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Sindh (Sindhī: سنڌ, Urdū: سندھ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. Different cultural and ethnic groups also reside in Sindh including Urdu speaking people who migrated from India at the time of independence and partition as well as the people migrated from other provinces after independence. Neighbouring regions are Balochistan to the west and north, Punjab in the north, Rajasthan and Gujarat (India) to the east, and the Arabian Sea to the south. The main languages are Sindhi and Siraiki. In Sanskrit, the province was dubbed Sindhu meaning "ocean". The Assyrians (as early as the seventh century BCE) knew the region as Sinda, the Persians Abisind, the Greeks Sinthus, the Romans Sindus, the Chinese Sintow, while the Arabs dubbed it Sind. It is mentioned to be a part of Abhirrdesh (Abhira Kingdom) in Srimad Bhagavatam.[2] Historically it was also known as Aparanta.[3] Sindh was the first place where Islam spread in South Asia. As a result, it is often referred to as "Bab-al-Islam" (Gate of Islam). Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
File links The following pages link to this file: Sindh Categories: GFDL images ...
Subnational entity is a generic term for an administrative region within a country — on an arbitrary level below that of the sovereign state — typically with a local government encompassing multiple municipalities, counties, or provinces with a certain degree of autonomy in a varying number of matters. ...
Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...
(Sindhi: , Urdu: ) is the largest city in Pakistan and is the provincial capital of Sindh province. ...
Population density per square kilometre by country, 2006 Population density map of the world in 1994. ...
This article is about the physical quantity. ...
Timezone and TimeZone redirect here. ...
Pakistan Standard Time (PST) is the time zone for Pakistan. ...
UTC +5 is the timezone for : Pakistan Standard Time in Pakistan. ...
Language families in Pakistan are mainly Indo-Aryan with a minor language belonging to Dravidian (Brahui) and one language isolate (burushaski) English is an official language of Pakistan while Urdu is termed the national language. ...
SindhÄ« (سنڌي, सिनà¥à¤§à¥€) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia, which is now a province of Pakistan. ...
Urdu ( , , trans. ...
Saraiki is an old language spoken in central Pakistan. ...
The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
Balochi may refer to: Baloch people Balochi language This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
Pashto (‎, IPA: , also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto ‎, Pashtoe, Pashtu, Pushtu, Pathani or Pushtoo and also known as Afghan language[4][5]) is an Iranian language spoken by Pashtuns living in Afghanistan and Pakistan[6]. // Geographic distribution of Pashto (purple) and other Iranian languages Pashto is spoken by about 30...
The Districts of Pakistan form the third tier of government in Pakistan, ranking as subdivisions of the provinces of Pakistan. ...
Ronda, Spain Main street in Bastrop, Texas, United States, a small town A town is a community of people ranging from a few hundred to several thousands, although it may be applied loosely even to huge metropolitan areas. ...
Union Councils of Pakistan are local governments in Pakistan. ...
A relief map of Pakistan showing historic sites. ...
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Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan (alternative spelling: Ishrat-ul-Ebad Khan) is, as of 2007, the Governor of the province of Sindh in Pakistan. ...
Syed Qaim Ali Shah is a famous politician from the Pakistan Peoples Party and was a close confidante of the Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. ...
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SindhÄ« (سنڌي, सिनà¥à¤§à¥€) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia, which is now a province of Pakistan. ...
Urdu ( , , trans. ...
Currently, Pakistan is subdivided into four provinces, two territories, and also portions of Kashmir that are administered by the Pakistani government. ...
Sindhis (सिनà¥à¤§à¥€, سنڌي) are an Indo-Aryan language speaking socio-ethnic group of people originating in Sindh which is part of present day Pakistan. ...
Balochistan, or Ballsforchinstan, Balochi, Pashto, Urdu: بلوچستان) is a province in Pakistan, the largest in the country by geographical area. ...
This article is about the Pakistani province. ...
, RÄjasthÄn (DevanÄgarÄ«: राजसà¥à¤¥à¤¾à¤¨, IPA: ) is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area. ...
This article is for the Indian state. ...
The Arabian Sea (Arabic: بØر العرب; transliterated: Bahr al-Arab) is a region of the Indian Ocean bounded on the east by India, on the north by Pakistan and Iran, on the west by Arabian Peninsula, on the south, approximately, by a line between Cape Guardafui, the north-east point of Somalia...
SindhÄ« (سنڌي, सिनà¥à¤§à¥€) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia, which is now a province of Pakistan. ...
Saraiki is an old language spoken in central Pakistan. ...
Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ...
It has been suggested that Assyrian people be merged into this article or section. ...
The Persians of Iran (officially named Persia by West until 1935 while still referred to as Persia by some) are an Iranian people who speak Persian (locally named Fârsi by native speakers) and often refer to themselves as ethnic Iranians as well. ...
Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ...
Languages Arabic other minority languages Religions Predominantly Sunni Islam, as well as Shia Islam, Greek Orthodoxy, Greek Catholicism, Roman Catholicism, Alawite Islam, Druzism, Ibadi Islam, and Judaism Footnotes a Mainly in Antakya. ...
