NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Shneur Zalman of Liadi

Shneur Zalman of Liadi (Hebrew: שניאור זלמן מליאדי‎) (September 4, 1745 – December 15, 1812 O.S.), was an Orthodox Rabbi, and the founder and first Rebbe of Chabad, a branch of Hasidic Judaism, then based in Liadi, Imperial Russia. He was the author of many works, and is best known for Shulchan Aruch HaRav, Tanya and his Siddur Torah Or compiled according to Nusach Ari. He is also known as Shneur Zalman Baruchovitch, Reb Schneur Zalman, RaZaSh, Baal HaTanya vehaShulchan Aruch, the Alter Rebbe ("Old Rebbe" in Yiddish), the GRaZ or The Rav. â€œHebrewâ€ redirects here. ... is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events May 11 - War of Austrian Succession: Battle of Fontenoy - At Fontenoy, French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army including the Black Watch June 4 â€“ Frederick the Great destroys Austrian army at Hohenfriedberg August 19 - Beginning of the 45 Jacobite Rising at Glenfinnan September 12 - Francis I is elected... is the 349th day of the year (350th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the overture by Tchaikovsky, see 1812 Overture; For the wars, see War of 1812 (USA - United Kingdom) or Patriotic War of 1812 (France - Russia) For the Siberia Airlines plane crashed over the Black Sea on October 4, 2001, see Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 1812 was a leap year starting... Old Style or O.S. is a designation indicating that a date conforms to the Julian calendar, formerly in use in many countries, rather than the Gregorian calendar, currently in use in most countries. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Rabbi, in Judaism, means a religious â€˜teacherâ€™, or more literally, â€˜great oneâ€™. The word Rabbi is derived from the Hebrew root word , rav, which in biblical Hebrew means â€˜greatâ€™ or â€˜distinguished (in knowledge)â€™. Sephardic and Yemenite Jews pronounce this word ribbÄ«; the modern Israeli pronunciation rabbÄ« is derived from a... Rebbe which means master, teacher, or mentor is a Yiddish word derived from the identical Hebrew word ×¨×‘×™. It mostly refers to the leader of a Hasidic Jewish movement. ... It has been suggested that Hasidic philosophy be merged into this article or section. ... Hasidic Judaism (also Chasidic, etc. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... Shulchan Aruch HaRav, or Shulkhan Arukh HaRav, (Code of Jewish Law by the Rabbi) is a codification of halakha by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, known during his lifetime as HaRav (The Rabbi). At a young age, Rabbi Shneur Zalman was asked by his teacher, Rabbi Dovber of Mezeritch to... Likkutei Amarim ( ×œ×™×§×•×˜×™ ××ž×¨×™× ×ª× ×™×, Hebrew, collection of statements), more commonly known as the Tanya, is an early work of Hasidic Judaism, written by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the founder of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic dynasty, in 1797 CE. The name Tanya derives from the books first word, which is Aramaic... A siddur (Hebrew: ×¡×™×“×•×¨; plural siddurim) is a Jewish prayer book over the world, containing a set order of daily prayers. ... Nusach Ari means, in a general sense, any prayer rite following the usages of Rabbi Isaac Luria, the AriZal, in the 16th century, and, more particularly, the version of it used by Chabad Chasidim. ... Yiddish (ייִדיש, Jiddisch) is a Germanic language spoken by about four million Jews throughout the world. ...

Biography

Early Life

Rabbi Shneur Zalman was born in 1745 in the small town of Liozna, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (White Russia). He was a descendent of the mystic and philosopher Rabbi Judah Loew, the "Maharal of Prague". He was a prominent and youngest disciple of Rabbi Dovber of Mezeritch, the "Great Maggid", who was in turn the successor of the founder of Hasidism, Rabbi Yisroel ben Eliezer known as the Baal Shem Tov. // Events May 11 - War of Austrian Succession: Battle of Fontenoy - At Fontenoy, French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army including the Black Watch June 4 â€“ Frederick the Great destroys Austrian army at Hohenfriedberg August 19 - Beginning of the 45 Jacobite Rising at Glenfinnan September 12 - Francis I is elected... Liozna or Liozno (Belarusian: , Russian: ) is an urban type settlement in Vitsebsk Voblast, Belarus, the capital of the Liozno District. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The banner of White Ruthenia White Russia is a name that was historically applied to different regions in Eastern Europe, most often to the region that roughly corresponds to the present-day Belarus. ... Judah Low ben Bezalel (1525 — 1609) was a Jewish scholar and rabbi, most of his life in Prague. ... Nickname: Motto: Praga Caput Rei publicae Location within the Czech Republic Coordinates: , Country Czech Republic Region Capital City of Prague Founded 9th century Government - Mayor Pavel BÃ©m Area - City 496 kmÂ² (191. ... Rabbi Dov Ber of Mezeritch (×“×‘ ×‘×¢×¨ ×ž×ž×–×¨×™×˜×©) (1704/1710 (?) â€“ December 15, 1772) was the primary disciple of Rabbi Yisrael Baal Shem Tov, the founder of Hasidic Judaism. ... Hasidic Judaism (Hebrew: Chasidut חסידות) is a Haredi Jewish religious movement. ... The Baal Shem Tov Rabbi Israel (Yisroel) ben Eliezer (×¨×‘×™ ×™×©×¨××œ ×‘×Ÿ ××œ×™×¢×–×¨, August 27, 1698 â€“ May 22, 1760) is considered to be the founder of Hasidic Judaism. ...

