Shingon (眞言, 真言 "true words", also kongōjō 金剛乘, 金剛乗 pinyin jīngāngchéng "diamond vehicle"), is a major school of Japanese Buddhism, and is the other branch of Vajrayana Buddhism besides Tibetan Buddhism. It is often called "Japanese Esoteric Buddhism". The word shingon is the Japanese reading of the kanji for the Chinese word zhenyan, literally meaning "true words", which in turn is the Chinese translation of the Sanskrit word mantra. The Avataṃsaka SÅ«tra (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is one of the most influential scriptures in East Asian Buddhism. ... The Lotus Sutra or Sutra on the White Lotus of the Sublime Dharma (Sanskrit: Saddharma PuṇḍarÄ«ka SÅ«tra; 妙法蓮華經 Chinese: MiàofÇŽ Liánhuā JÄ«ng; Japanese: Myōhō Renge Kyō; Korean: Myobeomnyeonhwagyeong) is one of the most popular and influential Mahāyāna sutras in East Asia and... Perfection of Wisdom is a translation of the Sanskrit term prajñā pāramitā (Hanzi. ... The Heart of Perfect Wisdom Sutra or Heart Sutra or Essence of Wisdom Sutra (Sanskrit: प्रज्ञापारमिताहृदयसूत्र Prajñāpāramitā Hridaya SÅ«tra; Chinese: 般若波羅蜜多心經, BōrÄ›bōluómìduō XÄ«njÄ«ng; Japanese: 般若心経, Hannya Shingyō; Korean: Pannya Shimgyŏng) is a well-known Mahāyāna Buddhist sutra that is very... The Infinite Life Sutra, or Larger Pure Land Sutra, is a Mahayana Buddhist text associated with Pure Land Buddhism. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Japanese Buddhist priest c. ... A mandala used in Vajrayana Buddhist practices. ... Tibetan Buddhism is the body of religious Buddhist doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet, the Himalayan region (including northern Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim and Ladakh), Mongolia, Buryatia, Tuva and Kalmykia (Russia), and northeastern China (Manchuria: Heilongjiang, Jilin). ... Japanese writing Kanji Kana Hiragana Katakana Hentaigana Manyōgana Uses Furigana Okurigana Rōmaji   ) are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with hiragana (平仮名), katakana (片仮名), and the Arabic numerals. ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... In Tibet, many Buddhists carve mantras into rocks as a form of devotion. ...

History

Shingon Buddhism arose in Japan's Heian period (794-1185) when the monk Kūkai went to China in 804 and studied tantric practices in the city of Xian and returned with many texts and art works. In time, he developed his own synthesis of esoteric practice and doctrine, centered on the universal Buddha Vairocana (or, more accurately, Mahavairocana Tathagata). In time, he established a monastery on Mount Koya, which became the head of the Shingon sect of Buddhism. The following text needs to be harmonized with text in the article History of Japan#Heian Period. ... Events Kyoto becomes the Japanese capital. ... Events April 25 - Genpei War - Naval battle of Dan-no-ura leads to Minamoto victory in Japan Templars settle in London and begin the building of New Temple Church End of the Heian Period and beginning of the Kamakura period in Japan. ... Painting of KÅ«kai (774-835). ... Events March 25 - The Inscription of Sukabumi from Eastern Java marks the beginning of the Javanese language. ... This article is an overview of Tantra and an in-depth look at the Tantra of Hinduism. ... 1) The city of Xian in China 2) An alternative spelling of Christian, by analogy with Xmas as an alternative spelling of Christmas. ... Media:Example. ... This article is about the primordial Buddha Vairocana. ... Konpon Daito, the central point of Mt. ...

Shingon enjoyed immense popularity during the Heian Period, particularly among the Heian nobility, and contributed greatly to the art and literature of the time. The following excerpt helps to expand on this point: The following text needs to be harmonized with text in the article History of Japan#Heian Period. ...

"[Shingon's] emphasis on art appealed to the well-developed aesthetics of nobles, who also enjoyed the lavish rituals associated with its sacred words and gestures. Even the Tendai communities on Hieizan were deeply influenced, taking over its images and ceremonial."