Sudra and Abhira were mentioned as two kingdoms where the river Saraswati existed only as a dried up river bed during the time of Kurukshetra War. ...
The Bhagavata Purana (sometimes rendered as Bhagavatha Purana), also known as the Srimad Bhagavatam, written c. ...
Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir). ...
[edit] Geography Sindh is located on the western corner of South Asia, bordering the Iranian plateau in the west. Geographically it is the third largest province of Pakistan, stretching about 579 km from north to south and 442 km (extreme) or 281 km (average) from east to west, with an area of 54,407 square miles or 140,915 km² of Pakistani territory. Sindh is bounded by the Thar Desert to the east, the Kirthar Mountains to the west, and the Arabian Sea in the south. In the centre is a fertile plain around the Indus river. The devastating floods of the river Indus are now controlled by irrigation techniques. Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir). ...
Topographic map of the Iranian plateau connecting to Anatolia in the west and Hindu Kush and Himalaya in the east Iranian plateau is both a geographical area of South or West Asia, home of ancient civilizations[1], and a geological area of Eurasia north of the great folded mountain belts...
To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions, we list here surface areas between 100,000 km² and 1,000,000 km². ...
Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is a decimal multiple of SI unit of surface area square metre, one of the SI derived units. ...
A NASA satellite image of the Thar Desert, with the India-Pakistan border superimposed is found in canada, united states. ...
Kirthar Mountains range is loacted in Balochistan andSindh provinces of Pakistan. ...
The Arabian Sea (Arabic: بØر العرب; transliterated: Bahr al-Arab) is a region of the Indian Ocean bounded on the east by India, on the north by Pakistan and Iran, on the west by Arabian Peninsula, on the south, approximately, by a line between Cape Guardafui, the north-east point of Somalia...
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Karachi became capital of Sindh in 1936, in place of the traditional capitals of Hyderabad and Thatta. Other important cities include Sanghar, Sukkur, Shahdadkot, Kamber Ali Khan, Sehwan, Mirpukhas, Larkano,Nawabshah, Shikarpur, Khairpur Mir's, Nawabshah, Kashmor, Dadu, Umerkot, Tharparkar, Jacobabad, Ghotki, Ranipur, Gambat, (Jam Shoro) (Tando Muhammed Khan)(Tando Allah Yar)Sobhodero, Hingorja, Nao shahro Feroz, Moro, Qazi Ahmed and Sehtharja. (Sindhi: , Urdu: ) is the largest city in Pakistan and is the provincial capital of Sindh province. ...
Hyderabad or HaidarÄbÄd (Urdu/Sindhi: Øيدر آباد) is located in the Sindh province of Pakistan (formerly known as Neroon Kot نيرÙون ڪوٽ). Formerly the capital of Sindh and known as the city of perfumes, it is now a regional headquarter of the district of Hyderabad. ...
Thatta or Thatto (Urdu: Ù¹Ú¾Ù¹Û, Sindhi:ٺٽو) is a historic town of 22,000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near Lake Keenjhar, the largest freshwater lake in the country. ...
Dadu District (Urdu: دادو ) is located in Sindh, Pakistan. ...
Sukkur (Urdu:سکر, Sindhi: سکھر) is the third largest city of Sindh province, situated on the west bank of Indus River (Pakistan) in Sukkur District. ...
ShahdadKot it is small city in sindh, it was part of Larkana District but in 2005 government announced as District, now it self it is District inclduing Kamber city and Kuba Saeed Khan as major citiez. ...
Sehwan is located in Sindh province of Pakistan. ...
Mirpurkhas District is one of the districts in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. ...
Larkano is the fourth largest city located in the Northwest of Sindh Province, Pakistan. ...
Nawabshah Mudjamrao Road Nawabshah (Urdu: نوابشاÛ) city (established in 1912) is located in the centre of Sindh,Along With Left Bank Of River Indus Near Sakrand Tehsel, Pakistan, and is therefore often known as the Heart of Sindh. ...
Shikarpur is a town of in Sindh province of Pakistan, capital of a district of the same name. ...
Nawabshah Mudjamrao Road Nawabshah (Urdu: نوابشاÛ) city (established in 1912) is located in the centre of Sindh,Along With Left Bank Of River Indus Near Sakrand Tehsel, Pakistan, and is therefore often known as the Heart of Sindh. ...
Kashmore District (Urdu: کشمور ) is a located in the Sindh province of Pakistan. ...
Dadu District (Urdu: دادو ) is located in Sindh, Pakistan. ...
Tharparkar (Urdu: تھرپارکر) is a town located in the Tharparkar District, which is one of 22 districts located in the Sindh province in Pakistan. ...
Jacobabad is a city in the Sindh province of Pakistan, crossed by the Pakistan Western Railway and many main roads of the province. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Ranipur is a town and a nagar panchayat in Jhansi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. ...
