NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Shmuel Butman

Rabbi Shmuel Menachem Butman (born 1944) is a prominent Chabad rabbi in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, New York. He has served for many years as the head of the Lubavitch Youth Organisation and as the director of the L'Chaim weekly magazine. He was a spokesman for the Chabad community in Crown Heights during the Crown Heights Riot.^[1] After the Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson suffered a stroke, Butman emerged as a leading proponent of Chabad messianism. He was the organiser of a 1993 gathering at which Schneerson disappointed his followers by not accepting the mantle of the Messiah.^[2] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Chabad Lubavitch, also known as Lubavitch Chabad, is a large branch of Hasidic Judaism. ... Portrait of Shneur Zalman of Liadi (1745-1812) founder of Chabad Lubavitch and author of Tanya and Shulchan Aruch HaRav. ... Dovber Schneuri or Der Mitteler Rebbe (The Middle Rebbe in Yiddish) (1773 â€” 1827) was the second Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement. ... Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (or Menachem Mendel or Tzemach Tzedek) (1789 - 1866) was an Orthodox Jewish rabbi of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic Judaism movement that was based in the town of Lubavitch in present-day Belarus. ... Shmuel Schneersohn (or Rabbi Shmuel or Maharash) (1834â€“1882), was an Orthodox rabbi. ... Rabbi Sholom Dovber Schneersohn Sholom Dovber Schneersohn (or Sholom Dovber or Rashab) (1860 - 1920) was an Orthodox rabbi and the fifth Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic Judaism movement. ... Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson (April 18, 1902 â€“ June 12, 1994), often referred to as simply The Rebbe by Lubavitcher Hasidim, was a prominent Charedi (traditional Orthodox) Jewish rabbi who was the seventh (and to date, final) Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad-Lubavitch sect of Chassidic Judaism. ... Chabad Lubavitch, or Lubavich, is one of the largest branch of Hasidic Judaism founded by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi . ... The original building at 770 Eastern Parkway, as it appears after a heavy snowstorm. ... Portrait of Shneur Zalman of Liadi 19 Kislev refers to the 19th day of the Jewish month of Kislev. ... Ohel (name meaning a house, tent) is the fourth son of Zerubbabel in the Bible. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Agudas Chasidei Chabad. ... The Crown Heights Riot was a three-day riot in the Crown Heights neighborhood of New York City in August, 1991. ... The Chabad-Kapust Hasidic dynasty was based on the Chabad school of thought. ... Chabad Strashelye, is a branch of Hasidic Judaism, named after the town Strashelye, where its leader lived. ... The Brookly Bridge Shooting was an incident that took place on March 1, 1994, when Lebanese-born Rashid Baz, armed with a Glock 9-millimeter semi-automatic pistol and a 9-millimeter Cobray machine gun, shot on a van carrying members of the Chabad-Lubavitch Orthodox Jewish sect on the... Main article: Chabad Chabad-Lubavitch is a branch of Hasidism. ... Main article: Controversies of Chabad Chabad messianism or Lubavitch messianism[1] is a term used to describe messianic beliefs within the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Rabbi Shaul Shimon Deutsch, Liozna Rebbe Rabbi Shaul Shimon Deutsch, the Liozna Rebbe (born 1969), is a rabbi and author from New York City. ... The phrase Yechi Adoneinu Moreinu vRabbeinu Melech haMoshiach lolam vaed! (×™×—×™ ××“×•× × ×• ×ž×•×¨× ×• ×•×¨×‘× ×• ×ž×œ×š ×”×ž×©×™×— ×œ×¢×•×œ× ×•×¢×“) is used by some Lubavitch Chassidic Jews to proclaim that the seventh Lubavitcher Rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneerson (1902-1994), is the awaited messiah as prophecied in the Hebrew Scriptures. ... Rabbi Moshe Schneersohn (c. ... Agudas Chasidei Chabad is