NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Shiksha

Shiksha (IAST śikṣā) is one of the six Vedangas, treating the traditional Hindu science of phonetics and phonology of Sanskrit. Yiddish (ייִדיש, Jiddisch) is a Germanic language spoken by about four million Jews throughout the world. ... See Shiksha (NGO) for the Indian educational organization. ... IAST, or International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration is the academic standard for writing the Sanskrit language with the Latin alphabet and very similar to National Library at Calcutta romanization standard being used with many Indic scripts. ... The Vedanga (IAST , member of the Veda) are six auxiliary disciplines for the understanding and tradition of the Vedas. ... A Hindu ( , Devanagari: à¤¹à¤¿à¤¨à¥à¤¦à¥), as per modern definition, is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, and the religious, philosophical and cultural system that originated in the Indian subcontinent. ... Phonetics (from the Greek word Ï†Ï‰Î½Î®, phone meaning sound, voice) is the study of the sounds of human speech. ... Phonology (Greek phonÄ“ = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), is a subfield of linguistics which studies the sound system of a specific language (or languages). ... The Sanskrit language ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ...

Its aim is the teaching of the correct pronunciation of the Vedic hymns and mantras. The oldest phonetics textbooks are the Pratishakyas (prātiśākhya, a vrddhi abstract from Sanskrit pratiśākhā "side branch", "offshoot"), describing pronunciation, intonation of Sanskrit, as well as the Sanskrit rules of sandhi, specific to individual schools or Shakhas. The Vedas (Sanskrit: à¤µà¥‡à¤¦) are a large corpus of texts originating in Ancient India. ... In Tibet, many Buddhists carve mantras into rocks as a form of devotion. ... Vrddhi is a Sanskrit word meaning growth (cognate to English weird, Old English wyrd). ... The Sanskrit language ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Sandhi is a cover term for a wide variety of phonological processes that occur at morpheme or word boundaries. ... Shakha (IAST ), literally branch or limb, is the Sanskrit term for a recension or version of Vedic texts according to a particular school. ...

Pratishakhyas

Five Pratishakhyas are preserved: Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Shiksha. ...

In addition, several Shiksha texts exist, most of them in metrical verse form but a few in sutra form. Some of these surviving texts are 1. English translation of Paniniya Siksa.pdf The Rigveda (Sanskrit: , a tatpurusha compound of praise, verse and knowledge) is a collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns dedicated to the gods. ... The Rigveda (Sanskrit: , a tatpurusha compound of praise, verse and knowledge) is a collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns dedicated to the gods. ... Shaunaka (a patronym of Shunaka little dog, the name of a Rishi) is the name applied to teachers, and to a Shakha of the Atharvaveda. ... Shukla is Sanskrit for white, also bright phase of lunar fortnight, as opposed to Krishna, or dark phase. ... The Yajurveda (Sanskrit , a tatpurusha compound of sacrifice + veda knowledge) is one of the four Hindu Vedas. ... The Yajur Veda यजुर्वेद is one of the four Hindu Vedas; it contains religious texts focussing on liturgy and ritual. ... The Atharvaveda (Sanskrit: à¤…à¤¥à¤°à¥à¤µà¤µà¥‡à¤¦, , a tatpurusha compound of , a type of priest, and meaning knowledge) is a sacred text of Hinduism, and one of the four Vedas, often called the fourth Veda. According to tradition, the Atharvaveda was mainly composed by two groups of rishis known as the Bhrigus and the...

Although many of these Shiksha texts an attached to specific Vedic schools, others are late texts.

Syllabicity

Traditionally syllables (not alphabets) in Sanskrit are called Aksharam, meaning "imperishable entity", as it were "atoms" of speech. These aksharas are basically classified mainly into two types,^[1] This article discusses the unit of speech. ... Akshara is the Sanskrit term for what can be roughly translated as alphabet. ...

Svara aksharas are also known as Prāna akshara i.e. they are main sounds in speech without which speech is not possible. So, they are considered as life letters. We find same notation used for referring the Tamil vowels calling them as Uyir ezhutthu. Panini referred the svara by Ach Pratyahāra. So aftermath him, they are referred as Ach Aksharam. The Shiva Sutras (also Maheshvara Sutras) are the 14 sutras that form the basis of the Aá¹£á¹ÄdhyÄyÄ«, the Sanskrit grammar by PÄá¹‡ini. ... Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a closure or stricture of the vocal tract sufficient to cause audible turbulence. ... Tamil ( ; IPA ) is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamils in India and Sri Lanka, with smaller communities of speakers in many other countries. ... Indian postage stamp depicting (2004), with the implication that he used (IPA ) was an ancient Gandharan grammarian (approximately 5th century BC, but estimates range from the 7th to the 3rd centuries) who is most famous for formulating the 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology known as the . ...

