Monosaccharides are carbohydrates in the form of simple sugars. Carbohydrates (literally hydrates of carbon) are chemical compounds that act as the primary biological means of storing or consuming energy, other forms being fat and protein. ... A sugar is a carbohydrate which is sweet to taste. ...

Monosaccharides, crystalline, water soluble and sweet tasting. In solution they rotate plane polarised light. Quartz crystal A crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions. ... Water (from the Old English word wæter) is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless substance that is essential to all known forms of life and is known also as the most universal solvent. ... A substance is soluble in a fluid if it dissolves in the fluid. ...

Monosaccharides are classified by the number of carbon atoms they contain (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose and heptose) and by the active group, which is either an aldehyde or a ketone. These are then combined, e.g. aldohexoses, ketotrioses. General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Atomic mass 12. ... A triose is a monosaccharide containing three carbon atoms. ... A tetrose is a monosaccharide with 4 carbon atoms. ... A pentose is a monosaccharide with five carbon atoms. ... A hexose is a monosaccharide with six carbon atoms. ... A heptose is a monosaccharide with seven carbon atoms. ... kjhfckjdsvsdv ... A ketone is either the functional group characterized by a carbonyl group linked to two other carbon atoms or a compound that contains this functional group. ...

Further, each carbon atom that supports a hydroxyl group (except for the first and last) is chiral, giving rise to a number of isomeric forms all with the same chemical formula. For instance, galactose and glucose are both aldohexoses, but they have differing properties. In chemistry, a molecule is chiral if is not superimposable on its mirror image regardless of how it is contorted. ... In chemistry, isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula and often with the same kinds of bonds between atoms, but in which the atoms are arranged differently. ... Galactose (also called brain sugar) is a type of sugar found in dairy products, in sugar beets and other gums and mucilages. ...

The monosaccharides are classified according to the D or L form of their isomerism. This is a list of some of the monosaccharides, not all are found in nature - some have been synthesised.

• trioses: glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone
• tetroses: erythrose threose
• pentoses:
  • as aldo-pentoses:arabinose, lyxose, ribose(and the derived deoxyribose), xylose
  • as keto-pentoses:ribulose, xylulose
• hexoses:
  • as aldo-ketoses: allose, altose, galactose, glucose, gulose, idose, mannose, tagatose
  • as keto-hexoses: fructose
• keto-heptoses: mannoheptulose, sedoheptulose

A triose is a monosaccharide containing three carbon atoms. ... Fischer projection of D-glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde is a triose carbohydrate with the chemical formula C3H6O3. ... Fischer projection of Dihydroxyacetone Dihydroxyacetone is a triose carbohydrate with the chemical formula C3H6O3. ... A tetrose is a monosaccharide with 4 carbon atoms. ... Fischer projection of D-erythrose D-Erythrose is a tetrose carbohydrate with the chemical formula C4H8O4. ... Fischer projection of D-threose D-Threose is a tetrose carbohydrate with the chemical formula C4H8O4. ... A pentose is a monosaccharide with five carbon atoms. ... Fischer projection of L-arabinose Arabinose is a sugar, one of the pentose series of carbohydrates. ... Ribose Ribose is a five carbon sugar (pentose) that is critical to living creatures. ... Deoxyribose Deoxyribose (more precisely 2-deoxyribose) is a five-carbon sugar (a pentose) derived from the pentose sugar ribose by the repacement of the hydroxyl group at the 2 position with hydrogen, leading to the net loss of an oxygen. ... Xylose is an aldopentose - a simple sugar containing five carbon atoms, and including an aldehyde functional group. ... Ribulose is a sugar or carbohydrate. ... Xylulose is a sugar (a monosaccharide), one of the pentose series of carbohydrates. ... A hexose is a monosaccharide with six carbon atoms. ... Galactose (also called brain sugar) is a type of sugar found in dairy products, in sugar beets and other gums and mucilages. ... A space-filling model of glucose Glucose, a simple monosaccharide sugar, is one of the most important carbohydrates and is used as a source of energy in animals and plants. ... Mannose is a sugar, one of the hexose series of carbohydrates. ... Tagatose is a functional sweetener. ... Fructose is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) found in many foods and one of the three most important blood sugars along with glucose and galactose. ... A heptose is a monosaccharide with seven carbon atoms. ... Sedoheptulose is a keto-heptose - a simple sugar with 5 carbon atoms and a ketone functional group. ...