the umbrella organization for the Chabad-Lubavitch movement. ... -1... Chabad. ... The logo of Kehot Publication Society. ... GAN ISRAEL CAMPING NETWORK There are hundreds of them around the world, with tens of thousands of campers. ... Logo of the Sheloh organization Jewish Released Time, also known as Sheloh (an abbreviation for Shiurei Limud Hados (Classes for Learning the Religion)), is an organization promoting released time for the Jewish education of Jewish children learning in public schools. ... A Project of Guideline Services, Lubavitch House 125 Montgomery Avenue, Suite A3 Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004 610-660-0190 Donate Online Who are we? The Jewish Relief Agency is an organization whose aim is to identify and feed needy Jewish families. ... The Jewish childrens Museum in Brooklyn The Jewish Childrens Museum is a brand-new museum open to the public all about jewish life, its history and averything associated with orthodox judaism. ... Official logo of the Ohr Avner Foundation Ohr Avner Foundation is a philanthropic foundation that was established in 1992 by the Israeli billionaire and emigre from the former Soviet Union, Lev Leviev, to be run by rabbis of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement to which Lev Leviev belongs. ... Rabbi Yehuda Chitrik (1899-2006) was a leading scholar, author, and Mashpia in the Chabad community. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Biography of Reb Itche der Masmid Yitzchok Horowitz, more commonly known as Reb Itche der Masmid, was a famous Orthodox Jewish Rabbi in pre-war Europe. ... Rabbi Manis Friedman is a well known author and Jewish lecturer. ... Rabbi Yehuda Leib Groner Rabbi Leib Yehuda Groner (born 1932) was the secretary to the late Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson for over 40 years. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Rabbi Berel Lazar is the Chief Rabbi of Russia, and is the chairman of the rabbinical alliance of the CIS. Education A native of Milan, Italy, Rabbi Lazar was born in 1964 to parents who were among the first emissaries of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson. ... Chaya Mushka (Moussia) Schneerson (March 16, 1901-February 10, 1988) referred to by Lubavitchers as The Rebbetzin was the wife of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson the seventh and last Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch branch of Hasidic Judaism. ... Rabbi Shalom Dov Wolpo adressing a crowd Rabbi Shalom Dov Wolpo, also Sholom Ber Wolpe[1], (born 1948) is a senior Chabad-Lubavitch rabbi and community leader in Israel. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Joseph Gutnick (sometimes referred to as Diamond Joe) is an Australian businessman. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Rabbi Moshe Rubashkin Rabbi Moshe Rubashkin, (born 1958) is a leading Chabad rabbi in Crown Heights and a convicted fraudster. ... Professor Herman Branover is known in the Jewish communities of Israel, Russia, and the West as an inspiring author, translator, publisher, and educator. ... Crown Heights is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. ... Safed (Hebrew: ×¦Ö°×¤Ö·×ª, Tiberian: , Israeli: Tsfat, Ashkenazi: Tzfas; Arabic: ØµÙØ¯ ; KJV English: Zephath) is a city in the North District in Israel. ... Kfar Chabad is a Chabad-Lubavitch community of about 400 families located near Tel Aviv. ... Hebrew ×™Ö°×¨×•Ö¼×©Ö¸××œÖ·×™Ö´× (Yerushalayim) (Standard) Yerushalayim or Yerushalaim Arabic commonly Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ù€ÙØ¯Ù’Ø³ (Al-Quds); officially in Israel Ø£ÙˆØ±Ø´Ù„ÙŠÙ… Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø¯Ø³ (Urshalim-Al-Quds) Name Meaning Hebrew: (see below), Arabic: The Holiness Government City District Jerusalem Population 724,000 (2006) Jurisdiction 123,000 dunams (123 kmÂ²) Jerusalem (Hebrew: , YerushalÃ¡yim or Yerushalaim; Arabic: , al-Quds, the Holiness)[2... Hayom Yom (Hebrew: ×”×™×•× ×™×•×, Today