Simon Dubnow (alternatively spelled Dubnov, Russian: Семен Маркович Дубнов; September 10, 1860–December 8, 1941) was a Jewish historian, writer and activist. September 10 is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years). ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... December 8 is the 342nd day (343rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination...

Simon Dubnow

Simon Dubnow (from Simon-Dubnow-Institut für jüdische Geschichte und Kultur e. ... Simon Dubnow (from Simon-Dubnow-Institut für jüdische Geschichte und Kultur e. ...

Life

Born Shimon Meyerovich Dubnow (Шимон Меерович Дубнов) to a large poor family in the Belarusian town of Mstislavl (Mahilyow region), after receiving a traditional Jewish education in a heder and a yeshiva, he entered into a kazyonnoe yevreyskoe uchilishche (state Jewish school) where he learned the Russian language. Dubnow was unable to graduate because these institutions were soon eliminated by a Tsarist ukase (see May Laws), and he had to pursue his interests in history, philosophy, and linguistics by educating himself. He was particularly fascinated by Heinrich Graetz and the Wissenschaft des Judentums movement. AmÅ›cislaÅ­ (Belarusian: ; Russian: ; sometimes Mstislavl) is a town in Belarus, MahiloÅ­ Province. ... Mahilyow, or MahiloÅ­ (Belarusian Магілёў (MahiloÅ­), Russian Могилёв (Mogilyov), Polish Mohylew or Mogilew) is a city in eastern Belarus, close to the border to Russia with about 300,000 inhabitants. ... Cheders (also known as Heders, Hebrew: room) are traditional elementary schools or classes teaching the basics of Judaism and the Hebrew language. ... This article is about the Jewish educational system. ... Russian ( , transliteration: russkiy yazyk, ) is the most widely spoken language of Eurasia and the most widespread of the Slavic languages. ... Tsar (Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian цар, Russian  , Croatian car, in scientific transliteration respectively car and car ), occasionally spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English, is a Slavonic term designating certain monarchs. ... Ukase (Russian: указ, ukaz) in Imperial Russia was a proclamation of the tsar government, or a religions leader patriarch that had the force of law. ... On May 15, 1882, Tsar Alexander III of Russia introduced the so-called Temporary laws which stayed in effect for more than thirty years and came to be known as the May Laws. ... History studies the past in human terms. ... This article is 58 kilobytes or more in size. ... Linguistics is the scientific study of language, which can be theoretical or applied. ... Heinrich Graetz (October 31, 1817 - September 7, 1891) was the first historian to write a comprehensive history of the Jewish people from a Jewish perspective. ... Wissenschaft des Judentums or the scientific investigation of Judaism, refers to a 19th-century movement premised on the critical investigation of Jewish literature and culture, including rabbinic literature, using scientific methods to analyze the origins of Jewish traditions. ...

In 1880 he used forged documents to move to St Petersburg, which was officially out of reach: a rare exception to the obligation to settle in the small town in the Pale of Settlement was made only to those who were discharged from the military, 'cantonists', doctors, dentists, university graduates and the merchants belonging to the two upper guilds. Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... The Pale of Settlement (Russian: Черта оседлости - cherta osedlosti) was a western border region of Imperial Russia in which permanent residence of Jews was allowed, extending from the pale or demarcation line, to near the border with eastern/central Europe. ... // Cantonists (German: Kantonist, or a person living in a canton) were recruits in Prussia in 1733-1813, liable for draft in one of the cantons. ...

Soon Dubnow's publications appeared in the press, including the leading Russian–Jewish magazine Voskhod. In 1890, during the expulsion of Jews from the capital city, Dubnow was forced to leave. He settled in Odessa and continued to publish studies of Jewish life and history, coming to be regarded as an authority in these areas. For other uses, see Odessa (disambiguation). ...

Dubnow actively participated in contemporary social and political life in the Russian Empire. He called for modernizing Jewish education, organizing Jewish self-defense (see Pogrom), and for equal rights, including the right to vote. Anthem: God Save the Tsar! The Russian Empire in 1914 Capital Saint Petersburg Language(s) Russian Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1721-1725 Peter the Great (first)  - 1894-1917 Nicholas II (last) History  - Established 22 October, 1721  - February Revolution 2 April, 1917 Area  - 1897 22,400,000 km2 8,648,688 sq... Pogrom (from Russian: ; from громить IPA: - to wreak havoc, to demolish violently) is a form of riot directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious or other, and characterized by destruction of their homes, businesses and religious centers. ...

In 1906 he was allowed back to St Petersburg, where he founded and directed the Jewish Literature and Historical-Ethnographic Society and edited the Jewish Encyclopedia. In the same year, he founded the Folkspartei (Jewish People's Party), which successfully worked for the election of MPs and municipal councillors in interwar Lithuania and Poland. After 1917 Dubnow became Professor of Jewish history in Petrograd University. The Jewish Encyclopedia was an encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. ... The Folkspartei (yiddish: Yidishe folkspartay; Peoples Democratic Party, folkist party) was founded after the 1905 pogroms in Russia by Simon Dubnow and Israel Efrojkin. ... A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a parliament. ... Categories: Russia-related stubs | Universities and colleges in Russia | Saint Petersburg ...