Moro may refer to: Moro Islamic Liberation Front Moro reflex Moors The term Moro (pl. ...
[edit] Climate A subtropical region, Sindh is hot in the summer and cold in winter. Temperatures frequently rise above 46 °C (115 °F) between May and August, and the minimum average temperature of 2 °C (36 °F) occurs during December and January. The annual rainfall averages about seven inches, falling mainly during July and August. The Southwest Monsoon wind begins to blow in mid-February and continues until the end of September, whereas the cool northerly wind blows during the winter months from October to January. Image File history File linksMetadata Karachi_port_and_harbour_aerial. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Karachi_port_and_harbour_aerial. ...
(Sindhi: , Urdu: ) is the largest city in Pakistan and is the provincial capital of Sindh province. ...
For other uses, see Celsius (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Celsius (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ...
Sindh lies between the two monsoons - the southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the northeast or retreating monsoon, deflected towards it by Himalayan mountains — and escapes the influence of both. The average rainfall in Sindh is only 15 to 18 cm per year, but the loss during the two seasons is compensated by the Indus, in the form of inundation, caused twice a year by the spring and summer melting of Himalayan snow and by rainfall in the monsoon season. These natural patterns have changed somewhat with the construction of dams and barrages on the Indus. A monsoon is a periodic wind, especially in the Indian Ocean and southern Asia. ...
For the movie Himalaya, see Himalaya (film). ...
Climatically, Sindh is divided in three sections - Siro (upper section centred on Jacobabad), Wicholo (middle section centred on Hyderabad), and Lar (lower section centred on Karachi). In upper Sindh,[4] the thermal equator passes through Sindh. The highest temperature ever recorded was 53 °C (127 °F) in 1919. The air is generally very dry. In winter frost is common. Upper Sindh In upper Sindh, this is the most important town. ...
For other uses, see Celsius (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ...
In central Sindh, average monsoon wind speed is 18 km/hour in June. The temperature is lower than upper Sindh but higher than lower Sindh. Dry hot days and cool nights are summer characteristics. Maximum temperature reaches 43-44°C (110-112°F). Lower Sindh has a damper and humid maritime climate affected by the south-western winds in summer and north-eastern winds in winter and with lower rainfall than central Sindh. The maximum temperature reaches about 35-38°C (95-100°F). In the Kirthar range at 1,800 m7 and higher on the Gorakh Hill and other peaks in Dadu District, temperatures near freezing have been recorded and brief snow fall is received in winters. In meteorology, precipitation is any kind of water that falls from the sky as part of the weather. ...
Gorakh Hill Top(By Rakaposhi Hiking Club Nawabshah Gorakh Hill is a Hill Station of Sindh, Pakistan on the elevation of 6000 Ft. ...
Dadu District (Urdu: دادو ) is located in Sindh, Pakistan. ...
For other uses, see Snow (disambiguation). ...
[edit] Demographics and society -
Main article: Sindhi people | Sindh Demographic Indicators | | Indicator | Statistic | | Urban population | 48.75% | | Rural population | 51.25% | | Population growth rate | 2.80% | | Gender ratio (male per 100 female) | 112.24 | | Economically active population | 22.75% | The 1998 Census of Pakistan indicated a population 30.4 million, the current population can be estimated to be in the range of 42 to 44 million using a compound growth in the range of 2% to 2.8% since then. With just under half being urban dwellers, mainly found in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Mirpurkhas, Ubauro and Larkana. Sindhi is the sole official language of Sindh since the 19th century. The British required all officers posted to Sindh to become fluent in Sindhi upon posting to Sindh. In 1972, the first elected Sindh assembly since the dissolution of the province restored this status but successive governments have failed to implement the law and many officials in the Sindh government cannot speak, read or write the language. Large sections of the population speak Sindhi and Urdu languages with other languages spoken including Siraiki, Kutchi (both dialects of Sindhi), Balochi, Brahui, Punjabi, Pashto, Rajasthani, Persian/Dari, Khowar and Gujarati. The urban areas of Sindh are dominated by Muhajir Urdu as well as by migrant workers from peripheral provinces; and the rural areas consisting of predominantly Sindhi people. Due to this ethnic composition, Sindh has become a highly polarized province. It is estimated that Urdu speaking Muhajirs make up 15% and native Sindhis make up only 60% of the total population of Sindh, and Balochis, Pashtuns and Panjabis a significant part of the rest. The chief tribes of Sindh are Jats and Rajputs, while Balochis and Urdu-speaking Muhajirs are more recent immigrants. Both Balochi Sindhi and natives speak Sindhi language as their mother tongue. By language, Sindhi speakers make up 50% and Urdu speakers make up 13%, while 20% of the total population of Sindh speaks Pashto, Panjabi, Balochi, Seraiki, Thari, Persian, Kutchi, Gujarati, and Bengali. The Punjabis and Pashtuns form the third and fourth biggest community in Sindh after the Sindhis and the Muhajirs. Sindhis (सिनà¥à¤§à¥€, سنڌي) are an Indo-Aryan language speaking socio-ethnic group of people originating in Sindh which is part of present day Pakistan. ...
