Siege of Eretria
Part of the Persian Wars
A map showing the invasion of 490 BC
Date 490 BC Location Eretria, Euboea Result Persian victory
Combatants
Eretria	Persia, Cyclades
Commanders
Aeschines	Datis, Artaphernes
Strength
UnknownEretria[›]	20,000-60,000 men, Around 600 ships Numbers[›]
Casualties
Heavy	Heavy

The Siege of Eretria was fought by the Eretrians who were invaded by the Persians under the command of Datis and Artaphernes. This battle was part of the Persian Wars. The siege of Eretria was the second stage of a three phase military operation ordered by Darius the Great, which included Naxos, Eretria and Athens in respective chronological order. The Greco-Persian Wars or Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between the Greek world and the Persian Empire that started about 500 BC and lasted until 448 BC. The term can also refer to the continual warfare of the Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire against the Parthians and... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1800x1091, 774 KB) Map showing the Persian Wars of the 5th Cent BCE From German Wikipedia, de:Bild:Perserkriege. ... Centuries: 6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 540s BC 530s BC 520s BC 510s BC 500s BC - 490s BC - 480s BC 470s BC 460s BC 450s BC 440s BC Years: 495 BC 494 BC 493 BC 492 BC 491 BC - 490 BC - 489 BC 488 BC... This is an article about the Greek city of Eretria. ... Euboea or Negropont (Modern Greek: Εύβοια Evia, Ancient Greek Εúβοια Eúboia; see also List of traditional Greek place names), is the largest island of the Greek archipelago. ... The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau (Irān - Land of the Aryans[1]) and beyond. ... This is an article about the Greek city of Eretria. ... The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau (Irān - Land of the Aryans[1]) and beyond. ... The Cyclades (Greek Κυκλάδες) are a Greek island group in the Aegean Sea, south-east of the mainland of Greece; and an administrative prefecture of Greece. ... Aeschines (389 - 314 BC), Greek statesman and one of the ten Attic orators, was born at Athens. ... Datis or Datus was a Persian general in the Persian Wars, under Darius the Great. ... Artaphernes, more correctly Artaphrenes, was the brother of Darius Hystaspis, and satrap of Sardis. ... Combatants Greek city states, particularly Athens and Sparta Persian Empire and allied Greek states Commanders Miltiades, Themistocles, Leonidas I, Pausanias, Kimon, Pericles Mardonius, Datis, Artaphernes, Xerxes I, Megabyzus The Greco-Persian Wars or Persian Wars or Medic Wars were a series of conflicts between several Greek city-states and the... The Battle of Ephesus (498 BC) was a battle in the Ionian Revolt. ... The Battle of Lade was fought in 494 BC between the Ionians and the Persians. ... Combatants Athens and Plataea Persia Commanders Miltiades Callimachus† Darius I of Persia Datis†? Artaphernes Strength 10,000 Athenians 1,000 Plataeans 20,000-60,000 by modern estimates 1 Casualties 192 Athenians dead 11 Plateans dead 6,400 dead 7 ships captured 1 Ancient sources give numbers ranging from 200... Combatants Greek-city states Persian Empire Commanders Leonidas I of Sparta † Xerxes I of Persia Strength 300 Spartans 700 Thespians 6,000 other Greek allies2 Over 200,000, possibly multiple times that number1 Casualties 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians; 1,500 Greek allies in total. ... Combatants Greek city-states Persia Commanders Eurybiades of Sparta Themistocles of Athens Adeimantus of Corinth Unknown Strength 333 ships 500 ships? Casualties The naval Battle of Artemisium took place, according to tradition, on the same day as the Battle of Thermopylae on August 11, 480 BC, but it may have... Combatants Greek city-states Persia Halicarnassus Commanders Eurybiades of Sparta Themistocles of Athens Adeimantus of Corinth Aristides of Athens Xerxes I of Persia Ariamenes † Artemisia Strength 366-380 ships 1 1000 - 1207 ships [1]2 Casualties 40 ships 200 ships 1 Herodotus gives 378 of the alliance, but the numbers... Combatants Greek city-states Persia Commanders Pausanias Mardonius† Strength 100,000 (Pompeius) 110,000 (Herodotus) 120,000 (Ctesias) 300,000 (Herodotus, Plutarch). ... Combatants Greek city-states Persia Commanders Leotychides Artaÿntes Strength About 50 000 Unknown Casualties Unknown Unknown The Battle of Mycale was one of the two major battles that ended the Persian invasion of Greece, during the Greco-Persian Wars. ... Combatants Delian League Persia Commanders Cimon Unknown Strength Unknown 200 ships Casualties The naval Battle of the Eurymedon took place between 470 BC and 466 BC on the Eurymedon River in Pamphylia in Asia Minor, and was between the Athenian-led Delian League and Persia. ... Combatants Delian League Persia Commanders Cimon † Anaxicrates Strength 300 triremes estimated 800 ships Casualties 40 ships lost over 250 ships lost The Battle of Salamis took place around 450 BC near Salamis in Cyprus. ... This is an article about the Greek city of Eretria. ... The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau (Irān - Land of the Aryans[1]) and beyond. ... Datis or Datus was a Persian general in the Persian Wars, under Darius the Great. ... Artaphernes, more correctly Artaphrenes, was the brother of Darius Hystaspis, and satrap of Sardis. ... The Greco-Persian Wars or Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between the Greek world and the Persian Empire that started about 500 BC and lasted until 448 BC. The term can also refer to the continual warfare of the Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire against the Parthians and... Seal of Darius I, showing the king hunting on his chariot, and the symbol of Ahuramazda Darius the Great (Pers. ...