Until the age of twelve, he studied under Rabbi Issachar Ber, in Lyubavichi (Lubavitch); he distinguished himself as a Talmudist, such that his teacher sent him back home, informing his father that the boy could continue his studies without the aid of a teacher. Lyubavichi or Lubavichi (Russian: , Yiddish: Lubavitch, Lubavich) is a village in Rudnyansky District, Smolensk Oblast, Russia. ... The first page of the Vilna Edition of the Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Berachot, folio 2a. ...

At age fifteen he married Sterna Segal, the daughter of Yehuda Leib Segal, a wealthy resident of Vitebsk, and he was then able to devote himself entirely to study. During these years, Shneur Zalman was introduced to mathematics, geometry and astronomy by two learned brothers, refugees from Bohemia, who had settled in Liozna. One of them was also a scholar of the Kabbalah. Thus, besides mastering rabbinic literature, he also acquired a fair knowledge of the sciences, philosophy, and Kabbalah. Coat of arms of Vitebsk. ... Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, as imagined by by Raphael in this detail from The School of Athens. ... Calabi-Yau manifold Geometry (Greek Î³ÎµÏ‰Î¼ÎµÏ„ÏÎ¯Î±; geo = earth, metria = measure) is a part of mathematics concerned with questions of size, shape, and relative position of figures and with properties of space. ... A giant Hubble mosaic of the Crab Nebula, a supernova remnant Astronomy (also frequently referred to as astrophysics) is the scientific study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earths atmosphere (such as the cosmic background radiation). ... Flag of Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: ; German: ) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. ... This article is about traditional Jewish Kabbalah. ... Rabbinic literature, in the broadest sense, can mean the entire spectrum of Judaisms rabbinic writing/s throughout history. ... The philosopher Socrates about to take poison hemlock as ordered by the court. ...

He became an adept in Isaac Luria's system of Kabbalah, and it is thought that this is when he became an admirer of Rabbi Dovber of Mezeritch. For twelve years he lived in Rabbi Dovber's house, and took an active part in the propagation of Hasidism. The grave of Isaac Luria in Safed Rabbi Isaac Luria (1534 â€“ July 25, 1572) was a Jewish mystic in Safed. ... Rabbi Dov Ber of Mezeritch (×“×‘ ×‘×¢×¨ ×ž×ž×–×¨×™×˜×©) (1704/1710 (?) â€“ December 15, 1772) was the primary disciple of Rabbi Yisrael Baal Shem Tov, the founder of Hasidic Judaism. ... Hasidic Judaism (also Chasidic, etc. ...

In Lithuania

During the latter portion of Rabbi Dovber’s life, his students dispersed over Europe, and after Rabbi Dovber's passing, Rabbi Shneur Zalman became the leader of Hasidism in Lithuania, along with his senior colleague Menachem Mendel of Horodok. When Rabbi Menachem Mendel died (in 1788), Rabbi Schneur Zalman was recognized as leader of the Chassidim in Lithuania. ^[1] World map showing the location of Europe. ... Hasidic Judaism (also Chasidic, etc. ...

At the time Lithuania was the center of the misnagdim (opponents of Hasidism), and Shneur Zalman faced much opposition. In 1772, together with Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk, he attempted yet ultimately failed to create a dialogue with the Vilna Gaon who led the Misnagdim and had launched a ban (cherem) against the Hasidim (see Vilna Gaon: Antagonism to Hasidism and Hasidim and Mitnagdim). Mitnagdim (also: misnagdim) is a Hebrew word (מתנגדים) meaning opponents; this term was used to refer to European religious Jews who opposed Hasidic Judaism. ... Year 1772 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Rabbi Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk (1730 â€“ 1788) was an early leader of Hasidic Judaism. ... Elijah Ben Solomon, the Vilna Gaon The Vilna Gaon (April 23, 1720 â€“ October 9, 1797) was a prominent Jewish rabbi, Talmud scholar, and Kabbalist. ... Cherem (or Herem ×—×¨×), is the highest ecclesiastical censure in the Jewish community. ... Elijah Ben Solomon, the Vilna Gaon The Vilna Gaon (April 23, 1720 â€“ October 9, 1797) was a prominent Jewish rabbi, Talmud scholar, and Kabbalist. ... Schisms among the Jews: // First Temple era Based on the historical narrative in the Bible and archeology, Levantine civilization at the time of Solomons Temple was prone to idol worship, astrology, worship of reigning kings, and paganism. ...

Undaunted by this antagonism, he succeeded in creating a powerful network of Hasidic centers. He also involved himself in opposing Napoleon's advance on Russia by recruiting his disiples to the Czar's army,^[2] and canvassing financial support for the Jewish settlements in the Land of Israel, then under the control of the Ottoman Empire.^{[citation needed]} For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... Kingdom of Israel: Early ancient historical Israel â€” land in pink is the approximate area under direct central royal administration during the United Monarchy. ... Motto Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299â€“1326) Bursa (1326â€“65) Edirne (1365â€“1453) Constantinople (Ä°stanbul, 1453â€“1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy [[Category:Former monarchies}}|Ottoman Empire, 1299]] Sultans - 1281â€“1326...