is day . ... Igrot Kodesh (literally Holy Epistles but more commonly known as Letters of the Rebbe} is a collection of the seventh Rebbe of Lubavitch, Menachem Mendel Schneersons correspondence and responsa. ... Likkutei Amarim ( ×œ×™×§×•×˜×™ ××ž×¨×™× ×ª× ×™×, Hebrew, collection of statements), more commonly known as the Tanya, is an early work of Hasidic Judaism, written by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the founder of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic dynasty, in 1797 CE. The name Tanya derives from the books first word, which is Aramaic... A popular Sidur (prayer-book) in the Chabad-Lubavitch community. ... Shulchan Aruch HaRav, or Shulkhan Arukh HaRav, (Code of Jewish Law by the Rabbi) is a codification of halakha by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, known during his lifetime as HaRav (The Rabbi). At a young age, Rabbi Shneur Zalman was asked by his teacher, Rabbi Dovber of Mezeritch to... Bais Rivka (or Beth Rivkah) is the name used for the Bais Yaakov-type private girls schools of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic movement. ... Rabbi Yisroel Jacobson giving a class in Hadar Hatorah in 1962 Yeshiva Hadar Hatorah is the worlds first Baal Teshuva Yeshiva For men rediscovering their Jewish roots. ... Oholei Torah is the common name of the Lubavitch schools Educational Institute Oholei Menachem and Talmudical Seminary Oholei Torah. ... Tomchei Temimim is the central Yeshiva (Talmudical school) of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic movement. ... The Rabbinical College of America is one of the largest Chabad Lubavitch Chasidic Yeshivas in the world. ... Ohr Avner Chabad Day School refers to a network of Jewish day schools founded and supported by Israeli billionaire Lev Leviev, under the auspices of the Chabad Lubavitch movement, located in the areas of the former Soviet Union Ohr Avner Chabad Day School (Tashkent) Ohr Avner Chabad Day School (Volgograd... Mayanot Institute of Jewish Studies is a Chabad-Lubavitch yeshiva for men located in Geula, Jerusalem, Israel. ... Choizer (Heb. ... ChiTaS is a Hebrew acronym for Chumash (The five books of Moses), Tehillim (Psalms) and Tanya (Kabbalistic work by Schnuer Zalman of Liadi, the Alter Rebbe). ... Shaliach (Hebrew: ×©Ö¸×œÖ´×™×—Ö·; plural ×©Ö°×œÖ´×™×—Ö´×™×, shlichim or Shliach plural Shluchim), in Judaism, is the concept of an emissary. ... Nusach Ari means, in a general sense, any prayer rite following the usages of Rabbi Isaac Luria, the AriZal, in the 16th century, and, more particularly, the version of it used by Chabad Chasidim. ... A Mitzvah tank on a city street. ... Meiniach (Heb. ... Mashpia (Heb. ... Chabad Lubavitch, also known as Lubavitch Chabad, is a large branch of Hasidic Judaism. ... Rabbi, in Judaism, means teacher, or more literally great one. The word Rabbi is derived from the Hebrew root word ×¨Ö·×‘, rav, which in biblical Hebrew means great or distinguished (in knowledge). Sephardic and Yemenite Jews pronounce this word ×¨Ö´×‘Ö´Ö¼×™ ribbÄ«; the modern Israeli pronunciation ×¨Ö·×‘Ö´Ö¼×™ rabbÄ« is derived from a recent (18th... Crown Heights is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. ... NY redirects here. ... Chabad Lubavitch, also known as Lubavitch Chabad, is a large branch of Hasidic Judaism. ... The Crown Heights Riot was a three-day riot in the Crown Heights neighborhood of New York City in August, 1991. ... Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson (April 18, 1902 â€“ June 12, 1994), often referred to as simply The Rebbe by Lubavitcher Hasidim, was a prominent Charedi (traditional Orthodox) Jewish rabbi who was the seventh (and to date, final) Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad-Lubavitch sect of Chassidic Judaism. ... Main article: Controversies of Chabad Chabad messianism or Lubavitch messianism[1] is a term used to describe messianic beliefs within the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...