Vyanjana means embellishment. i.e., Consonants are treated as embellishment for the vowels to make a language sonorant. They are also known as Prāni akshara i.e., they are like a body in which life (Svara) will be present. We find same notation used for referring the Tamil Consonants calling them as Mey ezhutthu. Panini referred the vyanjana by Hal Pratyahāra. So after him, they are referred as Hal Aksharam. In phonetics and phonology, a sonorant is a speech sound that is produced without turbulent airflow in the vocal tract. ... Tamil ( ; IPA ) is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamils in India and Sri Lanka, with smaller communities of speakers in many other countries. ... Indian postage stamp depicting (2004), with the implication that he used (IPA ) was an ancient Gandharan grammarian (approximately 5th century BC, but estimates range from the 7th to the 3rd centuries) who is most famous for formulating the 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology known as the . ...

Sparśa aksharas include syllables from Ka to Ma they are 25 in number. Antastha aksharas include syllables ya, ra, la and va. Ūshman aksharas include śa, sha, sa and ha. A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... Approximants are speech sounds that could be regarded as intermediate between vowels and typical consonants. ... A sibilant is a type of fricative, made by speeding up air through a narrow channel and directing it over the sharp edge of the teeth. ...

It was told that a vowel can be pronounced in 18 ways (3x2x3) in Sanskrit language based on timing, manner, and accent of pronunciation. In linguistics, the timing in a language comprises the rhythmic qualities of speech, in particular how syllables are distributed across time. ... In linguistics, manner of articulation describes how the tongue, lips, and other speech organs involved in making a sound make contact. ... Look up Accent in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Morae

Each vowel can be classified into three types based on the time of pronunciation (morae). The unit of time is mātra (approx. 0.4 second). They are, Mora (plural moras or morae) is a unit of sound used in phonology that determines syllable weight (which in turn determines stress or timing) in some languages. ...

So each vowel can be pronounced in three ways according to timespan of articulation. In linguistics, vowel length is the duration of a vowel sound. ... In linguistics, vowel length is the duration of a vowel sound. ... Pluti is the term for overlong vowels in Sanskrit. ...

Nasality

Each vowel can be classified into two types based on the manner of pronunciation. They are

An oral vowel is a vowel that is produced by air that escapes through the mouth only (as opposed to nasal vowels, in which air also goes out through the nose). ... A nasal vowel is a vowel that is produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through nose as well as the mouth. ...

Pitch accent

Each vowel can be classified into three types based on accent of articulation. This was lost in Classical Sanskrit, but used in chanting Vedic & Upanishadic hymns and mantras. The pitch accent of Vedic Sanskrit is traditionally divided by Sanskrit grammarians into three qualities, udÄtta raised (acute accent), anudÄtta not raised (grave accent) and svarita sounded (circumflex). ... ... Vedic may refer to: Ancient India the Vedic civilization the Vedas, the oldest preserved Indo-Aryan texts Vedic Sanskrit, their language (see also Vedic meter, Vedic accent, Vedic chant and Shrauta) the historical Vedic religion traditional Hindu culture: Vedic astrology the Ayurveda (Vedic medicine) Ancient Vedic weights and measures modern... The Upanishads (Devanagari: à¤‰à¤ªà¤¨à¤¿à¤·à¤¦à¥, IAST: upaniá¹£ad) are part of the Vedas and form the Hindu scriptures which primarily discuss philosophy, meditation, and the nature of God; they form the core spiritual thought of Vedantic Hinduism. ... A hymn is a type of song, usually religious, specifically written for the purpose of praise, adoration or prayer, and typically addressed to a god or other religiously significant figure. ... In Tibet, many Buddhists carve mantras into rocks as a form of devotion. ...

so each vowel can be pronounced in three ways according to the accent of pronunciation.

Traditional articulatory phonetics

According to the Indian linguistic tradition, articulation is analysed by different parameters and features.^[2]

Places of Articulation

Generally, in articulatory phonetics, the place of articulation (also point of articulation) of a consonant is the point of contact, where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an active (moving) articulator (typically some part of the tongue) and a passive (stationary) articulator (typically some part of the roof of the mouth). The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics. ... Places of articulation (passive & active): 1. ...

According to Indian linguistic tradition, the places of articulation (passive) are classified as five. They are:-

Apart from that, other places are combinations of the above five places. They are:- Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). ... Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth). ... Sub-apical retroflex plosive In phonetics, retroflex consonants are consonant sounds used in some languages. ... Dentals are consonants such as t, d, n, and l articulated with either the lower or the upper teeth, or both, rather than with the gum ridge as in English. ... Labials are consonants articulated either with both lips (bilabial articulation) or with the lower lip and the upper teeth (labiodental articulation). ...

The places of articulation (active) are classified as three, they are In phonetics, labiodentals are consonants articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth. ... In phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (Greek Î´Î¯Ï†Î¸Î¿Î³Î³Î¿Ï‚, diphthongos, literally with two sounds, or with two tones) is a monosyllabic vowel combination involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another, often interpreted by listeners as a single vowel sound or phoneme. ... Labial-velar consonants are doubly articulated at the velum and the lips. ...