(Sindhi: , Urdu: ) is the largest city in Pakistan and is the provincial capital of Sindh province. ...
Hyderabad or HaidarÄbÄd (Urdu/Sindhi: Øيدر آباد) is located in the Sindh province of Pakistan (formerly known as Neroon Kot نيرÙون ڪوٽ). Formerly the capital of Sindh and known as the city of perfumes, it is now a regional headquarter of the district of Hyderabad. ...
Sukkur (Urdu:سکر, Sindhi: سکھر) is the third largest city of Sindh province, situated on the west bank of Indus River (Pakistan) in Sukkur District. ...
Area map of Sindh showing the location of Mirpurkhas Mirpurkhas (میرپور خاص) with a population of 124,371 (1981), is a south eastern Pakistani city, fourth largest in the Sindh Province. ...
Larkana or Larkano (Urdu: لاڑکانÛ, Sindhi: لاڙڪاڻو) is the fourth largest city located in the Northwest of Sindh Province, Pakistan, located in Larkana District. ...
SindhÄ« (سنڌي, सिनà¥à¤§à¥€) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia, which is now a province of Pakistan. ...
Urdu ( , , trans. ...
Saraiki is an old language spoken in central Pakistan. ...
The Kutchi language originates from Kutch, India. ...
Balochi may refer to: Baloch people Balochi language This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
The Brahui (بروÛÛŒ) or Bravi (براوÙ) language, spoken by the Brahui, is mainly spoken in Balochistan, Pakistan, although it is also spoken in Afghanistan and Iran. ...
Punjabi (also Panjabi; in GurmukhÄ«, PanjÄbÄ« in ShÄhmukhÄ«) is the language of the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan. ...
Pashto (پښتو; also known as Afghan, Pushto, Pashto, Pashtoe, Pashtu, and Pukhto) is the language spoken by the ethnic Afghan otherwise known as the Pashtun people who inhabit Afghanistan and the Western provinces of Pakistan. ...
Rajasthani (राजसà¥à¤¥à¤¾à¤¨à¥€) is a language of the Indo-Aryan languages family. ...
Farsi redirects here. ...
Dari is a term used to denote one of several closely related Persian dialects spoken in what used to be Greater Khorasan: The official name for the Persian language in Afghanistan; see Dari (Afghanistan) One name used by Zoroastrians (the others being Gabri and Yazdi) to refer to the Northwestern...
Khowar is classified as a Dardic language. ...
Gujarati (ગà«àªœàª°àª¾àª¤à«€ GujÇŽrÄtÄ«; also known as Gujerati, Gujarathi, Guzratee, and Guujaratee[3]) is an Indo-Aryan language descending from Sanskrit, and part of the greater Indo-European language family. ...
The city of San Luis Obispo, an example of an urban area. ...
See Muhajir page for all Muhajir groups in the world Muhajir or Mohajir (Urdu: Ù…Ûاجر) is a term widely used to describe the Muslims who migrated to Pakistan after the independence of Pakistan from India. ...
Sign in a rural area in Dalarna, Sweden Qichun, a rural town in Hubei province, China Rural areas (also referred to as the country, countryside) are settled places outside towns and cities. ...
Sindhis (सिनà¥à¤§à¥€, سنڌي) are an Indo-Aryan language speaking socio-ethnic group of people originating in Sindh which is part of present day Pakistan. ...
The Baloch (Persian: بلوچ alternative transliterations Baluch, Balouch, Balooch, Balush, Balosh, Baloosh, Baloush et al. ...
The Pashtuns (also Pushtun, Pakhtun, or ethnic Afghan; in referring to the period of the British Raj or earlier, sometimes Pathan) are an ethnic/religious group of people, living primarily in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India who follow Pashtunwali, their indigenous religion. ...
Punjabi (sometimes spelled Panjabi) is the language of the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan. ...
The neutrality of this article is disputed. ...
| Historical populations | | Census | Population | Urban |
| | 1951 | 6,047,748 | 29.23% | | 1961 | 8,367,065 | 37.85% | | 1972 | 14,155,909 | 40.44% | | 1981 | 19,028,666 | 43.31% | | 1998 | 30,439,893 | 48.75% | | 2008 | ~43,000,000 | | Sindh's population is predominantly Muslim, but Sindh is also home to nearly all of Pakistan's Hindus, numbering roughly 1.8 million. However, most Sindhi Hindus migrated to India at the time of the Partition. Smaller groups of Christians, Parsis or Zoroastrians, Ahmadis, and a tiny Jewish community (of around 500) can also be found in the province. There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ...
This article is about the Hindu religion; for other meanings of the word, see Hindu (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the Parsi community. ...
Zoroastrianism was adapted from an earlier, polytheistic faith by Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) in Persia very roughly around 1000 BC (although, in the absence of written records, some scholars estimates are as late as 600 BC). ...