Activities

He is director of the Lubavitch Youth Organization and chairman of the International Campaign to Bring Moshiach.^[3] He was the founder of the weekly Chabad magazine L'Chaim and has made campaign contributions to former New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani.^[4] Rudolph William Louis Giuliani III, (born May 28, 1944) is an American lawyer, prosecutor, businessman, and Republican politician from the state of New York. ...

He is the organiser of the annual Mitzvah Tank Parade^[5] and was responsible for the erection of the largest menorah in the world at the south-east corner of Central Park in 2004.^[6] He also hosts a weekly radio show called Moshiach in the air and has been the director of the weekly chabad magazine L'Chaim since the 1980s. A coin issued by Mattathias Antigonus, c. ... A Central Park landscape Central Park is a large public, urban park (843 acres or 3. ...

In 1992 he addressed the US House of Representatives at the invitation of Chuck Schumer, representing Chabad in honor of Schneerson's 90th birthday.^[7] The House of Representatives is the larger of two houses that make up the U.S. Congress, the other being the United States Senate. ... Charles Ellis Chuck Schumer (born November 23, 1950) is currently the senior U.S. Senator from the state of New York, serving since 1999. ...

Crown Heights Riot

He gave the keynote address at the funeral of Yankel Rosenbaum, and emerged as a spokesman for the Chabad movement during the course of the rioting.^[8] He praised the actions of the police but voiced anger against the black rioters comparing their actions to European pogroms in the 19th century. "First Crown Heights, then Washington Heights, then the Golan Heights. This is a Jewish issue. What happened in Crown Heights was not an isolated incident."^[9]^[10] He commented: "This is not Poland in 1881. It's the United States in 1991!"^[11] Pogrom (from Russian: ; from Ð³Ñ€Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ñ‚ÑŒ IPA: - to wreak havoc, to demolish violently) is a form of riot directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious or other, and characterized by destruction of their homes, businesses and religious centers. ...

Messianism

Before Schneerson's death Butman was active in the movement to crown him as "King Messiah". He was seen as a leader of that movement, organizing rallies to bring about this proclamation.^[12] He invoked the recitation of the Yechi mantra in Schneerson's presence without him complaining as evidence that he was indeed the Messiah.^[12] He organised the rally on January 30, 1993 that was billed as Schneerson's coronation ceremony.^[13] Before the rally he informed the press that "This will be the coronation of the rebbe as Melech haMashiach (King Messiah)."^[14]^[15] Butman was forced to backtrack during the event, announcing that Schneerson appearance did not represent his acceptance of the role of Messiah. He told the 8,000 assembled followers (plus many more around the world watching via satellite) that the event "is not to be interpreted as a coronation."^[16] In Judaism, the Messiah (×žÖ¸×©Ö´××™×—Ö· Standard Hebrew Arabic: Al-Masih, Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø³ÙŠØ), Tiberian Hebrew , Aramaic ) initially meant any person who was anointed by a prophet of God. ... The phrase Yechi Adoneinu Moreinu vRabbeinu Melech haMoshiach lolam vaed! (×™×—×™ ××“×•× × ×• ×ž×•×¨× ×• ×•×¨×‘× ×• ×ž×œ×š ×”×ž×©×™×— ×œ×¢×•×œ× ×•×¢×“) is used by some Lubavitch Chassidic Jews to proclaim that the seventh Lubavitcher Rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneerson (1902-1994), is the awaited messiah as prophecied in the Hebrew Scriptures. ... January 30 is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...

Butman penned a book outlining the religious and philosophical justification for believing that Schneerson was the messiah despite his death in 1995. He made the book freely available online.^[17]

When the Rabbinical Council of America denounced messianism within Chabad in 1996, Butman went on the offensive telling the press: "Rabbi Shmuel Butman, chairman of the International Campaign to Bring Moshiach, responded to the RCA by saying: "Questions of belief in Judaism are a matter of halachah [Jewish law] and should be referred to recognized Torah giants of the generation for a decision" adding that the resolution was "like voting against the rebbe".^[18] The Rabbinical Council of America (RCA) is one of the worlds largest organizations of Orthodox Jewish rabbis; it is affiliated with The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, more commonly known as the Orthodox Union, or OU. History The roots of the organization go back to 1923 when...

He is widely viewed as a leader of the messianist strand within Chabad - with Yudel Krinsky as a primary nemesis.^[19] He told the press in December 1994, after Schneerson's death:

Family

Butman is married to Rochelle Butman and they have three children together, Joseph, Hannah and Velvl. His son Rabbi Velvel Butman is the director of Chabad of Westchester County while a son-in-law, Rabbi Mordechai Newman, is the director of Chabad of Alexandria-Arlington in Virginia.^[21] Westchester County is a suburban county with about 940,000 residents located in the U.S. state of New York. ... Official language(s) English Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Area Ranked 35th - Total 42,793 sq mi (110,862 kmÂ²) - Width 200 miles (320 km) - Length 430 miles (690 km) - % water 7. ...

