Pre-contact distribution of the Siouan languages

The Siouan (a.k.a. Siouan proper, Western Siouan) languages are a Native American language family of North America. The Siouan family is related to the Catawban family, together making up the Siouan-Catawban family. Some authors use the term Siouan to refer to the Siouan-Catawban family and the term Siouan proper to refer to the Siouan family. A Hupa man, 1923 The scope of this indigenous peoples of the Americas article encompasses the definitions of indigenous peoples and the Americas as established in their respective articles. ... Current distribution of Human Language Families Most languages are known to belong to language families. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west by the... Siouan-Catawban is a language family of North America. ...

While the Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota comprise "the Great Sioux Nation", the language family is much broader and includes "the old speakers", the Ho-Chunk and their linguistic cousins, the Crow. The Siouan family also extends back East and down South. The Lakota (IPA: ) (also Lakhota, Teton, Titonwon) are a Native American tribe. ... Dakota (borrowed from the autonym of the Sioux people) may refer to: A group of Amerindian tribes (see Sioux), or lands named after them: The related tribes in Minnesota known as the Santee or Dakota Oyate (Nation), including the Prairie Island (Mdewakanton and Wahpekute) Indian Community, the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux... The Lakota (friends or allies, sometimes also spelled Lakhota) are a Native American tribe, also known as the Sioux (see Names). ... The Great Sioux Nation is a general term sometimes applied to the Sioux generally or the Lakota specifically. ... The Ho-Chunk or Winnebago (as they are commonly called) are a tribe of Native Americans, native to what are now Wisconsin and Illinois. ... The Crow, also called the Absaroka or Apsáalooke, are a tribe of Native Americans who historically lived in the Yellowstone river valley and now live on a reservation south of Billings, Montana. ...

While social migrations have yet to be definitively worked out, linguistic and historical sitings indicate a southern origin of Siouan people, with migrations over a thousand years ago from North Carolina and Virginia to Ohio, then both down the Ohio River to the Mississippi and up to the Missouri, and across Ohio to Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota, home of the Dakota. State nickname: Tar Heel State; Old North State Official languages English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Governor Michael Easley (D) Senators Elizabeth Dole (R) Richard Burr (R) Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 28th 139,509 km² 9. ... State nickname: Old Dominion Official languages English Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Governor Mark R. Warner (D) Tim Kaine (D-Governor Elect) Senators John Warner (R) George Allen (R) Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 35th 110,862 km² 7. ... State nickname: The Buckeye State Official languages None Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Governor Bob Taft (R) Senators Mike DeWine (R) George V. Voinovich (R) Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 34th 116,096 km² 8. ... The Ohio River is a principal tributary of the Mississippi River, 1,579 km (981 mi) long in the eastern United States. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... State nickname: The Show Me State Official languages English Capital Jefferson City Largest city Kansas City (largest metropolitan area is Saint Louis) Governor Matt Blunt (R) Senators Kit Bond (R) Jim Talent (R) Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 21st 69,709 mi²; 180,693 km² 1. ... State nickname: The Buckeye State Official languages None Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Governor Bob Taft (R) Senators Mike DeWine (R) George V. Voinovich (R) Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 34th 116,096 km² 8. ... State nickname: Land of Lincoln, The Prairie State Official languages English Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Governor Rod Blagojevich (D) Senators Richard Durbin (D) Barack Obama (D) Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 25th 149,998 km² 4. ... State nickname: Badger State Official languages None Capital Madison Largest city Milwaukee Governor Jim Doyle (D) Senators Herb Kohl (D) Russ Feingold (D) Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 23rd 169,790 km² 17 Population  - Total (2000)  - Density Ranked 18th 5,453,896 38. ... State nickname: North Star State, The Land of 10,000 Lakes, The Gopher State Official languages None Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Governor Tim Pawlenty (R) Senators Mark Dayton (D) Norm Coleman (R) Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 12th 225,365 km² 8. ... Dakota (borrowed from the autonym of the Sioux people) may refer to: A group of Amerindian tribes (see Sioux), or lands named after them: The related tribes in Minnesota known as the Santee or Dakota Oyate (Nation), including the Prairie Island (Mdewakanton and Wahpekute) Indian Community, the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux...

