In economics, more precisely in contract theory, signaling describes the idea that one party (frequently known as the agent), conveys some meaningful information about himself to another party (usually known as the principal.) For example, in Michael Spence's famous job-market signaling model, employees signal the level of their skils to employers by acquiring a certain degree of education.
Signals are often scalar-valued functions of time (waveforms), but may be vector valued and may be functions of any other relevant independent variable.
It is remarkably useful to analyze the frequency spectrum of a signal.
For instance, if a signal is passed through an LTI system, the frequency spectrum of the resulting outputsignal is the product of the frequency spectrum of the original input signal and the frequency response of the system.
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