Physical properties

Colourless, crystalline solids.(sweet)

Structure

With few exceptions (e.g. deoxyribose), they have the empirical chemical formula: Deoxyribose Deoxyribose (more precisely 2-deoxyribose) is a five-carbon sugar (a pentose) derived from the pentose sugar ribose by the repacement of the hydroxyl group at the 2 position with hydrogen, leading to the net loss of an oxygen. ... A chemical formula (also called molecular formula) is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ...

(CH₂O)_n

Monosaccharides contain either a ketone or aldehyde functional group, plus hydroxyl groups on most or all of the non-carbonyl carbon atoms. A ketone is either the functional group characterized by a carbonyl group linked to two other carbon atoms or a compound that contains this functional group. ... kjhfckjdsvsdv ... In ecology functional groups are collections of organisms based on morphological, physiological, behavioral, biochemical, or environmental responses or on trophic criteria. ... Hydroxide is a functional group consisting of oxygen and hydrogen: -O−H It has a charge of 1-. The term hydroxyl group is used when the functional group -OH is counted as a substituent of an organic compound. ... In chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of an atom of carbon double-bonded to an atom of oxygen. ... Properties For alternative meanings see atom (disambiguation). ...

Cyclic structure

Most monosaccharides form cyclic structures, which predominate in aqueous solution, by forming hemiacetals or hemiketals (depending on whether they are aldoses or ketoses) with themselves. Glucose, for example, forms a hemiacetal linkage between its Carbon 1 and the hydroxyl group of its Carbon 5. Since such a reaction introduces an additional chiral center, two anomers are formed from each distinct straight-chain monosaccharide. The interconversion between these two forms is called mutarotation. In sugar chemistry, an anomer is a special type of epimer. ... Mutarotation is the change in specific rotation that occurs when an α (alpha) or β (beta) hemiacetal form of carbohydrate is converted into an equilibrium mixture of the two forms. ...

A common way of representing the cyclic structure of monosaccharides is the Haworth projection. Categories: Stub ...

Isomerism

The number of possible stereo-isomers (n) is dependent on the number of chiral centers (c) in the molecule: n = 2^c.

Nomenclature

Monosaccharides containing an aldehyde group are classified as aldoses. Those containing a ketone group are classified as ketoses. kjhfckjdsvsdv ... An aldose is a sugar containing one aldehyde group per molecule and has the chemical formula C3nH6nO3n. ... A ketone is either the functional group characterized by a carbonyl group linked to two other carbon atoms or a compound that contains this functional group. ... A ketose is a sugar containing one ketone group per molecule and has the chemical formula C3nH6nO3n. ...

Reactions

1. Formation of acetals.
2. Formation of hemiacetals and hemiketals.
3. Formation of ketals.

An acetal is a functional group or molecule containing the functional group of a carbon bonded to two -OR groups. ... A hemiacetal is a functional group or compound containing the function group in the form of: where R and R are any carbon backbones. ... A hemiacetal is a functional group or compound containing the function group in the form of: where R and R are any carbon backbones. ... An ketal is a functional group or molecule containing the functional group of a carbon bonded to two -OR groups. ...

See also

• Carbohydrate
• Disaccharide
• Oligosaccharide
• Polysaccharide

Carbohydrates (literally hydrates of carbon) are chemical compounds that act as the primary biological means of storing or consuming energy, other forms being fat and protein. ... Chemistry A disaccharide is a sugar (a carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharides. ... An oligosaccharide is a saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically three to six) of component sugars, also known as simple sugars. ... Polysaccharides (sometimes called glycans) are relatively complex carbohydrates. ...

External links

Nomenclature of Carbohydrates