Bibliography

Citations

^ "Clashes Persist in Crown Heights for 3d Night in Row", John Kifner, The New York Times, August 22, 1991
^ "Rebbe, but Not the Messiah, As Lubavitchers Compromise", Ari L. Goldman, February 1, 1993, The New York Times
^ "A Spiritual Leader Lives On in Memory" July 2, 1995, Lynette Holloway, The New York Times
^ Campaign contributions for Shmuel Butman.
^ "Riding in the Annual Mitzvah Tank Parade", Robert Smith, National Public Radio, April 20, 2005
^ "World's Largest Menorah Lit", Lori Har-El, The Epoch Times, December 13, 2004
^ Congressional Records of May 14 1992, Library of Congress
^ "Interpretations of the Crown Heights Riot", Shapiro, Edward S., American Jewish History - Volume 90, Number 2, June 2002, pp. 97-122
^ "Racial Unrest: An Eye for an Eye", Sam Allis, Time magazine, September 09, 1991
^ "5,000 at Rally Join to Protest Anti-Semitism", James Barron, New York Times, October 14, 1991.
^ "Crown of thorns", Jonathan Rieder, The New Republic, October 14, 1991
^ ^a ^b "Letter from Crown Heights", Malcolm Gladwell February 2, 1993 The Washington Post
^ "Rebbe, but Not the Messiah, As Lubavitchers Compromise", Ari L. Goldman, February 1, 1993, The New York Times
^ "Mashiach Madness reaches frenzy as lubavitch 'anoint' the Rebbe", Debra Nussbaum Cohen, Jewish Telegraphic Agency January 28, 1993
^ "Rabbi to be anointed Messiah" Press Telegram, January 30, 1993
^ "Rabbi's appearance fails to reveal messiah", Deseret News, February 1, 1993
^ Countdown to Moshiach. Can the Rebbe still be Moshiach? Rabbi Shmuel Butman, 1995
^ "1,000 Orthodox rabbis reject claim rebbe was Messiah", Debra Nussbaum Cohen, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, June 21, 1996
^ "The war of the messiahs heats up", Jerusalem Post, Marilyn Herny, August 30, 1996
^ "Rabbis Blast Lubavitcher Messianism, Warn Resurrection Talk Echoes Christian Themes", Lucette Lagnado, The Forward, December 2, 1994.
^ "Dancing rabbis on I-395", Susan Mandel, Alexandria Times, September 21, 2006

class="preview" id="pv144"> The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. ... August 22 is the 234th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (235th in leap years), with 131 days remaining. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 1 is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... July 2 is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 182 days remaining. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. ... Offical NPR logo National Public Radio (NPR) is an independent, private, non-profit membership organization of public radio stations in the United States. ... April 20 is the 110th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (111th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 13 is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Time (whose trademark is capitalized TIME) is a weekly American newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and U.S. News & World Report. ... September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see the New Republic disambiguation page. ... October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Malcolm Gladwell Malcolm Gladwell (born September 1, 1963) is a United Kingdom-born, Canadian-raised journalist now based in New York City who has been a staff writer for The New Yorker since 1996. ... February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... The Washington Post is the largest newspaper in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. ... February 1 is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... The Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) is an international news agency serving Jewish community newspapers and media around the world. ... January 28 is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... January 30 is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... The Deseret Morning News is a newspaper published in Salt Lake City, Utah, and Utahs oldest continually published daily newspaper. ... February 1 is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... June 21 is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 193 days remaining. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli newspaper in the English language. ... August 30 is the 242nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (243rd in leap years), with 123 days remaining. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... The Forward is a Jewish-American newspaper published in New York. ... December 2 is the 336th day (337th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... September 21 is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

Contents

Activities

Crown Heights Riot

Messianism

Family

Bibliography

Citations

See also

Contents

Activities GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Crown Heights Riot

Messianism

Family

Bibliography

Citations

See also

Activities