This article is about the Ahmadiyya branch of Islam founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. ...
The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ...
The Sindhis as a whole are composed of original descendants of an ancient population known as Sammaat, various sub-groups related to the Siraiki or Baloch origin are found in interior Sindh. Sindhis of Balochi origin make up about 30% of the total population of Sindh, while immigrant Urdu speaking Muhajirs make up 15% of the total population of the province. Also found in the province is a small group claiming descent from early Muslim settlers including Arabs, Turks, Jews, Afghans and Persians. Most of the urban population of Sindh including Karachi and Hyderabad are descendants of people who migrated to Pakistan in 1947.[citation needed] and are called Muhajirs or Urdu-speaking people. Sammaat are Rajput by race, and they are the long dwellers of the region. ...
Saraiki is an old language spoken in central Pakistan. ...
The Baloch (Persian: بلوچ alternative transliterations Baluch, Balouch, Balooch, Balush, Balosh, Baloosh, Baloush et al. ...
Languages Arabic other minority languages Religions Predominantly Sunni Islam, as well as Shia Islam, Greek Orthodoxy, Greek Catholicism, Roman Catholicism, Alawite Islam, Druzism, Ibadi Islam, and Judaism Footnotes a Mainly in Antakya. ...
Languages Historical Jewish languages Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino, others Liturgical languages: Hebrew and Aramaic Predominant spoken languages: The vernacular language of the home nation in the Diaspora, significantly including English, Hebrew, Yiddish, and Russian Religions Judaism Related ethnic groups Arabs and other Semitic groups For the Jewish religion, see Judaism. ...
Ethnic groups of Afghanistan (1980 map) 42% Pashtun 27% Tajik 9% Hazara 9% Uzbek 3% Turkmen 2% Baloch Languages of Afghanistan (1980 map) 50% Dari dialect of Persian 35% Pashto 8% Uzbek 3% Turkmen 2% Baloch The Demographics of Afghanistan are ethnically and linguistically mixed. ...
The Persians of Iran (officially named Persia by West until 1935 while still referred to as Persia by some) are an Iranian people who speak Persian (locally named Fârsi by native speakers) and often refer to themselves as ethnic Iranians as well. ...
[edit] History -
 Indus Valley seal with a seated figure In ancient times, the territory of the modern Sindh province was sometimes known as Sovira (or Souveera) and also as Sindhudesh, Sindhu being the original name for Indus River and the suffix 'desh' roughly corresponding to country or territory. Sindh (Sind) (Sindhi: سنڌ ,Urdu: سندھ, Hindi: सिनà¥à¤§) is one of the provinces of Pakistan. ...
Image File history File links This work is copyrighted. ...
Image File history File links This work is copyrighted. ...
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The first known village settlements date as far back as 7000 BCE. Permanent settlements at Mehrgarh to the west expanded into Sindh. This culture blossomed over several millennia and gave rise to the Indus Valley Civilization around 3000 BCE. Mehrgarh was an ancient settlement in South Asia and is one of the most important sites in archaeology for the study of the earliest neolithic settlements in that region. ...
Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro. ...
The Indus Valley Civilization rivalled the contemporary civilizations of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in both size and scope numbering nearly half a million inhabitants at its height with well-planned grid cities and sewer systems. It is known that the Indus Valley Civilization traded with ancient Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt via established shipping lanes. In ancient Egypt, the word for cotton was Sindh denoting that the bulk of that civilizations cotton was predominantly imported from the Indus Valley Civilization. The pyramids are the most recognizable symbols of the civilization of ancient Egypt. ...
Mesopotamia was a cradle of civilization geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq. ...
A branch of the Indo-Iranian tribes, called the Indo-Aryans are believed to have founded the Vedic Civilization that existed between Sarasvati River and Ganges River around 1500 BCE and also influenced Indus Valley Civilization. This civilization helped shape subsequent cultures in South Asia. Map of the Sintashta-Petrovka culture (red), its expansion into the Andronovo culture during the 2nd millennium BC, showing the overlap with the BMAC in the south. ...
The Indo-Aryans are a wide collection of peoples united by their common status as speakers of the Indo-Aryan (Indic/Indian) branch of the family of Indo-European and Indo-Iranian languages. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
The Sarasvati River is an ancient river that is mentioned in Hindu texts. ...
This article is about the river. ...
Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir). ...
Sindh was conquered by the Persian Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BCE, and became part of the Persian satrapy (province) of Hindush centred in the Punjab to the north. Persian speech had a tendency to replace 'S' with an 'H' resulting in 'Sindu' being pronounced and written as 'Hindu'. They introduced the Kharoshti script and links to the west in the region. Persia redirects here. ...
Founder of empires: Cyrus, The Great is still revered in modern Iran as he was in all the successor Persian Empires. ...
Look up satrap in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
This article is about the geographical region. ...
The Kharoṣṭhī script, also known as the Gāndhārī script, is an ancient alphabetic script used by the Gandhara culture of historic northwest India to write the Gandhari and Sanskrit languages (the Gandhara kingdom was located along the present-day border between Afghanistan and Pakistan between the Indus River and the...
