Siege of Toulon
Part of the French Revolutionary War
Date 18 September to 18 December 1793 Location Toulon, France Result French Republican victory
Combatants
France	French Royalists Naples, Sardinia, Spain, Great Britain
Strength
32,000 (at peak)	ca 22,000 12 ships of the line The French Revolutionary Wars occurred between the outbreak of war between the French Revolutionary government and Austria in 1792 and the Treaty of Amiens in 1802. ... is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1793 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Panorama of Toulon area. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Pavillon_royal_de_France. ... Also see:  Early Modern France The House of Bourbon is an important European royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. ... Image File history File links Flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1738-1848 Flag drawn by Jaume Ollé, from [Flags Of The World website] File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... For other uses see, Naples (disambiguation) and Napoli (disambiguation) Location of the city of Naples (red dot) within Italy. ... Image File history File links Sardegna1730(TZ). ... For the place in the United States, see Sardinia, Ohio. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixel Image in higher resolution (864 × 576 pixel, file size: 9 KB, MIME type: image/gif) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): New Spain First... Image File history File links Union_flag_1606_(Kings_Colors). ...
Casualties
2,000 killed or wounded, 14 French ships of the line sunk in harbour, 15 captured by British	ca 4,000

The Siege of Toulon took place between 18 September and 18 December 1793. The Southern French city of Toulon was occupied by British and Spanish forces assisting the Royalist French. Napoleon Bonaparte first made his name here as a young Captain of Artillery, by spotting an ideal place for his guns to be set up in such a way that they dominated the city's harbour. Once this was done (by means of a sharp assault on an enemy position-- the British had also seen the threat), the Royal Navy ships (under Admiral Hood) were compelled to withdraw, and the resistance crumbled. As a result, the 24-year old Napoleon was made an Artillery Commander, bringing him to international attention. The name First Coalition (1793–1797) designates the first major concerted effort of multiple European powers to contain revolutionary France. ... The Battle of Verdun was fought on August 20, 1792 between French Revolutionary forces and a Prussian army. ... Combatants France Prussia Commanders Dumouriez, Kellermann Duke of Brunswick Strength 47,000 35,000 Casualties 300 184 The Battle of Valmy (or Cannonade of Valmy) was fought on 20 September 1792, during the French Revolutionary Wars, around the village of Valmy in northern France. ... The Battle of Jemappes (November 6, 1792) took place near the town of Jemappes in Hainaut, Belgium, near Mons. ... Combatants First French Republic Kingdom of Prussia Austria (Habsburg) Electorate of Saxony Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel Electoral Palatinate Duchy of Saxe-Weimar Commanders General Ignace dOyré Alexandre de Beauharnais Field marshal von Kalckreuth Duke of Brunswick Strength 23,000 184 cannons 36,000 later 44... The Battle of Neerwinden (18 March 1793) took place near the village of Neerwinden in present-day Belgium between the Austrians under Prince Josias of Coburg and the French under General Dumouriez. ... Combatants First French Republic Vendée Royalist Commanders General Westermann Marquis de la Roche-Jacquelin Strength 25,000 31,000 Casualties 4,000 killed, wounded, or missing ca 2,100 killed or wounded The Battle of Entrames was fought on 27 October 1793 during the French Revolutionary Wars between French... Combatants French Republic Austria, Hannover, Great Britain Commanders General Lamarche The Duke of York Strength 27,000 53,000 Casualties 3,000 killed or wounded, 300 captured, 17 cannons lost, 14 ammunition wagons, 3 standards lost ca 1,100 killed or wounded The Battle of Famars was fought during the... Combatants French Republic Royalists Commanders General Chalbos Marquis de Lescure Strength 14,000 35,000 Casualties 4,000, 40 cannons lost 1,000 The Battle of Fontenay-le-Comte was fought on 25 May 1793 during the French Revolutionary Wars, between forces of the French Republic under General Chalbos