Radical consonants are articulated with the root (base) of the tongue in the throat. ... Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). ... A laminal consonant is a phone produced by obstructing the air passage with the blade of the tongue, which is the flat top front surface just behind the tip of the tongue. ... Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth). ... Apical, from the Latin apex (plural apices) meaning to be at the apex or tip, may refer to: An apical consonant, a consonant produced with the tip of the tongue Apical dominance An apical bud An apical pulse: apical pulse is your heart rate when counted with a stethoscope (steth... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The word dental could mean: Dental consonant, a linguistics term Dentistry, a medical profession Dental Auxillary Dental hygienist, a licensed practitioner Dental technician Any of a variety of other dental professions, such as Dental assistant, someone who works in a dentists office, but may not be a licensed medical... The lips of a female Lips are a visible organ at the mouth of humans and many animals. ... Labials are consonants articulated either with both lips (bilabial articulation) or with the lower lip and the upper teeth (labiodental articulation). ...

Efforts of Articulation

Effort of articulation (Ucchārana Prayatna) is of two types for consonants,

A stop or plosive or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... An approximation is an inexact representation of something that is still close enough to be useful. ... Note: This page contains phonetic information presented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using Unicode. ... In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of air that accompanies the release of some stop consonants. ... In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of air that accompanies the release of some obstruents. ... Phoneticians define phonation as use of the laryngeal system to generate an audible source of acoustic energy, i. ... Phoneticians define phonation as use of the laryngeal system to generate an audible source of acoustic energy, i. ...

Articulation of Consonants

Articulation of consonants will be a logical combination of components in the two prayatnas. The below table gives a view upon articulation of consonants.

Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). ... Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth). ... Sub-apical retroflex plosive In phonetics, retroflex consonants are consonant sounds used in some languages. ... Dentals are consonants such as t, d, n, and l articulated with either the lower or the upper teeth, or both, rather than with the gum ridge as in English. ... In phonetics, labiodentals are consonants articulated with the lower lips and the upper teeth, or viceversa. ... Labials are consonants articulated either with both lips (bilabial articulation) or with the lower lip and the upper teeth (labiodental articulation). ... A stop or plosive or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... Phoneticians define phonation as use of the laryngeal system to generate an audible source of acoustic energy, i. ... In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of air that accompanies the release of some stop consonants. ... A stop or plosive or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... Phoneticians define phonation as use of the laryngeal system to generate an audible source of acoustic energy, i. ... In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of air that accompanies the release of some stop consonants. ... A stop or plosive or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... Phoneticians define phonation as use of the laryngeal system to generate an audible source of acoustic energy, i. ... In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of air that accompanies the release of some stop consonants. ... A stop or plosive or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... Phoneticians define phonation as use of the laryngeal system to generate an audible source of acoustic energy, i. ... In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of air that accompanies the release of some stop consonants. ... A stop or plosive or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... Phoneticians define phonation as use of the laryngeal system to generate an audible source of acoustic energy, i. ... In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of air that accompanies the release of some stop consonants. ... A nasal consonant is produced when the velumâ€”that fleshy part of the palate near the backâ€”is lowered, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. ... A liquid will usually assume the shape of its container A liquid is one of the main states of matter. ... Fricatives (or spirants) are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. ... A stop or plosive or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... Phoneticians define phonation as use of the laryngeal system to generate an audible source of acoustic energy, i. ... In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of air that accompanies the release of some stop consonants. ... A liquid will usually assume the shape of its container A liquid is one of the main states of matter. ... Fricatives (or spirants) are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. ... Rhotic consonants, or R-like sounds, are non-lateral liquids. ... Laterals are L-like consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue, while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both sides of the tongue. ... A stop or plosive or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... Phoneticians define phonation as use of the laryngeal system to generate an audible source of acoustic energy, i. ... In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of air that accompanies the release of some stop consonants. ... Fricatives (or spirants) are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. ... Visarga () is a Sanskrit word meaning sending forth, discharge. In Sanskrit phonology (), (also called, equivalently, by earlier grammarians) is the name of a phone, , written as IAST <>, Harvard-Kyoto <H>, Devanagari <>. Visarga is an allophone of and in pausa (at the end of an utterance). ... A stop or plosive or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... Phoneticians define phonation as use of the laryngeal system to generate an audible source of acoustic energy, i. ... In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of air that accompanies the release of some stop consonants. ... Fricatives (or spirants) are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. ...

Contents

Pratishakhyas

Syllabicity

Morae

Nasality

Pitch accent

Traditional articulatory phonetics

Places of Articulation

Efforts of Articulation

Articulation of Consonants

See also

Contents

Pratishakhyas GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Syllabicity

Morae

Nasality

Pitch accent

Traditional articulatory phonetics

Places of Articulation

Efforts of Articulation

Articulation of Consonants

See also

Pratishakhyas