Philosophy: Chabad

As a Talmudist, Rabbi Shneur Zalman endeavored to place Kabbalah and Hasidism on a rational basis. In his seminal work, Tanya, he defines his approach as "מוח שולט על הלב" ("mind ruling over the heart/emotions"). He chose the name "Chabad" for this philosophy — the Hebrew acronym for the intellectual attributes (sefirot) Chochma ("wisdom"), Bina ("understanding"), and Da'at ("knowledge”). Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Dovber Schneuri (1773-11-13 - 1827-11-16 OS) was an Orthodox rabbi and the second Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch chasidic movement. ... Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (or Menachem Mendel or Tzemach Tzedek) (1789 - 1866) was an Orthodox Jewish rabbi of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic Judaism movement that was based in the town of Lubavitch in present-day Belarus. ... Shmuel Schneersohn (or Rabbi Shmuel or Maharash) (1834â€“1882), was an Orthodox rabbi. ... Rabbi Sholom Dovber Schneersohn Sholom Dovber Schneersohn (or Sholom Dovber or Rashab) (1860 - 1920) was an Orthodox rabbi and the fifth Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic Judaism movement. ... Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok (Joseph Isaac)[1] Schneersohn (1880 - 1950) was an Orthodox rabbi and the sixth Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch chasidic movement. ... Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson (April 18, 1902 â€“ June 12, 1994), known as The Rebbe[1], was a prominent Hasidic[2] Jewish rabbi who was the seventh (and to date, final) Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement. ... Lubavitch world headquarters, 770 Eastern Parkway 770 Eastern Parkway, commonly abbreviated to 770 or Seven-seventy is the street address of the central headquarters of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement, located in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn, New York in the United States of America. ... Portrait of Shneur Zalman of Liadi 19 Kislev refers to the 19th day of the Jewish month of Kislev. ... Ohel (Chabad) is the name of a religious shrine in Queens, New York, to which thousands of people make a pilgrimage each year. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Agudas Chasidei Chabad. ... The Crown Heights Riot was a three-day riot in the Crown Heights neighborhood of New York City starting on August 19, 1991. ... The Brookly Bridge Shooting was an incident that took place on March 1, 1994, when Lebanese-born Rashid Baz, armed with a Glock 9-millimeter semi-automatic pistol and a 9-millimeter Cobray machine gun, shot on a van carrying members of the Chabad-Lubavitch Orthodox Jewish sect on the... Agudas Chasidei Chabad is the umbrella organization for the Chabad-Lubavitch movement. ... -1... Chabad. ... The logo of Kehot Publication Society. ... GAN ISRAEL CAMPING NETWORK There are hundreds of them around the world, with tens of thousands of campers. ... Logo of the Sheloh organization Jewish Released Time, also known as Sheloh (an abbreviation for Shiurei Limud Hados (Classes for Learning the Religion)), is an organization promoting released time for the Jewish education of Jewish children learning in public schools. ... A Project of Guideline Services, Lubavitch House 125 Montgomery Avenue, Suite A3 Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004 610-660-0190 Donate Online Who are we? The Jewish Relief Agency is an organization whose aim is to identify and feed needy Jewish families. ... The Jewish childrens Museum in Brooklyn The Jewish Childrens Museum is a brand-new museum open to the public all about jewish life, its history and averything associated with orthodox judaism. ... Official logo of the Ohr Avner Foundation Ohr Avner Foundation is a philanthropic foundation that was established in 1992 by the Israeli billionaire and emigre from the former Soviet Union, Lev Leviev, to be run by rabbis of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement to which Lev Leviev belongs. ... Colel Chabad is the oldest continuously operating charity of its kind in Israel. ... Merkos LInyonei Chinuch (lit. ... The Kinus Hashluchim is the annual gathering of Chabad Shluchim held in the fall, each year. ... Rabbi Hillel HaLevi Malisov of Paritch, commonly known as Reb Hillel Paritcher (1795-1864) was a famous Orthodox Jewish Rabbi in Russia. ... Rabbi Yehuda Chitrik (1899-2006) was a leading scholar, author, and Mashpia in the Chabad community. ... Rabbi Chaim Mordechai Aizik Hodakov (1902-1993) was the chief of staff of the secretariat of the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson for more than 40 years. ... Biography of Reb Itche der Masmid Yitzchok Horowitz, more commonly known as Reb Itche der Masmid, was a famous Orthodox Jewish Rabbi in pre-war Europe. ... Rabbi Manis Friedman is a well known author and Jewish lecturer. ... Rabbi Yoel Kahn Rabbi Yoel Kahn (or Kahan) is a senior, Chabad rabbi, Mashpia, and community leader. ... Rabbi Yehuda Leib Groner Rabbi Leib Yehuda Groner (born 1932) was the secretary to the late Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson for over 40 years. ... Chaya Mushka (Moussia) Schneerson (March 16, 1901-February 10, 1988) referred to by Lubavitchers as The Rebbetzin was the wife of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson the seventh and last Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch branch of Hasidic Judaism. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Rabbi Levi Yitzchak Schneerson, (1878-1944), was a Hasidic rabbi in Russia. ... Rabbi Shalom Dov Wolpo adressing a crowd Rabbi Shalom Dov Wolpo, also Sholom Ber Wolpe[1], (born 1948) is a senior Chabad-Lubavitch rabbi and community leader in Israel. ... Rabbi Berel Lazar is the Chief Rabbi of Russia, and is the chairman of the rabbinical alliance of the CIS. Education A native of Milan, Italy, Rabbi Lazar was born in 1964 to parents who were among the first emissaries of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Shneur Zalman Moishe HaYitzchaki, usually known familiarly as Reb Zalman Moishe, (c. ... Rabbi Nissan Neminov, known familiarly as Reb Nissan, was a famous Orthodox Jewish Rabbi. ... Professor Herman Branover is known in the Jewish communities of Israel, Russia, and the West as an inspiring author, translator, publisher, and educator. ... Rabbi Yehoshua Shneur Zalman Serebryanski, known familiarly as Reb Zalman, (Dec 1904-1991-06-15) was an Orthodox rabbi and Mashpia belonging to the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement. ... Crown Heights is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. ... Kfar Chabad is a Chabad-Lubavitch community of about 400 families located near Tel Aviv. ... Hayom Yom (Hebrew: ×”×™×•× ×™×•×, Today is day . ... Igrot Kodesh (literally Holy Epistles but more commonly known as Letters of the Rebbe} is a collection of the seventh Rebbe of Lubavitch, Menachem Mendel Schneersons correspondence and responsa. ... Likkutei Amarim ( ×œ×™×§×•×˜×™ ××ž×¨×™× ×ª× ×™×, Hebrew, collection of statements), more commonly known as the Tanya, is an early work of Hasidic Judaism, written by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the founder of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic dynasty, in 1797 CE. The name Tanya derives from the books first word, which is Aramaic... A popular Sidur (prayer-book) in the Chabad-Lubavitch community. ... Shulchan Aruch HaRav, or Shulkhan Arukh HaRav, (Code of Jewish Law by the Rabbi) is a codification of halakha by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, known during his lifetime as HaRav (The Rabbi). At a young age, Rabbi Shneur Zalman was asked by his teacher, Rabbi Dovber of Mezeritch to... Bais Rivka (or Beth Rivkah) is the name used for the Bais Yaakov-type private girls schools of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic movement. ... Rabbi Yisroel Jacobson giving a class in Hadar Hatorah in 1962 Yeshiva Hadar Hatorah is the worlds first Baal Teshuva Yeshiva For men rediscovering their Jewish roots. ... Yeshivah College is a Jewish school on Hotham Street in Melbourne, Australia run by the Chabad-Lubavitch movements Yeshivah Centre. ... Oholei Torah is the common name of the Lubavitch schools Educational Institute Oholei Menachem and Talmudical Seminary Oholei Torah. ... Tomchei Temimim is the central Yeshiva (Talmudical school) of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic movement. ... Dormitory Ohel Chana is an Orthodox Jewish girls seminary on Balaclava Road in Melbourne, Australia run by the Chabad-Lubavitch movements Yeshivah Centre. ... Yeshiva Gedolah Zal, Yeshiva Gedolah, or colloquially, YG is a yeshiva, an academy for young Orthodox Jews to devote themselves to full-time rabbinical studies. ... Beth Rivkah Ladies College is an Orthodox Jewish day-school on Balaclava Road in Melbourne, Australia run by the Chabad-Lubavitch movements Yeshivah Centre. ... The Rabbinical College of America is one of the largest Chabad Lubavitch Chasidic Yeshivas in the world. ... Ohr Avner Chabad Day School refers to a network of Jewish day schools founded and supported by Israeli billionaire Lev Leviev, under the auspices of the Chabad Lubavitch movement, located in the areas of the former Soviet Union Ohr Avner Chabad Day School (Tashkent) Ohr Avner Chabad Day School (Volgograd... Mayanot Institute of Jewish Studies is a Chabad-Lubavitch yeshiva for men located in Geula, Jerusalem, Israel. ... Mitzvah Campaigns, or Mitvtzoim (Heb. ... A Chabad House is a centre for disseminating Orthodox Judaism by the Chabad movement. ... The Tefillin Campaign refers to a campaign by Orthodox Jews to influence all male Jews, regardless of their level of religious observance, to don the Tefillin (phylacteries) daily. ... The Noahide Campaign refers to a campaign by Orthodox Jews to influence all non-Jews to follow the Noahide Laws. ... Shaliach (Hebrew: ×©Ö¸×œÖ´×™×—Ö·; plural ×©Ö°×œÖ´×™×—Ö´×™×, shlichim or Shliach plural Shluchim), in Judaism, is the concept of an emissary. ... ChiTaS is a Hebrew acronym for Chumash (The five books of Moses), Tehillim (Psalms) and Tanya (Kabbalistic work by Schnuer Zalman of Liadi, the Alter Rebbe). ... Mashpia (Heb. ... Meiniach (Heb. ... A Farbrengen (from the Yiddish ×¤××¨×‘×¨×¢× ×’×¢×Ÿ, meaning joyous gathering) is a Hasidic gathering. ... Nusach Ari means, in a general sense, any prayer rite following the usages of Rabbi Isaac Luria, the AriZal, in the 16th century, and, more particularly, the version of it used by Chabad Chasidim. ... Choizer (Heb. ... A Chabadnitze (Yiddish: ) is a small side room required for a Chabad synagogue. ... In Jewish messianism and eschatology, the Messiah (Hebrew: ×ž×©×™×—; Mashiah, Mashiach, or Moshiach, anointed [one]) is a term traditionally referring to a future Jewish king from the Davidic line who will be anointed (the meaning of the Hebrew word ×ž×©×™×—) with holy anointing oil and inducted to rule the Jewish people during... Chabad Strashelye, is a branch of Hasidic Judaism, named after the town Strashelye, where its leader lived. ... The Malachim are a barely extant quasi-Hasidic group with strong Miami and Williamsburg connections. ... Hasidic Philosophy or Chassidic philosophy (Hebrew: ×—×¡×™×“×•×ª, also Hassidism, Chassidus or Chassidut or Chasidut) is the teachings and philosophy underlying Hasidic Judaism. ... Rational may be: the adjective for the state of rationality acting according to the philosophical principles of rationalism a mathematical term for certain numbers; the rational numbers the software company Rational Software; now owned by IBM, and formerly Rational Software Corporation This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid... â€œHebrewâ€ redirects here. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Backronym and Apronym (Discuss) Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations, such as NATO, laser, and ABC, written as the initial letter or letters of words, and pronounced on the basis of this abbreviated written form. ... Category:Sephiroth Sefirah redirects here. ... Chokhma in the Kabbalah of Judaism is the second sephira of the Kabbalistic Tree of Life. ... Binah, (meaning Understanding; ×‘×™× ×”), in the Kabbalah of Judaism, is the second intellectual Sephirah on the tree of life. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Daath (Kabbalah). ...