In 499 BC, the Ionian Revolt began. The instigator of the revolt, Aristagoras went to mainland Greece to seek support for the Ionians cause. The Athenians gave him twenty ships and the Eretrians five. The rebels and their allies managed to burn down Sardis but after their allies left they were decisively defeated at Lade. The Ionian Revolts were triggered by the actions of Aristagoras, the tyrant of the Ionian city of Miletus at the end of the 6th century BC and the beginning of the 5th century BC. They constituted the first major conflict between Greece and Persia. ... Aristagoras was the leader of Miletus in the late 6th century BC and early 5th century BC. He was the son of Molpagoras, and son_in_law (and nephew) of Histiaeus, whom the Persians had set up as tyrant of Miletus. ... A recent view of the ceremonial court of the thermae–gymnasium complex in Sardis, dated to 211—212 AD Sardis, (also Sardes, Greek: Σάρδεις), modern Sart in the Manisa province of Turkey, was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Lydia, the seat of a proconsul under the Roman Empire, and... The Battle of Lade was fought in 494 BC between the Ionians and the Persians. ...

With the revolt over, the Persian Emperor Darius I wanted to get revenge on the Eretrians and the Athenians for their insubordinate participation in the burning of Sardis. In 490 BC, a fleet of around 600 ships and a large army mustered under the command of Datis and Artaphernes in Cilicia. From Cilicia they sailed to Samos and from there they island hopped to Naxos where they subjugated the island and burnt the city. They then forced levies of soldiers from the other islands of the Cyclades. As the Persian fleet advanced towards Eretria the Eretrians appealed to the Athenians for help. They Athenians sent them 4,000 men but the leader of the Eretrians dismissed them, as he did not want to lead them to their deaths. Seal of Darius I, showing the king hunting on his chariot, and the symbol of Ahuramazda Darius the Great (Pers. ... A recent view of the ceremonial court of the thermae–gymnasium complex in Sardis, dated to 211—212 AD Sardis, (also Sardes, Greek: Σάρδεις), modern Sart in the Manisa province of Turkey, was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Lydia, the seat of a proconsul under the Roman Empire, and... Datis or Datus was a Persian general in the Persian Wars, under Darius the Great. ... Artaphernes, more correctly Artaphrenes, was the brother of Darius Hystaspis, and satrap of Sardis. ... Cilicia as Roman province, 120 AD In Antiquity, Cilicia (Κιλικία) was the name of a region, now known as Çukurova, and often a political unit, on the southeastern coast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey), north of Cyprus. ... Samos (Greek Σάμος; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is an island in southeastern Greece in the Aegean Sea, off the coast of Turkey. ... The primary use of “Naxos” is as the name of a Greek island in the Cyclades. ... The Cyclades (Greek Κυκλάδες) are a Greek island group in the Aegean Sea, south-east of the mainland of Greece; and an administrative prefecture of Greece. ...