(Mason, Caiger A History of Japan, Revised Ed. pg. 106-107)

Also, Shingon's emphasis on ritual found support in the Kyoto nobility, particularly the Fujiwara clan. This favor allotted Shingon several politically powerful temples in the capital, where rituals for the imperial family and nation were regularly performed. Many of these temples such as Toji, Ninnaji and Daigoji to the south of Kyoto became ritual centers establishing their own particular ritual lineages. Tendai (Japanese: 天台宗, Tendai-shÅ«) is a Japanese school of Mahayana Buddhism, a descendant of the Chinese Tiantai or Lotus Sutra school. ... Mount Hiei (Jp. ... Kyoto )   is a city in the central part of the island of HonshÅ«, Japan. ... The Fujiwara clan (藤原氏 Fujiwara-shi) was a clan of regents who had sort of monopoly to the Sekkan positions, Sesshō and Kampaku. ... Five-story pagoda of Toji Toji (東寺) is a Buddhist temple of the Shingon sect in Kyoto, Japan. ... Ninnaji Temple (仁和寺) is a large temple complex in northwest Kyoto founded in 888 by the retired Emperor Uda. ... The five-story pagoda is a national treasure of Japan. ...

Like the Tendai School that branched into the Jōdo, Zen and Nichiren Schools in the Kamakura period, Shingon also divided into two major branches; Kogi Shingon, or "old Shingon," and Shingi Shingon, or "New Shingon." This division primarily arose out of a political dispute between Kakuban and his faction of priests centered at the Denbōe and the leadership at Kongōbuji, the head of Mt. Kōya. Kakuban, who was originally ordained at Ninnaji in Kyoto, studied at several temple-centers (including the Tendai temple complex at Onjiyōji) before going to Mt. Kōya. Through his connections, he managed to gain the favor of high ranking nobles in Kyoto, which helped him to be appointed abbot of Mt. Kōya. The leadership at Kongōbuji, however, opposed the appointment on the premise that Kakuban had not originally been ordained on Mt. Kōya. After several conflicts Kakuban and his faction of priests left the mountain for Mt. Negoro to the northwest, where they constructed a new temple complex, now known as Negoroji. After the death of Kakuban in 1143, the Negoro faction returned to Mt. Kōya. However in 1288, the conflict between Kongōbuji and the Denbōe came to a head once again. Lead by Raiyu the Denbōe priest once again left Mt. Kōya, this time establishing their headquarters on Mt. Negoro. This exodus marked the beginning of the Shingi Shingon School at Mt. Negoro, which was the center of Shingi Shingon until sacked by Hideyoshi Toyotomi in 1585. For other uses, see Jodo (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Zen (disambiguation). ... Nichiren (日蓮) (February 16, 1222 – October 13, 1282), born Zennichimaro (善日麿), later Zeshō-bō Renchō (是生房蓮長), and finally Nichiren (日蓮), was a Buddhist monk of 13th century Japan. ... The following text needs to be harmonized with text in the article History of Japan#Kamakura Period. ... Kongobuji Temple Banryutei rock garden, Kongobuji Temple Kongōbuji (金剛峰寺) is the head temple of the Shingon sect of Buddhism, located on Mount Kōya ), Wakayama prefecture, Japan. ... Konpon Daito, the central point of Mt. ... Ninnaji Temple (仁和寺) is a large temple complex in northwest Kyoto founded in 888 by the retired Emperor Uda. ... The Negoroji Temple complex stands on the side of, and is surrounded by the sacred peaks of the Katsuragi Mountains which dominate horizon at the Northern end of Iwade City in the Wakayama Prefecture of Japan. ... Hideyoshi at his old age. ...

During the initial stages of his predication in Japan, the Catholic missionary Francis Xavier was welcomed by the Shingon monks since he used the word Dainichi for the Christian God. As Xavier learned more about the religious nuances of the word, he changed to Deusu from the Latin and Portuguese Deus. The monks also realized by that point that Xavier was preaching a rival religion. Saint Francis Xavier (Basque: San Frantzisko Xabierkoa; Spanish: San Francisco Javier; Portuguese: São Francisco Xavier; Chinese: 聖方濟各沙勿略) (7 April 1506 - 2 December 1552) was a Spanish pioneering Roman Catholic Christian missionary and co-founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuit Order). ... Categories: Stub | Buddhist philosophical concepts ... The term God is used to designate a Supreme Being, however, there are countless definitions of God. ...