and... Combatants First French Republic Vendéen Royalists Commanders General Léchelle Gigot d’Elbée â€  Strength 25,000 40,000 Casualties 4,000 killed or wounded ca 8,000 killed, wounded, or missing 12 cannons lost The Battle of Cholet was fought on 17 October 1793 during the French Revolutionary... Combatants French Republic Royalists Commanders General Tuncq Gigot d’Elbée Strength 10,000 35,000 17 cannons Casualties ca 500 killed or wounded ca 5,000 killed, wounded or missing 17 cannons lost The Battle of Luçon was fought on 14 August 1793 during the French Revolutionary Wars... The Battle of Hondshoote was fought on September 6 - 8, 1793 and resulted in a French victory under General Houchard and General Jourdan against the British under the Duke of York. ... The Battle of Wattignies, during the French Revolutionary Wars, was fought at the village of Wattignies-la-Victoire on October 15 and October 16, Austrians under General Cobourg. ... Combatants First French Republic Spain Commanders Auguste Dagobert Antonio Ricardos Strength 22,000 17,000 Casualties 3,000 killed or wounded, 1,500 captured, 10 cannons lost About 2,000 killed, wounded or missing The Battle of Truillas was fought on 22 September 1793 during the French Revolutionary War, between... The Battle of Boulou was fought on April 30, French victory under General Dugommier against the Spanish under General Union. ... Combatants France Great Britain Austria Commanders Jean Victor Marie Moreau Joseph Souham Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany Prince Josias of Coburg Strength 70,000 74,000 Casualties 3,000 men 6 guns 5,500 men 60 guns The Battle of Tourcoing was fought near the town of Tourcoing... The Battle of Fleurus, fought on June 26, 1794 was one of the most decisive battles in the Low Countries during the French, under Jourdan were able to more effectively concentrate their forces in order to achieve victory against the Austrian army under Saxe-Cobourg. ... The Battle of the Vosges also known as the Battle of Tripstadt was fought on 13 July 1794 in western France in the Vosges Mountains from which it derives its name. ... Combatants French Republic Austria, Great Britain, Hannover Commanders General Pichegru Prince Josias of Coburg Strength ca 45,000 ca 28,000 Casualties 5,500 killed or wounded, 450 captured, 7 cannons lost 3,000 killed or wounded The Battle of Tournay, was fought on 22 May 1794 in the Belgian... The Battle of San-Lorenzo de la Muga (French: St-Laurent, also Battle of the Sierra Negra or Battle of the Black Mountains) was fought on November 20, 1794, and resulted in the victory of French under General Perignon and General Dugommier against the Spanish under General Union. ... Italic textThe Battle of Lodi took place at Lodi, Lombardy, Italy on May 10, 1796. ... Combatants French Revolutionary Army Austrian Empire Commanders General Napoleon Bonaparte General Alvinczy Casualties Unknown, three days of heavy fighting Unknown, much of the Austrian army had moved to safety. ... Combatants First French Republic Kingdom of Great Britain, Kingdom of Naples and Sicily Commanders Rear Admiral Martin Vice Admiral Hotham Strength 13 ships of the line, 490 guns, 9,520 men 14 ships of the line, 557 guns, 8,810 men Casualties 600 killed, 1,000 wounded, 2 ships of... Combatants First French Republic Great Britain Naples Commanders Rear Admiral Martin Vice Admiral Hotham Strength Exact strength not clear 6 ships of the line engaged Casualties uncertain ca 100 men killed 1 ship of the line lost 11 killed 28 wounded The Naval Battle of Hyères Islands was fought... Combatants First French Republic Austria Commanders General François Ignace Schaal Count Clerfayt Strength 33,000 ca 27,000 Casualties 3,000 killed or wounded 1,800 captured 138 cannons lost 1,400 killed or wounded 200 captured The Battle of Mainz was fought on 29 October 1795 during the... The Battle of Amberg resulted in an Austrian victory under Archduke Charles of Austria against the French under General Jourdan. ... Combatants First French Republic Austrian Empire Commanders General Bonaparte Baron Paul Davidovich Strength 20,000 10,000 Casualties 750 killed, wounded, or missing 3,000 killed, wounded, or (mostly) captured, 25 cannons lost, 7 colours lost The Battle of Rovereto (also known as Battle of Roveredo), was fought on 4... Combatants First French Republic Austrian Empire Commanders General Bonaparte Count Wurmser Strength 20,000 ca 11,000 