Both in his works and in his sermons he "indicated an intelligent and not a blind faith"^[3], and assumed an intellectual accessibility of the mystical teachings of the Kabbalah. This intellectual basis differentiates Chabad from other forms of Hasidism - in this context referred to as "Chagas"^[4] — the emotional attributes (sefiros) of Chesed ("kindness"), Gevurah ("power"), and Tiferes ("beauty"). This article is about traditional Jewish Kabbalah. ... Category:Sephiroth Note: The Hebrew word chesed ×—×¡×“ is also the root word upon which the name Hasidism is based. ... Gevurah Also known as Geburah, and Din is the fifth Sefirot of the Tree of life (Kabbalah). ... Category:Sephiroth Tiferet (Adornment, Hebrew: ×ª×¤××¨×ª ) or Tifereth, Tipheret, Tiphereth - also known as Rakhamim (Mercy, Hebrew: ×¨×—×ž×™× ) or Shalom (Peace, Hebrew: ×©×œ×•× ) - is the sixth sfira in the Tree of Life in Kabbalah, which is the spirituality of Rabbinic Judaism. ...

Opposition to Napoleon and Support for the Tsar

While many Jewish leaders supported Napoleon or remained quiet about their support, Rabbi Shneur Zalman openly and vigorously supported the Tsar. While fleeing from Napoleon he wrote a letter explaining his opposition to Napoleon to a friend, Rabbi Moshe Meizeles:^[5] For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ...

Alan Dershowitz argues that he was clear about his intent - suffering was good for the Jews. Suffering would inspire asceticism and bolster the Hasidic cause.^[7] Alan Morton Dershowitz (born September 1, 1938) is an American political figure and criminal law professor at Harvard Law School known for his extensive published works, career as an attorney in several high-profile law cases, and commentary on the Arab-Israeli conflict. ...

Others argue that Napoleon had been attempting to arouse a messianic view of himself in Jews, opening the gates of the Ghettos and emancipating their residents as he conquered. He established an ersatz Sanhedrin, recruiting Jews to his ranks, and spreading rumors about his conquest of the Holy Land to make Jews subversive for his own ends. ^[8] Thus his opposition was based on a practical fear of Jews turning to the false messianism of Napoleon as he saw it.^[5] A Sanhedrin (Hebrew: ; Greek: , [1] synedrion, sitting together, hence assembly or council) is an assembly of 23[2] judges Biblically required in every city. ...

It should be noted that Rabbi Israel of Kozienice, another Chasidic leader, also considered Napoleon a menace to the Jewish people.^[9]

Arrests

In 1797 following the death of the Gaon, leaders of the Vilna community falsely accused the Hasidim of subversive activities - on charges of supporting the Ottoman Empire, since he advocated sending charity to the Ottoman territory of Palestine. In 1798 he was arrested on suspicion of treason and brought to St. Petersburg where he was held in the Petropavlovski fortress for 53 days; he was then subjected to an examination by a secret commission. Ultimately he was released by order of Paul I of Russia in 1798. The day of his acquittal and release, 19 Kislev, 5559 on the Hebrew calendar, is celebrated as the "Hasidic New Year" by Lubavitch Hasidim, who have a festive meal and communal pledges to learn the whole of the Talmud known as "Chalukas Ha'Shas." 1797 (MDCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 11-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Vilnius Old Town Vilnius (sometimes Vilna; Polish Wilno, Belarusian Вільня, Russian Вильнюс, see also Cities alternative names) is the capital city of Lithuania. ... Motto Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299â€“1326) Bursa (1326â€“65) Edirne (1365â€“1453) Constantinople (Ä°stanbul, 1453â€“1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy [[Category:Former monarchies}}|Ottoman Empire, 1299]] Sultans - 1281â€“1326... The Holy Land or Palestine Showing not only the Old Kingdoms of Judea and Israel but also the 12 Tribes Distinctly, and Confirming Even the Diversity of the Locations of their Ancient Positions and Doing So as the Holy Scriptures Indicate, a geographic map from the studio of Tobiae Conradi... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... The Peter and Paul Fortress (ÐŸÐµÑ‚Ñ€Ð¾Ð¿Ð°Ð²Ð»Ð¾Ð²ÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐºÑ€ÐµÐ¿Ð¾ÑÑ‚ÑŒ) is in St. ... Paul I of Russia (Russian: ; Pavel Petrovich) (October 1, 1754-March 23, 1801) was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801. ... Year 1798 (MDCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Portrait of Shneur Zalman of Liadi 19 Kislev refers to the 19th day of the Jewish month of Kislev. ... The Hebrew calendar (Hebrew: â€Ž) or Jewish calendar is the annual calendar used in Judaism. ... The first page of the Vilna Edition of the Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Berachot, folio 2a. ...