Teachings

The teachings of Shingon are based on esoteric Vajrayana texts, the Mahavairocana Sutra and the Vajrasekhara Sutra(Diamond Sutra). These two mystical teachings are shown in the main two mandalas of Shingon, namely, the Womb Realm (Taizokai) mandala and the Diamond Realm (Kongo Kai) mandala. Vajrayana Buddhism is concerned with the ritual and meditative practices leading to enlightenment. According to Shingon, enlightenment is not a distant, foreign reality that can take aeons to approach but a real possibility within this very life, based on the spiritual potential of every living being, known generally as Buddha-nature. If cultivated, this luminous nature manifests as innate wisdom. With the help of a genuine teacher and through properly training the body, speech, and mind, we can reclaim and liberate this enlightened capacity for the benefit of ourselves and others. A mandala used in Vajrayana Buddhist practices. ... The Mahavairocana Sutra is an important Buddhist sutra used in esoteric schools of Buddhism, particularly the Japanese Shingon school. ... The Vajrasekhara Sutra is an important Buddhist sutra used in esoteric schools of Buddhism, particularly the Japanese Shingon school. ... For the film, see Mandala (film). ... Center of a Garbhadhatu mandala, representing Vairocana Buddha surrounded by eight Buddhas and bodhisattvas (clockwise from top: Ratnaketu, Samantabhadra, Samkusumitaraja, Manjusri, Amitabha, Avalokitesvara, Dundubhinirghosa, Maitreya) In Vajrayana Buddhism, the Womb Realm (Skt. ... In Vajrayana Buddhism, the Diamond Realm (Skt. ... Bodhi (बोधि) is the Pāli and Sanskrit word for the awakened or knowing consciousness of a fully liberated yogi, generally translated into English as enlightenment. It is an abstract noun formed from the verbal root budh (to awake, become aware, notice, know or understand), corresponding to the verbs bujjhati (P... For the geologic time, see eon (geology). ... Buddha-nature (originally in Sanskrit, Buddha-dhatu - Buddha Element, Buddha-Principle) is a doctrine important for many schools of Mahayana Buddhism. ...

Kūkai also systematized and categorised the teachings he inherited into ten stages or levels of spiritual realisation. ^[1] He wrote at length on the difference between exoteric (both mainstream Buddhism and Mahayana) and esoteric (Vajrayana) Buddhism. The differences between exoteric and esoteric can be summarised as: Painting of KÅ«kai (774-835). ... Exoteric knowledge is knowledge that is publicly available, in contrast with esoteric knowledge, which is kept from everyone except the initiated. ... Relief image of the bodhisattva Kuan Yin from Mt. ... Etymology Esoteric is an adjective originating during Hellenic Greece under the domain of the Roman Empire; it comes from the Greek esôterikos, from esôtero, the comparative form of esô: within. It is a word meaning anything that is inner and occult, a latinate word meaning hidden (from which... A mandala used in Vajrayana Buddhist practices. ...

1. Esoteric teachings are preached by the Dharmakaya Buddha which Kūkai identifies with Mahavairocana. Exoteric teachings are preached by the Nirmanakaya Buddha, also known as Gautama Buddha, or one of the Sambhoghakaya Buddhas.
2. Exoteric Buddhism holds that the ultimate state of Buddhahood is ineffable, and that nothing can be said of it. Esoteric Buddhism holds that while nothing can be said of it verbally, it is readily communicated via esoteric rituals which involve the use of mantras, mudras, and mandalas.
3. Kūkai held that exoteric doctrines were merely provisional, skillful means (upaya) on the part of the Buddhas to help beings according to their capacity to understand the Truth. The esoteric doctrines by comparison are the Truth itself, and are a direct communication of the "inner experience of the Dharmakaya's enlightenment".
4. Some exoteric schools in late Nara and early Heian Japan held (or were portrayed by Shingon adherents as holding) that attaining Buddhahood is possible but requires a huge amount of time (three incalculable aeons) of practice to achieve, whereas esoteric Buddhism teaches that Buddhahood can be attained in this lifetime by anyone.