Casualties 400 killed, wounded or missing 600 killed or wounded, 2,000 captured, 30 cannons lost, 8 standards lost, 200 limbers and ammunition waggons lost The Battle of Bassano was fought on 8... Combatants First French Republic Austrian Empire, Kingdom of Sardinia Commanders General Bonaparte Count Argenteau Strength 14,000 9,000 Casualties 800 killed, wounded or missing 2,500 killed, wounded, or (mostly) captured, 12 cannons lost The Battle of Montenotte was fought on 12 April 1796, during the French Revolutionary Wars... Combatants First French Republic Austrian Empire, Kingdom of Sardinia Commanders General Bonaparte, General Massena Count Argenteau, Colonel Vukassovich Strength ca 15,000 ca 5,700 Casualties ca 2,100 killed or wounded, 317 captured ca 4,700 killed, wounded or captured The Second Battle of Dego was fought on 14... There are three Battles of Cape St Vincent The Battle of Cape St Vincent, 14 February 1797 by Robert Cleveley, painted 1798, shows the end of the battle with the captured Spanish ship Salvador del Mundo in the right foreground. ... Combatants Britain Spain Commanders Horatio Nelson Antonio Gutiérrez Strength 4,000 regulars and sailors 400 guns 1,700 regulars, militia, and sailors 91 guns Casualties 250 dead 128 wounded 30 dead 40 wounded The Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife was a British attack on the Spanish port city... Combatants French Republic Austrian Empire Commanders Napoleon Bonaparte Joseph Alvinczy, Peter Quasdanovich Strength 23,000 28,000 Casualties 5,000 dead and wounded 14,000 dead, wounded or captured The Battle of Rivoli (14–15 January 1797) was a key victory in the first French campaign in Italy against Austria. ... The Battle of Camperdown, 11 October 1797 by Thomas Whitcombe, painted 1798, showing the British flagship Venerable engaged with the Dutch flagship Vrijheid The naval Battle of Camperdown took place on 11 October 1797 during the French Revolutionary Wars, and was a victory for a British fleet under Admiral Adam... Flag of the so-called Armée Royale et Catholique (Royal and Catholic Army) from Vendée Insigna of the royalist insurgents During the French Revolution, the 1793-1796 uprising in the Vendée, variously known as the Uprising, Insurrection, Revolt, Vendéan Rebellion, or Wars in the Vendée... Combatants French Republic Royalists Commanders General Chalbos Marquis de Lescure Strength 14,000 35,000 Casualties 4,000, 40 cannons lost 1,000 The Battle of Fontenay-le-Comte was fought on 25 May 1793 during the French Revolutionary Wars, between forces of the French Republic under General Chalbos and... Combatants French Republic Royalists Commanders General Tuncq Gigot d’Elbée Strength 10,000 35,000 17 cannons Casualties ca 500 killed or wounded ca 5,000 killed, wounded or missing 17 cannons lost The Battle of Luçon was fought on 14 August 1793 during the French Revolutionary Wars... Combatants First French Republic Vendéen Royalists Commanders General Léchelle Gigot d’Elbée â€  Strength 25,000 40,000 Casualties 4,000 killed or wounded ca 8,000 killed, wounded, or missing 12 cannons lost The Battle of Cholet was fought on 17 October 1793 during the French Revolutionary... Combatants First French Republic Vendée Royalist Commanders General Westermann Marquis de la Roche-Jacquelin Strength 25,000 31,000 Casualties 4,000 killed, wounded, or missing ca 2,100 killed or wounded The Battle of Entrames was fought on 27 October 1793 during the French Revolutionary Wars between French... Combatants First French Republic French Royalists Commanders Dubois-Crancé General Préci Strength 35,000 ca 20,000 Casualties  ?  ? The Insurrection of Lyon or Siege and capture of Lyon occurred on 8 August 1793 when French Republican forces laid siege and captured the city of Lyon, which had revolted against... is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1793 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Panorama of Toulon area. ... Also see:  Early Modern France The House of Bourbon is an important European royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. ... Bonaparte as general Napoleon Bonaparte ( 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution and was the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from November 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des... Admiral Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood, 1724–1816 by James Northcote, painted 1784. ...