Again in 1800 he was arrested and again transported to St. Petersburg along with his son Moshe who served as an interpreter, as he spoke no Russian or French. He was released after a few weeks but was banned from leaving St. Petersburg^[10] The elevation of Tsar Alexander I (Alexander I of Russia) a few weeks later led to his release; he was then “given full liberty to proclaim his religious teachings” by the Russian government. Rabbi Moshe Schneersohn (c. ... Aleksandr Pavlovich Romanov or Tsar Alexander I (The Blessed), (Russian: ÐÐ»ÐµÐºÑÐ°Ð½Ð´Ñ€ I ÐŸÐ°Ð²Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡) (December 23, 1777â€“December 1, 1825), Emperor of Russia (reigned March 23, 1801â€“December 1, 1825), King of Poland (reigned 1815â€“1825), son of the Grand Duke Paul Petrovich, afterwards Paul I, and Maria Fedorovna, daughter of the Duke... Aleksandr I Pavlovich (Russian: ÐÐ»ÐµÐºÑÐ°Ð½Ð´Ñ€ I ÐŸÐ°Ð²Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡) (December 23, 1777â€“December 1, 1825?), was Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801-1 December 1825 and Ruler of Poland from 1815â€“1825, as well as the first Grand Duke of Finland. ...

According to scholars his first arrest was not the result of anti-Hasidic agitators fabricating charges, or officials seeking extortion monies.^[5]^[11] An accusation was made on May 8 1798 by Hirsh ben David of Vilna accused him of trying to assist the French Revolution, by sending money to Napoleon and the Sultan. It appears that there was no such person as Hirsh and the authorities were attempting to stir up internecine fighting among the Jews.^[5] The French Revolution (1789â€“1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on...

Liadi

After his release he moved his base to Liadi, Vitsebsk Voblast, Imperial Russia: rather than returning to Liozna, he took up his residence in the town of Liadi at the invitation of Prince Stanisław Lubomirski, voivode of the town. There his movement grew immensely, and he is still associated with the town to this day. In 1812, fleeing the French Invasion, he left Mogilev, intending to go to Poltava, but died on the way in the small village of Pena, Kursk Oblast. Lyady, Liady, or Liadi may refer to one of the following settlements: Lyady, Smolevichi District, Smolevichi District, Minsk Voblast, Belarus [1] Lyady, Zhlobin District, Zhlobin District, Homiel Voblast, Belarus [2] Lyady, Dubrovno District, Dubrovno District, Vitsebsk Voblast, Belarus [3] [4], associated with life of Shneur Zalman of Liadi Lyady, Pskov... Categories: Stub | Regions of Belarus ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... Noble Family Lubomirski Coat of Arms Lubomirski Parents Jerzy Aleksander Lubomirski Joanna von Starzhausen Consorts Ludwika Honorata Pociej Children with Ludwika Honorata Pociej Ludwika Lubomirska Franciszek Ksawery Lubomirski JÃ³zef Lubomirski Aleksander Lubomirski MichaÅ‚ Lubomirski Date of Birth 1704 Place of Birth ? Date of Death July 19, 1793 Place of... Voivode (as it is spelled in the Oxford English Dictionary), or less commonly voivod, is a Slavic word that originally denoted the principal commander of a military force. ... For the overture by Tchaikovsky, see 1812 Overture; For the wars, see War of 1812 (USA - United Kingdom) or Patriotic War of 1812 (France - Russia) For the Siberia Airlines plane crashed over the Black Sea on October 4, 2001, see Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 1812 was a leap year starting... Combatants First French Empire Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of Naples Duchy of Warsaw Confederation of the Rhine Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Saxony Kingdom of Westphalia Swiss Confederation Austrian Empire Kingdom of Prussia Russian Empire Commanders Napoleon EugÃ¨ne de Beauharnais JÃ©rÃ´me Bonaparte Jaques MacDonald Prince Schwarzenberg Alexander... Mogilev, or Mahilyow (Belarusian: ; Russian: , translit. ... Location Map of Ukraine with Poltava highlighted. ... Kursk Oblast (Russian: , Kurskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). ...

He was succeeded as Rebbe by his oldest son, Dovber Schneuri. According to David Assaf, his youngest son, Moshe, suffered a lifetime of mental illness and converted to Catholicism shortly before he was consigned to a mental hospital.^[12] Dovber Schneuri (1773-11-13 - 1827-11-16 OS) was an Orthodox rabbi and the second Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch chasidic movement. ... Rabbi Moshe Schneersohn (c. ...

Subsequent history of Chabad

Rabbi Dovber Schneuri moved the movement to the town of Lubavitch (Lyubavichi) in present-day Belarus. In 1940, under the leadership of the previous Rebbe, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, the Chabad-Lubavitch movement moved its headquarters to Brooklyn, New York in the United States. Under the leadership of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, Chabad established branches all over the world staffed by its own Lubavitch-trained and ordained rabbis with their wives and children. Chabad Lubavitch, or Lubavich, is one of the largest branch of Hasidic Judaism founded by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi . ... Dovber Schneuri (1773-11-13 - 1827-11-16 OS) was an Orthodox rabbi and the second Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch chasidic movement. ... Lyubavichi or Lubavichi (Russian: , Yiddish: Lubavitch, Lubavich) is a village in Rudnyansky District, Smolensk Oblast, Russia. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Rebbe which means master, teacher, or mentor is a Yiddish word derived from the identical Hebrew word ×¨×‘×™. It mostly refers to the leader of a Hasidic Jewish movement. ... Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok (Joseph Isaac)[1] Schneersohn (1880 - 1950) was an Orthodox rabbi and the sixth Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch chasidic movement. ... Chabad Lubavitch, or Lubavich, is one of the largest branch of Hasidic Judaism founded by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi . ... For other meanings, see Brooklyn (disambiguation). ... Rabbi M.M. Schneerson The third Rebbe of the Chabad Lubavitch dynasty was also named Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (with a h) Menachem Mendel Schneerson (April 18, 1902-June 12, 1994), referred to by Lubavitchers as The Rebbe, was a prominent Orthodox Jewish rabbi who was the seventh and last Rebbe... Rabbi, in Judaism, means a religious â€˜teacherâ€™, or more literally, â€˜great oneâ€™. The word Rabbi is derived from the Hebrew root word , rav, which in biblical Hebrew means â€˜greatâ€™ or â€˜distinguished (in knowledge)â€™. Sephardic and Yemenite Jews pronounce this word ribbÄ«; the modern Israeli pronunciation rabbÄ« is derived from a...