Kūkai held, along with the Huayan (Jp. Kegon) school that all phenomena could be expressed as 'letters' in a 'world-text'. Mantra, mudra, and mandala are special because they constitute the 'language' through which the Dharmakaya (i.e. Reality itself) communicates. Although portrayed through the use of anthropomorphic metaphors, Shingon does not see the Dharmakaya Buddha as a god, or creator. The Dharmakaya is in fact a symbol for the true nature of things which is impermanent and empty of any essence. The teachings were passed from Mahavairocana. The Trikaya doctrine (Sanskrit, literally Three bodies or personalities; 三身 Chinese: Sānshén, Japanese: sanjin) is an important Buddhist teaching both on the nature of reality, and what a Buddha is. ... This article is about the primordial Buddha Vairocana. ... The Trikaya doctrine (Sanskrit, literally Three bodies or personalities; 三身 Chinese: Sānshén, Japanese: sanjin) is an important Buddhist teaching both on the nature of reality, and what a Buddha is. ... Siddhartha and Gautama redirect here. ... The Trikaya doctrine (Sanskrit, literally Three bodies or personalities; 三身 Chinese: Sānshén, Japanese: sanjin) is an important Buddhist teaching both on the nature of reality, and what a Buddha is. ... In Tibet, many Buddhists carve mantras into rocks as a form of devotion. ... A mudrā (Sanskrit, मुद्रा, literally seal) is a symbolic gesture usually made with the hand or fingers. ... For the film, see Mandala (film). ... Time Saving Truth from Falsehood and Envy, François Lemoyne, 1737 For other uses, see Truth (disambiguation). ... The Nara period ) of the history of Japan covers the years from about AD 710 to 784. ... The following text needs to be harmonized with text in the article History of Japan#Heian Period. ... Painting of KÅ«kai (774-835). ... Huayan (華嚴, Pinyin: huáyán, Sanskrit: Avatamsaka) or Flower Garland is a tradition of Mahayana Buddhist philosophy that flourished in China during the Tang period. ... Kegon ([kegõɴ], or in some dialects, [keŋõɴ]) is the name of the Japanese transmission of the Huayan school of Chinese Buddhism, via the Korean Hwaeom tradition. ... The Trikaya doctrine (Sanskrit, literally Three bodies or personalities; 三身 Chinese: Sānshén, Japanese: sanjin) is an important Buddhist teaching both on the nature of reality, and what a Buddha is. ... This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... Categories: Stub | Buddhist philosophical concepts ...

Mahavairocana Tathagata

Located in Kyoto, Japan, Daigo-ji is the head temple of the Daigo-ha branch of Shingon Buddhism.

In Shingon, Mahavairocana Tathagata is the universal or primordial Buddha that is the basis of all phenomena, present in each and all of them, and not existing independently or externally to them. The goal of Shingon is the realization that one's nature is identical with Mahavairocana, a goal that is achieved through initiation, meditation and esoteric ritual practices. This realization depends on receiving the secret doctrine of Shingon, transmitted orally to initiates by the school's masters. Body, speech, and mind participate simultaneously in the subsequent process of revealing one's nature: the body through devotional gestures (mudra) and the use of ritual instruments, speech through sacred formulas (mantra), and mind through meditation. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (850x614, 261 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Shingon Buddhism ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (850x614, 261 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Shingon Buddhism ... Kyoto )   is a city in the central part of the island of HonshÅ«, Japan. ... The five-story pagoda is a national treasure of Japan. ... This article is about the primordial Buddha Vairocana. ... In Vajrayana Buddhism, the Five Wisdom Buddhas (Jp. ... For other uses, see Initiation (disambiguation). ... For other senses of this word, see Meditation (disambiguation). ... A mudrā (Sanskrit, मुद्रा, literally seal) is a symbolic gesture usually made with the hand or fingers. ... In Tibet, many Buddhists carve mantras into rocks as a form of devotion. ... For other senses of this word, see Meditation (disambiguation). ...