Context

Main article: Reign of Terror

After the arrest of the Girondist deputies on the 31st May, 1793, there followed a series of insurrections within the French cities of Lyon, Avignon, Nimes and Marseille. In Toulon, the revolutionaries evicted the existing Jacobin faction but were soon supplanted by the more numerous royalists. Upon the announcement of the recapture of Marseille and of the reprisals which had taken place there at the hands of the revolutionaries, the royalist forces, directed by the Baron d'Imbert, called for aid from the Anglo-Spanish fleet. On August 28, admirals Hood and Langara committed a force of 13,000 British, Spanish, Neapolitan and Piedmontese troops to the French government's cause. On October 1, Baron d'Imbert proclaimed the young boy Louis XVII to be King of France, and hoisted the French royalist flag of the Fleur de Lys, delivering the town of Toulon to the British navy. reign of terror, or the terror, see terror The Reign of Terror (5 September 1793 – 28 July 1794) or simply The Terror (French: la Terreur) was a period of about ten months during the French Revolution when struggles between rival factions led to mutual radicalization which took on a violent... The Girondists (in French Girondins, and sometimes Brissotins or Baguettes), were a political faction in France within the Legislative Assembly and the National Convention during the French Revolution. ... 1793 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the French city. ... City flag City coat of arms Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur Département Vaucluse (préfecture) Arrondissement Avignon Canton Chief town of 4 cantons Intercommunality Communauté dagglomération du Grand Avignon Mayor Marie-Josée Roig... Nîmes is a city and commune of southern France, préfecture (capital) of the Gard département. ... City flag Coat of arms Motto: By her great deeds, the city of Massilia shines Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur Department Bouches-du-Rhône (13) Subdivisions 16 arrondissements (in 8 secteurs) Intercommunality Urban Community of Marseille Provence M... It has been suggested that Jacobin/Sandbox be merged into this article or section. ... Also see:  Early Modern France The House of Bourbon is an important European royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Langara is a race in the fictional Stargate SG-1 universe. ... is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Louis XVII of France (March 27, 1785 – June 8, 1795), from birth to 1789 known as Louis-Charles, Duke of Normandy; then from 1789 to 1791 as Louis-Charles, Dauphin of Viennois; and from 1791 to 1793 as Louis-Charles, Prince Royal of France, was the son of King Louis...

Siege

The troops of the Convention, the army said to be of the "Carmagnoles", under the command of General Jean François Carteaux, after having recovered Avignon and Marseille, and then Ollioules, on September 8, arrived at Toulon and joined up with the 6,000 men of the Alpine Maritime Army, commanded by General Lapoype, who had just taken La Valette, and was seeking to take the forts of Mount Faron, dominating the city to the East. They were reinforced by 3,000 sailors under the orders of Admiral de Saint Julien, who refused to serve the British with his chief, Trogoff. This article is about a legislative body and constitutional convention during the French Revolution. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Jean François Carteaux. ... Ollioules is a commune of the Var département, in France. ... is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Chief of Artillery for Carteaux, commander Elzear Auguste Donmartin, having been wounded at Ollioules, had the young captain Napoleon Bonaparte imposed upon him by the special representatives of the Convention - Robespierre the Younger and Antoine Christophe Saliceti. Bonaparte had been present in the army since Avignon, and was imposed in this way despite the mutual antipathy between these two men. Augustin Bon Joseph de Robespierre (January 21, 1763 - July 28, 1794) was the younger brother of French Revolutionary leader, Maximilien Robespierre. ... Antoine Christophe Saliceti (1757-1809), French revolutionist, was born at Saliceto, in Corsica, on the 26th of August 1757, of a family of Piacenza. ...