Another follower of Rabbi Shneur Zalman, Rabbi Aharon HaLevi Horowitz, established a rival Chabad school in Strashelye. Chabad Strashelye, is a branch of Hasidic Judaism, named after the town Strashelye, where its leader lived. ...

Descendants of Rabbi Shneur Zalman adopted the names Schneersohn or Schneerson to accommodate Napoleonic edicts that required all subjects to take permanent surnames. (Prior to Napoleon's conquests and the winds of Enlightenment he brought in his wake, Jews only had their traditional names such as, in this case, Shneur Zalman ben (son of) Boruch.) The last two Rebbes of Chabad-Lubavitch, Rabbi Joseph Isaac Schneersohn (1880-1950) and Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson (1902-1994), adhered strictly to their family surnames. For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... A family name, or surname, is that part of a persons name that indicates to what family he or she belongs. ... ... Look up ben in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Year 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar). ...

Works

Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi was a prolific writer; but only a few of his works have been published. He produced works of both mysticism and law. To this day his works form the cornerstone of Chabad-Lubavitch teachings. His ability to explain even the most complex issues of Torah made his writings popular with Torah scholars everywhere.

He is probably best known for his systematic exposition of Hasidic Jewish philosophy, entitled Likkutei Amarim, and more popularly known as the Tanya, first published in 1797. (The fuller and more authoritative version of this work dates from 1814.) Due to the popularity of this book, Hasidic Jews often refer to Rabbi Shneur Zalman as the Baal HaTanya. The Tanya deals with Jewish spirituality and psychology from a Kabbalistic point of view, and expounds on such profound themes as the Oneness of God, Tzimtzum, the Sefirot, and many other mystical concepts. Likkutei Amarim ( ×œ×™×§×•×˜×™ ××ž×¨×™× ×ª× ×™×, Hebrew, collection of statements), more commonly known as the Tanya, is an early work of Hasidic Judaism, written by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the founder of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic dynasty, in 1797 CE. The name Tanya derives from the books first word, which is Aramaic... 1797 (MDCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 11-day-slower Julian calendar). ... There are a number of basic Jewish principles of faith that were formulated by medieval rabbinic authorities. ... In Jewish Mysticism, Tzimtzum (×¦×ž×¦×•× Hebrew: contraction or constriction) refers to the notion in the Kabbalistic theory of creation that God contracted his infinite essence in order to allow for a conceptual space in which a finite, independent world could exist. ... Sephirah, also Sefirah (Hebrew language סְפִירָה Enumeration); plural Sephiroth or Sefiroth סְפִירוֹת. In the Kabbalah, the Sephiroth (or Enumerations) are the ten emanations of God (or infinite light: Ain Soph Aur) into the universe. ...

He is equally well known for the Shulchan Aruch HaRav, his version of the classic Shulkhan Arukh, an authoritative code of Jewish law and custom commissioned by Rabbi Dovber of Mezeritch. The work states the decided halakha, as well as the underlying reasoning. The Shulchan Aruch HaRav is considered authoritative by other Hasidim, and citations to this work are many times found in non-Hasidic sources such as the Mishnah Berurah used by Lithuanian Jews and the Ben Ish Chai used by Sephardic Jews. Rabbi Shneur Zalman is one of three authorities on whom Shlomo Ganzfried based his Kitzur Shulkhan Arukh. Shulchan Aruch HaRav, or Shulkhan Arukh HaRav, (Code of Jewish Law by the Rabbi) is a codification of halakha by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, known during his lifetime as HaRav (The Rabbi). At a young age, Rabbi Shneur Zalman was asked by his teacher, Rabbi Dovber of Mezeritch to... The Shulkhan Arukh (Hebrew: Prepared Table), by Rabbi Yosef Karo is considered the most authoritative compilation of Jewish law since the Talmud. ... Halakha (Hebrew: ×”×œ×›×”; also transliterated as Halakhah, Halacha, Halakhot and Halachah with pronunciation emphasis on the third syllable, kha), is the collective corpus of Jewish religious law, including biblical law (the 613 mitzvot) and later talmudic and rabbinic law as well as customs and traditions. ... Halakha (Hebrew: ×”×œ×›×”; also transliterated as Halakhah, Halacha, Halakhot and Halachah with pronunciation emphasis on the third syllable, kha), is the collective corpus of Jewish religious law, including biblical law (the 613 mitzvot) and later talmudic and rabbinic law as well as customs and traditions. ... Rabbi Dov Ber of Mezeritch (×“×‘ ×‘×¢×¨ ×ž×ž×–×¨×™×˜×©) (1704/1710 (?) â€“ December 15, 1772) was the primary disciple of Rabbi Yisrael Baal Shem Tov, the founder of Hasidic Judaism. ... Posek (Hebrew ×¤×•×¡×§, IPA: , pl. ... Hasidim can refer to Saintly Pharisees Hasidic Judaism This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Mishnah Berurah (Hebrew: Clarified Teaching) is a work of halakha (Jewish law) by Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan, better known as The Chofetz Chaim (Poland, 1838 - 1933). ... Lithuanian Jews, (In Yiddish known as Litvish or Litvaks) are Ashkenazi Jews who have their origins in historic Lithuania. ... Yosef Chaim (1832 - 1909) was a Hakham and a Sephardic Rabbi, authority on Jewish law (Halakha) and Kabbalist. ... In the strictest sense, a Sephardi (ספרדי, Standard Hebrew Səfardi, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardî; plural Sephardim: ספרדים, Standard Hebrew Səfardim, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardîm) is a Jew original to the... Posek (Hebrew ×¤×•×¡×§, IPA: , pl. ... Shlomo Ganzfried (Solomon ben Joseph Ganzfried; Hungary, 1804 to 1886) was an Orthodox rabbi and posek best known as author of the work of Halakha (Jewish law), the Kitzur Shulkhan Arukh (Hebrew: ×§×™×¦×•×¨ ×©×•×œ×—×Ÿ ×¢×¨×•×š, Abbreviated Shulkhan Arukh), by which title he is also known. ... Rabbi Shlomo Ganzfried (Hungary 1804 to 1886) is best known as the author of the work of Halakha (Jewish law), the Kitzur Shulkhan Arukh (lit. ...