Shingon venerates all Buddhas. 13 Buddhas and Bodhisattvas ^[2], including Media:Example. ... Lands Bhutan â€¢ China â€¢ Korea Japan â€¢ Tibet â€¢ Vietnam Taiwan â€¢ Mongolia Doctrine Bodhisattva â€¢ Bodhicitta Karuna â€¢ Prajna Sunyata â€¢ Buddha Nature Trikaya â€¢ Eternal Buddha Scriptures Prajnaparamita Sutra Avatamsaka Sutra Lotus Sutra Nirvana Sutra VimalakÄ«rti Sutra Lankavatara Sutra History 4th Buddhist Council Silk Road â€¢ Nagarjuna Asanga â€¢ Vasubandhu Bodhidharma      A statue of a Bodhisattva, Akasagarbha. ...

• Acala Bodhisattva (Fudō-Myōō)(Budong-Ming-wang)
• Akshobhya Buddha (Ashuku Nyorai)
• Amitabha Buddha (Amida Nyorai)
• Avalokitesvara Boddhisattva (Kannon)(Kwan-Shi-yin pusa)
• Bhaisajyaguru Buddha (Yakushirurikō Nyorai)
• Cintamani Bodhisattva
• Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva (Jizo)
• Mahasthamaprapta Bodhisattva (Seishi)
• Manjusri Bodhisattva (Monju)
• Maitreya Bodhisattva (Miroku) (Milu-pusa)
• Samantabhadra Bodhisattva (Fugen)
• Shakyamuni Buddha (Shaka Nyorai)

Mahavairocana is the Universal Principle which underlies all Buddhist teachings, according to Shingon Buddhism, so other Buddhist figures can be thought of as manifestations with certain roles and attributes. Each Buddhist figure is symbolized by its own Sanskrit "seed" letter as well. Also known as Ä€calanātha, Ä€ryācalanātha, Ä€cala-vidyā-rāja and Caṇḍamahāroá¹£aṇa. ... An ancient painting of Akshobhya In Vajrayana Buddhism, Akshobhya (Sanskrit: Immovable One) (Japanese: 阿閃如来 Ashuku nyorai; Chinese: A Jiu Rulai) is one of the Five Wisdom Buddhas, a product of Adibuddha, who represents consciousness as an aspect of reality. ... Amitabha Buddha pictured in the Ushiku Daibutsu in Japan Amitābha (Sanskrit: अमिताभः, Amitābhaḥ; Chinese: 阿彌陀佛, Ä’mítuó Fó; Japanese: 阿弥陀如来, Amida Nyorai; Vietnamese: 阿彌陀佛, A Di Ðà Phật; Tibetan: འོད་དཔག་མེད་; Lhasa dialect IPA: [; Mongolian: CaÉ£lasi ügei gerel-tü) is a celestial buddha described in the scriptures of the Mahāyāna school... Avalokitesvara with a 1,000 arms, part of the Dazu Stone Carvings at Mount Baoding, Dazu County, Chongqing, China. ... Bhaisajyaguru (藥師佛／薬師 Ch. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Bodhisattva (地藏菩薩), often known by the Japanese name Jizō (地蔵) or the Chinese name Dizang (地藏 Dìzàng), is a popular Mahayana Buddhist Bodhisattva, usually depicted as a monk. ... This altar display at a temple in Taiwan shows Amitabha in the center, flanked by Mahasthamaprapta Bodhisattva on the viewers right and Avalokitesvara on the right. ... Statue of Manjusri (Monju) at Senkoji in Onomichi, Japan MañjuÅ›rÄ« (Ch: 文殊 Wenshu or 文殊師利 Wenshushili; Jp: Monju; Tib: Jampelyang), also written Manjushri, is the bodhisattva of keen awareness in Buddhism. ... This article is about the Buddhist bodhisattva Maitreya. ... Samantabhadra (also Viśvabhadra, 普賢 Chinese: Pǔxián; Japanese: Fugen) is the Lord of the Truth (理) in Buddhism, who represents the practice and meditation of all Buddhas. ... Standing Buddha, ancient region of Gandhara, northern Pakistan, 1st century CE. Gautama Buddha was a South Asian spiritual leader who lived between approximately 563 BCE and 483 BCE. Born Siddhartha Gautama in Sanskrit, a name meaning descendant of Gotama whose aims are achieved/who is efficacious in achieving aims, he... This article is about the primordial Buddha Vairocana. ...