When the Persians arrived they started besieging the city. The city held out for six days before two eminent citizens, opened the gates to the Persians. Once the Persians entered the city, they looted it, made all the citizens slaves and burnt the city. The Eretrians were then loaded onto the ships and as the rest of the Persian fleet sailed to towards Marathon. At Marathon the Persians were defeated by the Athenians and Plataeans. As for the Eretrians, they were taken to Susa and forced to found a settlement in Bactria. Modern-day marathon runners Runners in ancient Greece. ... Plataea is an ancient city, located in Greece in southeastern Boeotia, south of Thebes. ... Winged sphinx from the palace of Darius the Great at Susa. ... It has been suggested that Ta-Hsia be merged into this article or section. ...

Prelude

In 500 BC, the Persian Empire with aid from the Ionian Greeks under the command of Aristagoras and some Naxian exiles tried to capture the island of Naxos.^[1] The attack failed as the Naxians were tipped off by the Persian admiral, Megabates after he had a fight with Aristagoras.^[2] The failed attack caused Aristagoras to lose his favor in the Persian court so he decided to stir up a revolution amongst the Ionian Greek cities.^[3] The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau (Irān - Land of the Aryans[1]) and beyond. ... Aristagoras was the leader of Miletus in the late 6th century BC and early 5th century BC. He was the son of Molpagoras, and son_in_law (and nephew) of Histiaeus, whom the Persians had set up as tyrant of Miletus. ... The primary use of “Naxos” is as the name of a Greek island in the Cyclades. ...

To gain support for the revolt, Aristagoras travelled to mainland Greece. He first went to Sparta, where King Cleomenes I refused to take part in the operation.^[4] He then went to Athens and Eretria who decided to give twenty and five ships to the revolt respectively.^[5] The Eretrians and the Athenians helped the Ionians sack Sardis but after they left the city the Ionians were defeated at Ephesus.^[6][7] The defeat consequently forced the Athenians and the Eretrians to leave Asia Minor and relocate back home.^[8] In 494 BC, the Ionians were decisively defeated in the Battle of Lade and Aristagoras was killed in a battle against the Thracians after fleeing from Ionia to Thrace.^[9][10] Sparta (Doric: , Attic: ) is a city in southern Greece. ... Cleomenes (Greek Κλεομένης, d. ... Nickname: City of Athena or Cradle of Democracy Location of the city of Athens (red dot) within the Prefecture of Athens and Periphery of Attica Coordinates: Country Greece Peripheries Attica Prefecture Athens Founded circa 2000 BC Mayor Nikitas Kaklamanis Area    - City 38. ... This is an article about the Greek city of Eretria. ... The Battle of Ephesus (498 BC) was a battle in the Ionian Revolt. ... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to... The Battle of Lade was fought in 494 BC between the Ionians and the Persians. ... Thracian peltast, 5th to 4th century BC Thracian Horseman Thracians in an ethnic sense refers to various ancient peoples who spoke Dacian and Thracian, a scarcely attested branch of the Indo-European language family. ... Ionia (Greek Ιωνία; see also List of traditional Greek place names) was an ancient region of southwestern coastal Anatolia (now in Turkey) on the Aegean Sea. ... Thrace (Bulgarian: , Greek: , Latin: , Turkish: ) is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. ...