Subsequently conquered by Greeks led by Alexander the Great, the region came under loose Greek control for a few decades. After Alexander's death, there was a brief period of Seleucid rule. Sindh was then conquered by the Mauryans led by Chandragupta in 305 BCE. For the film of the same name, see Alexander the Great (1956 film). ...
The Seleucid Empire was one of several political states founded after the death of Alexander the Great, whose generals squabbled over the division of Alexanders empire. ...
The Mauryan empire (321 to 185 BCE), at its largest extent around 230 BCE. The Lion Capital of Asoka, erected around 250 BCE. It is the emblem of India. ...
This article deals with the fourth century BC founder of the Maurya dynasty. ...
Later, during the reign of the Buddhist king Ashoka the region would solidly become a Buddhist domain. Following a century of Mauryan rule which ended by 232 BCE, the region came under the Greco-Bactrians based in what is today Afghanistan. These rulers also converted to Buddhism and spread it in the region. A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, SiddhÄrtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by...
Allegiance: Magadhan Empire Rank: Emperor Succeeded by: Dasaratha Maurya Reign: 273 BC-232 BC Place of birth: Pataliputra, India Battles/Wars Kalinga War Emperor Ashoka the Great (Devanagari: अशोक(:); IAST transliteration: , pronunciation: ) (304 BC–232 BC) (Imperial Title:Devanampiya Piyadassi ie He who is the beloved of the Gods who, in...
Approximate extent of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom circa 220 BCE. The Greco-Bactrians were a dynasty of Greek kings who controlled Bactria and Sogdiana, an area comprising todays northern Afghanistan and parts of Central Asia, the easternmost area of the Hellenistic world, from 250 to 125 BCE. Their expansion...
The Scythians shattered the Greco-Bactrians fledgling empire. Subsequently, the Tocharian Kushan Empire annexed Sindh by the 1st century CE. Though the Kushans were Zoroastrian, they were tolerant of the local Buddhist tradition and sponsored many building projects for local beliefs. Tocharian refers to an Indo-European culture that inhabited the Tarim basin in what is now Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, northwestern Peoples Republic of China. ...
Boundary of the Kushan empire, c. ...
Zoroastrianism was adapted from an earlier, polytheistic faith by Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) in Persia very roughly around 1000 BC (although, in the absence of written records, some scholars estimates are as late as 600 BC). ...
The Huns and remnants of the Kushans, Scythians, and the Sassanid Persians all exercised some degree of control in Sindh until the coming of the Muslim Arabs in 711 CE. For other uses, see Hun (disambiguation). ...
The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty (Persian: []) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian Empire (226–651). ...
There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ...
Languages Arabic other minority languages Religions Predominantly Sunni Islam, as well as Shia Islam, Greek Orthodoxy, Greek Catholicism, Roman Catholicism, Alawite Islam, Druzism, Ibadi Islam, and Judaism Footnotes a Mainly in Antakya. ...
 An historic image of Rohri - Sukkur During the reign of Rashidun Caliph Umar, an expedition was sent to conquer Makran. This was first time when Muslim armies had entered Sindh. The Islamic army defeated the Hindu king of Sindh Raja Rasil on the western bank of river Indus. The armies of Raja accordingly retreated to interior Sindh. Caliph Umar, on getting the information about the miserable conditions of Sindh stopped his armies from crossing the river Indus and, instead, ordered them to consolidate their position in Makran and Baluchistan. Caliph Umar's successor Uthman also sent his agent to investigate the matters of Sindh. Upon getting the same information of unfavourable geographical conditions and the miserable lives of the people, he forbade his armies from entering Sindh. During the Rashidun Caliphate only the south western part of Sindh around the western bank of river Indus, and some northern parts near the frontiers of Baluchistan remained under the rule of the Islamic empire.[5] It was finally Conquered by Syrian Arabs, led by Muhammad bin Qasim. Sindh became the easternmost province of the Umayyad Caliphate referred to as Al-Sindh on Arab maps with lands further east known as Hind. Ironically, these resemble the current border between the two nations of Pakistan and India. The defeat of the Brahmin ruler Raja Dahir was made easier by the tension between the Buddhist majority and the ruling Brahmins' fragile base of control. Image File history File links Rohri_Town_Sukkur. ...
Image File history File links Rohri_Town_Sukkur. ...
Sukkur (Urdu:سکر, Sindhi: سکھر) is the third largest city of Sindh province, situated on the west bank of Indus River (Pakistan) in Sukkur District. ...
The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( transliteration: ) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first four Caliphs. ...
For main article see: Caliphate The Caliph (pronounced khaleef in Arabic) is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Sharia. ...
For other uses, see Umar (disambiguation). ...
Makran is the southern region of Balochistan, in Iran and Pakistan along the coast of the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. ...
There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ...
This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ...
The Indus is a river; the Indus River. ...