Practices and features

A typical Shingon shrine. This shrine is styled from the Buzanha sect of Shingon Buddhism.

One feature that Shingon shares in common with the other surviving school of Esoteric Buddhism (Tendai) is the use of seed-syllables or bija (bīja) along with anthropomorphic and symbolic representations, to express Buddhist deities in their mandalas. There are four types of mandalas: maha-mandala (大曼荼羅, anthropomorphic representation), the seed-syllable mandala or dharma-mandala (法曼荼羅), the samaya-mandala (三昧耶曼荼羅, representations of the vows of the deities in the form of articles they hold or their mudras), and the karma-mandala (羯磨曼荼羅 ) representing the activities of the deities in the three-dimensional form of statues, etc. An ancient Indian Sanskrit syllabary script known as siddham (Jap. shittan 悉曇 or bonji 梵字) is used to write mantras. A core meditative practice of Shingon is ajikan (阿字觀), "Meditating on the Letter 'A'", which uses the siddham letter representing that sound as a. Other Shingon meditations are Gachirinkan (月輪觀, "full moon" visualization), Gojigonjingan (五字嚴身觀, "visualization of the five elements arrayed in the body" from the Mahavairocana Sutra) and Gosojojingan (五相成身觀, "series of five meditations to attain Buddhahood"). Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (3456x2304, 2938 KB) Summary This photo was taken by a friend, who approves its use here, on 13th February 2006, outside Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. In the OUP building at the time, is a meeting of University Council which has... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (3456x2304, 2938 KB) Summary This photo was taken by a friend, who approves its use here, on 13th February 2006, outside Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. In the OUP building at the time, is a meeting of University Council which has... In Hinduism and Buddhism, the Sanskrit term bīja (Jp. ... For the film, see Mandala (film). ... Siddham (Sanskrit, accomplished or perfected) — referred to in Japanese as bonji (梵字) — is the name of a North Indian script used for writing Sanskrit. ... Siddham (Sanskrit, accomplished or perfected) — referred to in Japanese as bonji (梵字) — is the name of a North Indian script used for writing Sanskrit. ...

The essence of Shingon Mantrayana practice is to experience Reality by emulating the inner realization of the Dharmakaya through the meditative ritual use of mantra, mudra and visualization of mandala (ie. the three mysteries). In order to accurately reproduce this innermost realization it is necessary to be initiated into the practice by a qualified teacher. For other senses of this word, see Meditation (disambiguation). ... A ritual is a set of actions, performed mainly for their symbolic value, which is prescribed by a religion or by the traditions of a community. ...

Esoteric Buddhism is also practised, in the Japanese Tendai School founded at around the same time as the Shingon School in the early 9th century (Heian period). Tendai (Japanese: 天台宗, Tendai-shū) is a Japanese school of Mahayana Buddhism, a descendant of the Chinese Tiantai or Lotus Sutra school. ... As a means of recording the passage of time the 9th century was the century that lasted from 801 to 900. ... The following text needs to be harmonized with text in the article History of Japan#Heian Period. ...

Branches of Shingon

• Kōyasan (高野山)
• Chisan-ha (智山派)
• Buzan-ha (豊山派)
• Daikakuji-ha (大覚寺派)
• Daigo-ha (醍醐派)
• Shingi
• Zentsuji-ha
• Omuro-ha
• Yamashina-ha
• Sennyūji-ha
• Sumadera-ha
• Kokubunji-ha
• Sanbōshū
• Nakayadera-ha
• Shigisan
• Inunaki-ha
• Tōji

Konpon Daito, the central point of Mt. ... Hase-dera temple. ...

Notes

1. ^ C/f Bhumi (Buddhism)
2. ^ Jusan Butsu - The Thirteen Buddhas of the Shingon School <Internet>. Retrieved on 5 July, 2007.

The Ten Bhumi, in the Mahayana tradition, are the ten stages a Bodhisattva advances through in the path to become a Buddha. ...

External links

• The International Shingon Institute
• Komyo-In Temple France
• Mandala Society in Croatia
• Mandala Vermont, US
• Naritasan Shinshoji Temple, Japan
• Shingon Buddhist Temple- Kaji Healing, Mitcheldean, Forest of Dean