Preparations and the Cyclades

The main type of ship used by the Greeks and Persians

Darius wanted revenge on Eretria and Athens as well as Naxos becuase of the assistance they had previously provided to the Ionians but it had to wait as Thrace and Macedon had revolted.^[11] In 492 BC, Darius sent his son-in-law who was also his nephew, Mardonius in a expedition to subdue Northern Greece and to then capture Eretria and Athens so that the Persians could have a place from which to attack the Peloponnese. However the expedition ended in failure after a storm off Mt. Athos cost the Persians most of their fleet.^[12] The army under Mardonius managed to subdue Thrace and make Macedon a vassal state, however, the Thracians campaigns were costly and Mardonius while victorious, was wounded in one of the skirmishes and forced to personally withdraw back to Asia.^[11][13] Greek Trireme Source: US Military: This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Greek Trireme Source: US Military: This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Mardonius was a Persian commander during the Persian Wars with Greece in the 5th century BC. He was the son of Gobryas and the son-in-law of Darius I of Persia, whose daughter Artozostra he had married. ... The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus (Greek: Πελοπόννησος Peloponnesos; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a large peninsula in southern Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Gulf of Corinth. ... One of the 20 monasteries on Mount Athos Mount Athos is a mountain and a peninsula in Macedonia, northern Greece, called Άγιο Όρος (Ayio Oros or Holy Mountain) in Modern Greek, or Ἅγιον Ὄρος (Hagion Oros) in... Macedons regions and towns Macedon or Macedonia (from Greek ; see also List of traditional Greek place names) was the name of an ancient kingdom in the northern-most part of ancient Greece, bordering the kingdom of Epirus on the west and the region of Thrace to the east. ...

Darius sent envoys to Greece demanding earth and water, which symbolized surrendering.^[14] Most of the islands surrendered because of the Persian's dominance at sea.^[14] A lot of the mainland states also surrender, but when the envoys went to Athens they were thrown into a pit and told to get there own earth.^[14] The envoys got a similar response in Sparta where they were thrown down and well and told to get water. ^[14] This was the last time Darius tried to subdue the Greeks with diplomacy. This article, image, template or category should belong in one or more categories. ...

In 490 BC, Darius organized a fleet of around 600 ships and an army of between 20,000 to 60,000 men. The army was made up of men from the Levant, Persia, Media, Syria, Cilicia, Ionia and Cyprus. The commanders of this force were the Median admiral Datis and Darius' nephew Artaphernes whose father had sponsored the attack on Naxos ten year previously.^[15] Also part of the fleet was Hippias, the former tyrant of Athens who had been overthrown in 508 BC. He had been promised Athens in return for assiting the Persians.^[16] The fleet which consisted mainly of Phoenician and Ionian ships met the army in Cilicia and from there they sailed to Samos.^[17][18] From Samos they sailed Icaria and from Icaria they attacked Naxos.^[19] The Naxians were not prepared for the attack and when they saw the advancing Persians they fled to the hills.^[20] Once the Persians landed they looted and burnt the city and anyone they captured they made slaves.^[21] The Levant The Levant is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east. ... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... Cilicia as Roman province, 120 AD In Antiquity, Cilicia (Κιλικία) was the name of a region, now known as Çukurova, and often a political unit, on the southeastern coast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey), north of Cyprus. ... Ionia (Greek Ιωνία; see also List of traditional Greek place names) was an ancient region of southwestern coastal Anatolia (now in Turkey) on the Aegean Sea. ... Look up media in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks, of the highest naval officers. ... Datis or Datus was a Persian general in the Persian Wars, under Darius the Great. ... Artaphernes, more correctly Artaphrenes, was the brother of Darius Hystaspis, and satrap of Sardis. ... Hippias can also refer to a son of Pisistratus and a tyrant of Athens. ... Phoenician sarcophagus found in Cadiz, Spain; now in Archaeological Museum of Cádiz. ... Ionian Islands Ionia (Greek Ιωνία) was an ancient region of western coastal of Anatolia (now in Turkey). ... Cilicia as Roman province, 120 AD In Antiquity, Cilicia (Κιλικία) was the name of a region, now known as Çukurova, and often a political unit, on the southeastern coast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey), north of Cyprus. ... Samos (Greek Σάμος; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is an island in southeastern Greece in the Aegean Sea, off the coast of Turkey. ... Icaria, also spelled Ikaria (Greek: Ικαρία), locally Nikaria or Nicaria (Νικαριά), previous name: Doliche (Δολίχη), is a Greek island 10 nautical miles (19 km) south-west of Samos. ...