For other uses, see Umar (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see River (disambiguation). ...
The Indus is a river; the Indus River. ...
Makran is the southern region of Balochistan, in Iran and Pakistan along the coast of the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. ...
Major ethnic groups in Pakistan and surrounding areas, in 1980. ...
For main article see: Caliphate The Caliph (pronounced khaleef in Arabic) is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Sharia. ...
For other uses, see Umar (disambiguation). ...
Uthman, Othman, Osman, Usman, or Ozman (Arabic: عثمان) is a male Arabic given name meaning the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people, honest, caring, sincere, genuine, and attractive. The following people share this name: Uthman Ibn Affan Osman I Uthman I, a Marinid caliph Usman dan Fodio...
The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( transliteration: ) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to certain of the Caliphs. ...
The Indus is a river; the Indus River. ...
Major ethnic groups in Pakistan and surrounding areas, in 1980. ...
Template:Islamic Empire infobox The Ottoman Empire (1299 - 29 October 1923) (Ottoman Turkish: Devlet-i Aliye-yi Osmaniyye; literally, The Sublime Ottoman State, modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu), is also known in the West as the Turkish Empire. ...
Muhammad bin Qasim Al-Thaqafi (Arabic: Ù…Øمد بن قاسم) (c. ...
The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ...
A caliphate (from the Arabic خلاÙØ© or khilÄfah), is the Islamic form of government representing the political unity and leadership of the Muslim world. ...
The Sanskrit word denotes the scholar/teacher, priest, caste, class (), or tribe, that has been traditionally enjoined to live a life of learning, teaching and non-possessivenes . ...
Raja Dahir was the brahmin ruler of Deol State situated in Sindh and parts of Punjab during the beggining of what would come to be known as the Islamic conquest of South Asia under the banner of Muhammad bin Qasim for the Umayyad Caliphate. ...
The Arabs redefined the region and adopted the term budd to refer to the numerous Buddhist idols they encountered, a word that remains in use today. The city of Mansura was established as a regional misr or capital. Arab rule lasted for nearly three centuries, and a fusion of cultures produced much of what is today modern Sindhi society. Arab geographers, historians and travelers also sometimes used the name "Sindh" for the entire area from the Arabian Sea to the Hindu Kush. The meaning of the word Sindhu being water (or ocean) appears to refer to the Indus river. Mansura (Arabic: منصورÛ) was the capital of the Arab empire in Pakistan. ...
The Hindu Kush or Hindukush (هندوکش in Persian) is a mountain range in Afghanistan as well as in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. ...
‹ The template below (Citations missing) is being considered for deletion. ...
In addition, there is a mythological belief among Muslims that four rivers had sprung from Heaven: Neel (Nile), Furat (Euphrates), Jehoon (Jaxartes) and Sehoon (Sindh or in modern times the Indus).[citation needed] For other uses, see Nile (disambiguation). ...
For the song River Euphrates by the Pixies, see Surfer Rosa. ...
Syr Darya (also known as Syrdarya or Sirdaryo) is a river in Central Asia. ...
Arab rule ended with the ascension of the Soomro dynasty, who were local Sindhi Muslims, and who controlled the province directly and as vassals from 1058 to 1249. Turkic invaders conquered the area by 977 CE and the region loosely became part of the Ghaznavid Empire and then the Delhi Sultanate which lasted until 1524. For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ...
Soomro or Soomra (Urdu: سومرو ) is the name of a Sindhi tribe in Sindh, Pakistan. ...
This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ...
The Ghaznavid Empire (سلسله غزنویان in Persian) was a state in the region of todays Afghanistan that existed from 962 to 1187. ...
The Delhi Sultanate (دلی سلطنت), or Sulthanath-e-Hind (سلطنت٠Ûند) / Sulthanath-e-Dilli (سلطنت٠دلی) refers to the various Muslim dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526. ...
The Mughals seized the region and their rule lasted for another two centuries, while another local Sindhi Muslim group, the Samma, challenged Mughal rule from their base at Thatta. The Muslim Sufi played a pivotal role in converting the millions of native people to Islam. The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ...
Samma dynasty ruled in Sindh and parts of Punjab and Balochistan from 1351-1551 A.D. The Samma dynasty declined and was replaced by Arghun Dynasty. ...
Thatta or Thatto (Urdu: Ù¹Ú¾Ù¹Û, Sindhi:ٺٽو) is a historic town of 22,000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near Lake Keenjhar, the largest freshwater lake in the country. ...
Sufism (Arabic تصوف taṣawwuf) is a system of esoteric philosophy commonly associated with Islam. ...
For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ...
Though part of larger empires, Sindh continued to enjoy a certain autonomy as a loyal Muslim domain and came under the rule of the Arghun Dynasty and the Tarkhan Dynasty from 1519 to 1625. Arghun Dynasty was established in Sindh by Shah Beg a descendent of Genghiz Khan. ...