He also edited the first Chabad siddur - Siddur Torah Or. It was based on the Ari Siddur of the famous kabbalist Rabbi Isaac Luria (Arizal) of Safed, but he altered it for general use, and corrected its textual errors. Today's Siddur Tehillat HaShem is based on Shneur Zalman's Siddur Torah Or. A siddur (Hebrew: ×¡×™×“×•×¨; plural siddurim) is a Jewish prayer book over the world, containing a set order of daily prayers. ... Nusach Ari means, in a general sense, any prayer rite following the usages of Rabbi Isaac Luria, the AriZal, in the 16th century, and, more particularly, the version of it used by Chabad Chasidim. ... The grave of Isaac Luria in Safed Rabbi Isaac Luria (1534 â€“ July 25, 1572) was a Jewish mystic in Safed. ... Safed (Hebrew: ×¦Ö°×¤Ö·×ª, Tiberian: , Israeli: Tsfat, Ashkenazi: Tzfas; Arabic: ØµÙØ¯ ; KJV English: Zephath) is a city in the North District in Israel. ... A popular Sidur (prayer-book) in the Chabad-Lubavitch community. ...

In Jewish services, the Torah is read over the course of a year, with one major portion read each week in the Sabbath morning service. ... For other uses, see Song of Solomon (disambiguation). ... Megillah redirects here. ... The seventh and last Lubavitcher rebbe was named similarly: Menachem Mendel Schneerson (without the h in his last name, as he was a cousin. ... Torah study is the study by Jews of the Torah, Tanakh, Talmud, responsa, rabbinic literature and similar works, all of which are Judaisms religious texts, for the purpose of the mitzvah (commandment) of Torah study itself, meaning study for religious (as opposed to academic) purposes. ...

References

^ “Shneor Zalman Ben Baruch”. jewishencyclopedia.com.
^ Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi, Rabbi Nissan Mindel, New York: Kehot, 1973, pp. 251-2
^ “Shneor Zalman Ben Baruch”. jewishencyclopedia.com.
^ [http://www.chabadlibrary.org/books/default.aspx?furl=/maharyatz/sichos/706-10/7/6/363 Reference of Rebbe Rayatz to Chassidei "Chagas"
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Should Napoleon be victorious...": Politics and Spirituality in Early Modern Jewish Messianism, Hillel Levine, Jerusalem Studies in Jewish Thought 16-17, 2001
^ Napoleon u-Tekufato, Mevorach, pp.182-183
^ The vanishing American Jew: In search of Jewish identity for the next century, Alan Dershowitz, Boston, 1997, vi-vii
^ Napoleon and the Jews, Kobler, F., New York, 1976.
^ A. Marcus, HaChasiduth, p. 114
^ On learning Chassidus, Brooklyn, 1959, p.24
^ Kerem Chabad, Kefar Habad, 1992, pp. 17-21, 29-31 (Documents from the Prosecutor General's archive in St. Petersburg
^ Allan Nadler, "New Book Reveals Darker Chapters In Hasidic History", The Forward, Aug 25, 2006.

External links

Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Wikiquote is a sister project of Wikipedia, using the same MediaWiki software. ... Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz (Hebrew: ×¢×“×™×Ÿ ×©×˜×™×™× ×–×œ×¥) or Adin Even Yisrael (Hebrew: ×¢×“×™×Ÿ ××‘×Ÿ ×™×©×¨××œ) (born 1937) is most commonly known for his popular commentary and translation of both Talmuds into Hebrew, French, Russian and Spanish. ... Rabbi Dov Ber of Mezeritch (×“×‘ ×‘×¢×¨ ×ž×ž×–×¨×™×˜×©) (1704/1710 (?) â€“ December 15, 1772) was the primary disciple of Rabbi Yisrael Baal Shem Tov, the founder of Hasidic Judaism. ... Rebbe which means master, teacher, or mentor is a Yiddish word derived from the identical Hebrew word ×¨×‘×™. It mostly refers to the leader of a Hasidic Jewish movement. ... It has been suggested that Hasidic philosophy be merged into this article or section. ... For the overture by Tchaikovsky, see 1812 Overture; For the wars, see War of 1812 (USA - United Kingdom) or Patriotic War of 1812 (France - Russia) For the Siberia Airlines plane crashed over the Black Sea on October 4, 2001, see Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 1812 was a leap year starting... Dovber Schneuri (1773-11-13 - 1827-11-16 OS) was an Orthodox rabbi and the second Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch chasidic movement. ...

Contents

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