After some reconnaissance, Napoleon Bonaparte conceived a plan which would envisage the capture of the forts of l'Eguillette and Balaguier, on the hill of Cairo, which would then prevent passage between the small and large harbours of the port, which would cut maritime resupplying, necessary for those under siege. Carteaux, reluctant, sent only a weak detachment under Major General Delaborde, which would fail in its attempted conquest on September 22. The allies, having been alerted, built "Fort Mulgrave," so christened in honour of the British commander, on the summit of the hill. It was supported by three smaller ones, called Saint-Phillipe, Saint-Côme, and Saint-Charles. The apparently impregnable collection was nicknamed, by the British, "Little Gibraltar." Nickname: Egypt: Site of Cairo (top center) Coordinates: , Government  - Governor Dr. Abdul Azim Wazir Area  - City 214 km²  (82. ... is the 265th day of the year (266th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Bonaparte was unsatisfied by this sole battery - called the "Mountain," which was positioned on the height of Saint-Laurent since the 19th. He established another, on the 21st, on the shore of Brégallion, called the "Sans Culottes." The admiral attempted to silence it, without success, but the British fleet was obliged to harden its resolve along the coast anew, because of the high seabed of Mourillon and la Tour Royale. On the first of October, after the failure of General Lapoype against the "Eastern Fort" of Faron, Bonaparte was asked to bombard the large fort of Malbousquet, whose fall would be required to enable the capture of the city. He therefore requisitioned artillery from all of the surrounding countryside, holding the power of fifty batteries of six cannon. Promoted to Chief of Battalion on October 19, he organised a grand battery, said to be "of the Convention," on the hill of Arènes and facing the fort, supported by those of the "Camp of the Republicans" on the hill of Dumonceau, by those of the "Farinière" on the hill of Gaux, and those of the "Poudrière" at Lagoubran. Painted rendition of a sans-culottes. ... is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On November 11, Carteaux was dismissed and replaced by Doppet, formerly a doctor, whose indecision would cause an attempted surprise against Fort Mulgrave to fail on the 16th. Aware of his own incompetence, he resigned. He was succeeded by a career soldier, Dugommier, who immediately recognised the virtue of Bonaparte's plan, and prepared for the capture of Little Gibraltar. On the 20th, as soon as he arrived, the battery "Jacobins" was established, on the ridge of l'Evescat. Then, on the left, on November 28, the battery of the "Men Without Fear," and then on December 14, the "Chasse Coquins" were constructed between the two. Two other batteries were organised to repel the eventual intervention of the allied ships, they were called "The Great Harbour" and the "Four Windmills." is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... It has been suggested that Jacobin/Sandbox be merged into this article or section. ... is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 348th day of the year (349th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Pressured by the bombardment, the Anglo-neapolitans executed a sortie, and took hold of the battery of the "Convention." A counterattack, headed by Dugommier and Bonaparte, pushed them back and the British general, O'Hara, was captured. He initiated surrender negotiations with Robespierre the Younger and Antoine Louis Albitte and the Federalist and Royalist battalions were disarmed. General Charles OHara (1740 – February 25, 1802) was a British military officer who surrended the sword of Lieutenant-General Charles Cornwallis at Yorktown, 1781, ending the American Revolutionary War, and served as Governor of Gibraltar. ...

Following O'Hara's capture, Dugommier, Lapoype, and Bonaparte (now a colonel) launched a general assault during the night of December 16. Around midnight, the assault began on Little Gibraltar and the fighting continued all night. Bonaparte was injured in the thigh by a British sergent with a bayonet. However, in the morning, the position having been taken, Marmont was able to place artillery there, against l'Eguillette and Balaguier, which the British had evacuated without confrontation on the same day. During this time, Lapoype finally was able to take the forts of Faron and Malbousquet. The allies then decided to evacuate by their maritime route. Commodore Sydney Smith had the delivery fleet and the arsenal burnt. is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Suppression

The troops of the Convention entered into the city on December 19. The Suppression, directed by Paul Barras and Stanislas Fréron, was extremely bloody. It is estimated that between 800 and 2000 prisoners were shot or slain by bayonet on the Champ de Mars. Bonaparte, treated for his injuries by Jean François Hernandez, was not present at the massacre. Promoted to Brigadier General on December 22, he was already on his way to his new post in Nice as the artillery commander for the Italian Army. A gate, which comprises part of the old walls of the city of Toulon, evokes his departure; a commemorative plaque has been affixed there. This gate is called the "Porte d'Italie." is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Paul François Jean Nicolas Barras Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras (June 30, 1755 – January 29, 1829) was a French revolutionary and the main executive leader of the Directory regime of 1795 - 1799. ... Louis Marie Stanislas Fréron (August 17, 1754 - 1802), was a French Revolutionary. ... View of Champ de Mars from the top of the Eiffel Tower The Champ_de_Mars is a vast public area in Paris, France, located in the 7th arrondissement, between the Eiffel Tower to the northwest and the cole Militaire to the southeast. ... Jean-François Hernandez (born April 23, 1969 in Tours) is a French retired footballer. ... A Brigadier General, or one-star general, is the lowest rank of general officer in the United States and some other countries, ranking just above Colonel and just below Major General. ... December 22 is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Bibliography

• Smith, D. The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book. Greenhill Books, 1998.
• The Fall of Toulon: The Last Opportunity to Defeat the French Revolution; Ireland, B. (2005) Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-84612-4