After Naxos they sailed from island to island collecting levies of soldiers from each island.^[22] They soon reached Euboea and they demanded soldiers from the city of Carystus.^[23] The Carystians refused to supply soldiers as they didn't want to be involved in a campaign against their neighbours, Eretria and Athens.^[24] The Persians after a brief siege eventually forced the Carystians to surrender and supply troops to the growing Persian army.^[25] The next stop after Carystus was Eretria. Euboea or Negropont (Modern Greek: Εύβοια Evia, Ancient Greek Εúβοια Eúboia; see also List of traditional Greek place names), is the largest island of the Greek archipelago. ... Carystus was a city-state that refused to join the Delian League. ...

The Siege

A hoplite was the Greek heavy infantry and main type of soldier.

When the Eretrians discovered that the Persian fleet was heading towards their city, they appealed to the Athenians to send some soldiers.^[26] The Athenian government gladly sent 4,000 of their citizens from the settlement of Chalcis, which was also in Euboea.^[27] However when the Athenians arrived the leader of Eretria, Aeschines, told the Athenians to leave because he didn't want them to be caught in the destruction of Eretria.^[28] The Athenians followed Aeschines' advice and sailed to Oropus and saved themselves.^[29] Image File history File links Greek_hoplite. ... Image File history File links Greek_hoplite. ... Chalcis or Chalkida, Halkida, Halkis or Chalkis (Greek, Modern: Χαλκίδα, Ancient/Katharevousa: -is), the chief town of the island of Euboea in Greece, situated on the strait of the Euripus at its narrowest point. ... Oropos, or Oropus is a Greek seaport, on the Euripus in Attica, opposite Eretria. ...

Meanwhile, the people of Eretria were divided into three groups; One group wanted to surrender to the Persians, the other want to flee to the hills and the others wanted to fight.^[30] They decided to fight when the Persians landed in their territory.^[31] The Eretrian strategy was to not sally and fight the Persians outside the fortifications but to defend the walls.^[32] The Persian army arrived and began besieging the city. The fighting was fierce and both sides suffered heavy losses.^[33] After six days of fighting, two eminent citizens, Euphorbus and Philagrus opened the gates for the Persians.^[34] Once inside the city, the Persians started looting as well as burning the temples and sanctuaries in revenge for the burning of sanctuaries in Sardis.^[35] All the population was enslaved as Darius had ordered.^[36] Euphorbus, the son of Panthous, was a Trojan hero during the Trojan War. ...

Aftermath

The Delian League and Eretria

The Persians stayed at Eretria for six days.^[37] When the six days finished, the Persians loaded the Eretrians onto the ships and dropped them off at the island of Aegilia and they then sailed to Marathon in Attica being told to go their by Hippias.^[38] From there they planned to besiege Athens. When the Athenians heard of the news, they advanced with their army of 10,000 men as well as 1,000 Plataean allies to fight the Persians at Marathon. The two armies met at Marathon and the Persians were defeated.^[39] The retreating Persian army fled to their ships and then sailed to pick up the Eretrians.^[40] After picking up the Eretrians, they sailed around Cape Sounion and tried to land near Athens before the Athenian army arrived.^[41] As they reached Phaleron, they saw the Athenian army had marched back to the present location and the Persian forces decided to sail back to Asia Minor.^[42] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1094x895, 2067 KB)Scan from Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, New York, Henry Holt and Company, 1926 ed. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1094x895, 2067 KB)Scan from Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, New York, Henry Holt and Company, 1926 ed. ... Modern-day marathon runners Runners in ancient Greece. ... Attica (in Greek: Αττική, Attike; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a periphery (subdivision) in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece. ... Hippias can also refer to a son of Pisistratus and a tyrant of Athens. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Combatants Athens and Plataea Persia Commanders Miltiades Callimachus† Darius I of Persia Datis†? Artaphernes Strength 10,000 Athenians 1,000 Plataeans 20,000-60,000 by modern estimates 1 Casualties 192 Athenians dead 11 Plateans dead 6,400 dead 7 ships captured 1 Ancient sources give numbers ranging from 200... Cape Sounion, looking out to the Aegean islands The cape of Sounion or Sounio, previously known as Sunium (in ancient Greek Σούνιον) is located 65 kilometres south-east of Athens, in Attica. ... Faliro or Faliron/Phaliron (Greek: Φάληρο Pháliro, Latin: Phaleron, Phalerum) is a community 8 km SW of downtown Athens. ... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to...

