military conflict affecting the majority of the worlds countries. ...


Battles


  Results from FactBites:
 
Seven Years' War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2663 words)
The Seven Years' War may be viewed as a continuation of the War of the Austrian Succession.
The battle was the final battle of the war in North America and forced the French to surrender St. John's to the British under the command of Colonel Jeffrey Amherst.
In fact, the Seven Years' War was the last major military conflict in Europe before the outbreak of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars towards the end of the 18th century.
Seven Years War. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (748 words)
The struggle was complex in its origin and involved two main distinct conflicts—the colonial rivalry between France and England and the struggle for supremacy in Germany between the house of Austria and the rising kingdom of Prussia.
It was preluded in America by the outbreak of the last of the French and Indian Wars and in India by fighting among native factions and the struggle there between the French governor Dupleix and the British statesman Robert Clive.
The main European phase of the war began with the Prussian invasion of Bohemia early in 1757.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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