Tarkhan Dynasty or Turkhan (Urdu: سلسله ترخان ) was established by Turkic Tarkhan and they ruled Sindh, Pakistan, from 1554 to 1591 AD. General Mirza Isa Beg founded the Tarkhan Dynasty in Sindh after the death of Shah Hassan Arghun of the Arghun Dynasty. ...
Sindh became a vassal-state of the Afghan Durrani Empire by 1747. It was then ruled by Kalhora rulers and later the Balochi Talpurs[6] from 1783. The Durrani Empire was a larger state that included modern Afghanistan, Pakistan, parts of eastern Iran and western India. ...
Kalhora dynasty ruled Sindh province of Pakistan from 1701 to 1783 AD. Kalhoras ruled Sindh for 85 years and there were twelve Kalhora rulers during this time. ...
Balochi may refer to: Baloch people Balochi language This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
British forces under General Charles Napier arrived in Sindh in the 19th century and conquered it in 1843. It is said that he sent back to the Governor General a one-word message, "Peccavi" – Latin for "I have sinned". In actual fact, this pun first appeared as a cartoon in Punch magazine. The first Aga Khan helped the British in the conquest of Sindh and was granted a pension as a result.[citation needed]. General Sir Charles James Napier General Sir Charles James Napier GCB (August 10, 1782 – August 29, 1853) was a British general and Commander-in-Chief in India. ...
For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ...
Punch was a British weekly magazine of humour and satire published from 1841 to 1992 and from 1996 to 2002. ...
Aga Khan I (Arabic: ‎) (1800 1881) was the title accorded by general consent to Hasan Ali Shah (born in Persia, 1800), when, in early life, he first settled in Bombay under the protection of the British government. ...
After 1853, Sindh was divided into provinces, each being assigned a Zamindar or 'Wadara' to collect taxes for the British (a system already used under the Mughals). In a highly controversial move, Sindh was later made part of British India's Bombay Presidency much to the surprise of the local population who found the decision illogical. Shortly afterwards, the decision was reversed and Sindh became a separate province in 1935. The British ruled the area for a century and Sindh was home to many prominent Muslim leaders including Muhammad Ali Jinnah who agitated for greater Muslim autonomy. Zamindar, also known as Zemindar, Zamindari, or the Zamindari System (Persian: زمیندار) were employed by the Mughals to collect taxes from peasants. ...
The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ...
Anthem God Save The Queen/King British India, circa 1860 Capital Calcutta (1858-1912), New Delhi (1912-1947) Language(s) Hindi, Urdu, English and many others Government Monarchy Emperor of India - 1877-1901 Victoria - 1901-1910 Edward VII - 1910-1936 George V - January-December 1936 Edward VIII - 1936-1947 George...
Bombay Presidency was a former province of British India. ...
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Urdu: ) (December 25, 1876 – September 11, 1948) was a Muslim politician and leader of the All India Muslim League who founded Pakistan and served as its first Governor-General. ...
In 1947, when the British left, Pakistan was created from the partitioning of British India. All of Sindh was allotted to Pakistan. In 1947, 25 per cent of the population of Sindh was Hindu Sindhi. Most of the Hindu Sindhis were city dwellers and were largely occupied with trade and commerce. They were responsible for the export of products made in Sindh and contributed significantly to the economy of Sindh. When the partition of British India occurred the Sindhi Hindus expected to remain in Sindh. Generally, there were good relation between Hindu Sindhis and Muslims Sindhis. When large waves of Mohajirs started to pour into Sindh, violence erupted on the streets, mirroring the violence occuring in India by Hindu refugees. The Hindu Sindhis fled Sindh, leaving everything behind. Popati Hirandani who was a Sindhi Hindu tells in her autobiography that the Police were merely onlookers when violence erupted and they did not protect the Hindus' community.[7] Many Hindu Sindhis wanted to return to their native Sindh when the violence settled down, but this was not possible as the border between India and Pakistan was sealed. Property belonging to the Hindus was appropriated by the Mohajirs in the same manner that their properties in India were given to Hindu refugees. Hindu Sindhis are scattered throughout the world and many feel like a stateless people and still regard Sindh as their homeland, Sindhis in India have resisted attempts to have the word Sindh removed from the Indian national anthem, though Sindh lies entirely within Pakistan.[8] It should be noted, that many Sindhi Hindus still reside in the province of Sindh and relations have considerably improved. Muhajir is an Arabic word, widely used in the Muslim world that refers to someone who has emigrated from one place to another. ...
In later years, Sindh has been the destination of a continuous stream of illegal immigration from South Asian countries, Burma, and Afghanistan, including Bengali, Pashtun and Punjabi immigrants to Karachi. Many native Sindhis resent this influx. Nonetheless, traditional Sindhi families remain prominent in Pakistani politics, especially the Bhutto and Soomro dynasties. This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
The Pashtuns (also Pushtun, Pakhtun, ethnic Afghan, or Pathan) are an ethno-linguistic group consisting mainly of eastern Iranian stock living primarily in eastern and southern Afghanistan, and the North West Frontier Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Baluchistan provinces of Pakistan. ...
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