When the Persian fleet arrived in Asia Minor, Datis and Artaphernes took the Eretrians before Darius in Susa.^[43] Darius did no further harm to them and he decided to settle them in his outpost of Ardericca in Cissia.^[44] The Persians attacked Greece again in 480 BC but once again the Persian were defeated.^[45] Eretria was resettled by Athenians and became part of the Delian League which was dominated by Athens. Winged sphinx from the palace of Darius the Great at Susa. ... Delian League (Athenian Empire), right before the Peloponnesian War in 431 BC. Corcyra was not part of the League The Delian League was an association of Greek city-states in the 5th century BC. It was led by Athens. ...

Notes

Inline Citations

1. ^ Herodotus V,33
2. ^ Herodotus V,32
3. ^ Herodotus V,36
4. ^ Herodotus V,51
5. ^ Herodotus V,99
6. ^ Herodotus V,100
7. ^ Herodotus V,102
8. ^ Herodotus V,103
9. ^ Herodotus V,126
10. ^ Herodotus VI,18
11. ^ ^{a b} Lloyd, Marathon:The Crucial Battle That Created Western Democracy,154
12. ^ Herodotus VI,44
13. ^ Herodotus VI,45
14. ^ ^{a b c d} Bradford, Thermopylae: The Battle For The West,49
15. ^ Herodotus VI,94
16. ^ Lloyd, Marathon:The Crucial Battle That Created Western Democracy,165
17. ^ Lloyd, Marathon:The Crucial Battle That Created Western Democracy,163
18. ^ Herodotus VI,95
19. ^ Herodotus VI,96
20. ^ Herodotus VI,44
21. ^ Herodotus VI,96
22. ^ Herodotus VI,99
23. ^ Herodotus VI,99
24. ^ Herodotus VI,99
25. ^ Herodotus VI,99
26. ^ Herodotus V,100
27. ^ Herodotus V,100
28. ^ Herodotus V,100
29. ^ Herodotus V,101
30. ^ Herodotus V,100
31. ^ Herodotus V,101
32. ^ Herodotus V,101
33. ^ Herodotus V,101
34. ^ Herodotus V,101
35. ^ Herodotus V,101
36. ^ Herodotus V,101
37. ^ Herodotus VI,102
38. ^ Herodotus VI,107
39. ^ Herodotus VI,115
40. ^ Herodotus V,115
41. ^ Herodotus VI,115
42. ^ Herodotus VI,116
43. ^ Herodotus VI,119
44. ^ Herodotus VI,119
45. ^ Herodotus VII,55
46. ^ Lloyd, Marathon:The Crucial Battle That Created Western Democracy,164
47. ^ Lloyd, Marathon:The Crucial Battle That Created Western Democracy,179
48. ^ Lloyd, Marathon:The Crucial Battle That Created Western Democracy,167

References

Primary Sources

• Herodotus, translated by Robin Waterfield, (1998). The Histories. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-282425-2

Bust of Herodotus Herodotus of Halicarnassus (Greek: , Herodotos Halikarnasseus) was a Dorian Greek historian who lived in the 5th century BC (484 BC - ca. ...

Secondary Sources

• Ernle Bradford, (1980). Thermopylae: The Battle For the West. USA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81360-2
• Alan Lloyd, (2004). Marathon:The Crucial Battle That Created Western Democracy. London: Souvenir Press. ISBN 0-285-63688-X