In 1922 he emigrated to Kaunas (Kovno) and later to Berlin. His magnum opus was the ten volume History of the Jewish people, first published in German in 1925-1929. Location Ethnographic region Aukštaitija County Kaunas County Municipality Kaunas city municipality Coordinates Number of elderates 11 General Information Capital of Kaunas County Kaunas city municipality Kaunas district municipality Population 361,274 in 2005 (2nd) First mentioned 1361 Granted city rights 1408 Kaunas ( (help· info), approximate English transcription [ˈkəʊ.n... Berlin is the capital city and one of the sixteen states of the Federal Republic of Germany. ... Magnum opus (sometimes Opus magnum, plural magna opera), from the Latin meaning great work,[1] refers to the best, most popular, or most renowned achievement of an author, artist, or composer, and most commonly one who has contributed a very large amount of material. ...

In August 1933, after Adolf Hitler came to power, Dubnow moved to Riga, Latvia. Nazi troops occupied Riga in July 1941, and Dubnow, with thousands of other Jews, was transferred to the Riga ghetto. According to the few survivors, Dubnow repeated to ghetto inhabitants: "Yidn, shreibt un fershreibt" (Yiddish: "Jews, write and record"). Simon Dubnow File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Simon Dubnow File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Hitler redirects here. ... Coordinates: Founded 1201 Government  - Mayor Jānis Birks Area  - City 307. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... Coordinates: Founded 1201 Government  - Mayor Jānis Birks Area  - City 307. ... A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background are united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion. ... Yiddish (Yid. ...

On December 8, 1941, Simon Dubnow was among thousands of Riga ghetto Jews massacred in the Rumbula forest. December 8 is the 342nd day (343rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... Rumbula Forest is a pine forest enclave in Riga, Latvia. ...

Beliefs

Dubnow was ambivalent toward Zionism, and completely rejected assimilation. He believed that the future survival of the Jews as a nation depended on their spiritual and cultural strength, and self-rule in the diaspora. This ideology became known as Jewish Autonomism, and was adopted in various versions in the platforms of some Jewish parties such as the Bund, but after the Holocaust has lost its popularity and practically disappeared from Jewish philosophy. Zionism is a political movement that supports a homeland for the Jewish people in the Land of Israel, where Jewish nationhood is thought to have evolved somewhere between 1200 BCE and late Second Temple times,[1][2] and where Jewish kingdoms existed up to the 2nd century CE. Zionism is... In the social sciences, assimilation is the process of integration whereby immigrants, or other minority groups, are absorbed into a generally larger community. ... The Jewish diaspora (Hebrew: Tefutzah, scattered, or Galut גלות, exile) is the dispersion of the Jewish people throughout Babylonia and the Roman Empire. ... Jewish Autonomism was a non-Zionist political movement that shaped up in Eastern Europe in the early 20th century. ... A Bundist demonstration, 1917 The General Jewish Labour Union of Lithuania, Poland and Russia, in Yiddish the Algemeyner Yidisher Arbeter Bund in Lite, Poyln un Rusland (אַלגמײַנער ײדישער אַרבײטערסבונד אין ליטאַ, פוילין און רוסלאַנד), generally called The Bund (בונד) or the Jewish Labor Bund, was a Jewish political party operating in several European countries between the 1890s and the... Selection of Hungarian Jews at the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp in May/June 1944. ... Jewish philosophy refers to the conjunction between serious study of philosophy and Jewish theology. ...

See also

• History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union
• Timeline of Jewish history

Historical background As waves of anti-Jewish pogroms and expulsions from the countries of Western Europe marked the last centuries of the Middle Ages, a sizable portion of the Jewish populations there moved to the more tolerant countries of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the Middle East. ... This is a timeline of the development of Judaism and the Jewish people. ...

External links

• Autonomism
• Dubnow's biography
• Simon Dubnow Institute
• Works by Simon Dubnow at Project Gutenberg
• Life and writings of Simon Dubnow book by Sophia Dubnow-Erlich (in Russian)

Project Gutenberg logo Project Gutenberg (often abbreviated as PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive, and distribute cultural works via book scanning. ...

Bibliography

• History of the Jewish people (original in German: Weltgeschichte des Jüdischen Volkes, "История еврейского народа") in 10 volumes, 1929
• The newest history of the Jewish people, 1789–1914 (Die neueste Geschichte des Jüdischen Volkes, "Новейшая история еврейского народа"), in three volumes, updated in 1938.
• A History of Hassidism (Geschichte des Chassidismus), 1888.
• Jewish history textbook (Учебник еврейской истории) in 3 volumes, 1901
• My life ("Моя жизнь"), Berlin, 1937