Family division

The Siouan family consists of 17 languages with various sub-languages:

I. Missouri River Siouan (a.k.a. Crow-Hidatsa)

1. Crow (a.k.a. Absaroka, Apsaroka, Apsaloka, Upsaroka)

2. Hidatsa (a.k.a. Gros Ventre, Minitari, Minnetaree)

II. Mandan Siouan The Crow, also called the Absaroka or Absáalooke, are a tribe of Native Americans who historically lived in the Yellowstone river valley and now live on a reservation south of Billings, Montana, and the current chairman of the tribal council is Carl Venne. ... Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation, also known as the Three Affiliated Tribes, are a Native American group comprised of a union of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara peoples, whose native lands ranged across the Missouri River basin in the Dakotas. ...

3. Mandan

a. Nuptare

b. Neutare

III. Mississippi Valley Siouan (a.k.a. Central Siouan) Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation, also known as the Three Affiliated Tribes, are a Native American group comprised of a union of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara peoples, whose native lands ranged across the Missouri River basin in the Dakotas. ...

A. Dakotan (a.k.a. Sioux-Assiniboine-Stoney)

4. Sioux

a. Santee-Sisseton (a.k.a. Santee, Eastern Sioux, Dakota)

i. Santee

ii. Sisseton

b. Yankton-Yanktoni (a.k.a. Yankton, Central Sioux)

i. Yankton

ii. Yanktoni

c. Teton (a.k.a. Lakhota, Lakota, Western Sioux)

i. Northern Teton

ii. Southern Teton

5. Assiniboine (a.k.a. Assiniboin)

6. Stoney (a.k.a. Alberta Assiniboine)

B. Chiwere-Winnebago (a.k.a. Chiwere)

7. Chiwere (a.k.a. Ioway-Otoe-Missouria, Ioway-Otoe)

a. Iowa (a.k.a. Ioway)

b. Otoe (a.k.a. Oto, Jiwere)

c. Missouria (a.k.a. Missouri)

8. Winnebago (a.k.a. Hocák, Hochunk, Hochank, Hocangara, Hotcangara, Hochangara)

C. Dhegiha (a.k.a. Dhegihan)

9. Omaha-Ponca

a. Omaha

b. Ponca (a.k.a. Ponka)

10. Kansa-Osage

a. Kansa (a.k.a. Kanza, Kaw) (†)

b. Osage

11. Quapaw (a.k.a. Kwapa, Kwapaw, Arkansas) (†)

IV. Ohio Valley Siouan (a.k.a. Southeastern Siouan) Lakota or Lakhota (as it is also commonly spelled) is the largest of the five major dialects of the Sioux language. ... Santee can refer to: Several towns in the United States Santee, California Santee, Nebraska Santee, South Carolina Two different ships The USS Santee (1855) The USS Santee (CVE-29) The Santee River This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same... Sisseton is a city located in Roberts County, South Dakota. ... Yankton is the name of: A county in South Dakota, or The county seat of Yankton County. ... Lakota is a language spoken by the Native American Lakota people. ... The Assiniboine, also known as the Assnipwan or sometimes the Stone Sioux, are a Native American people, originally from the Northern Great Plains area of North America, specifically in present-day Montana and parts of Canada around the US/Canadian border. ... Mark Stoney is a British musician, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist. ... The Iowa (also spelled Ioway) are a Native American people. ... The Otoe or Oto are a Native American people. ... The Ho-Chunk or Winnebago (as they are commonly called) are a tribe of Native Americans, native to what are now Wisconsin and Illinois. ... The Omaha tribe began as a larger woodland tribe comprised of both the Omaha and Quapaw tribes. ... The Ponca are a Native American tribe originally living around the mouth of the [[Niobrara River],] Nebraska, but was later removed to the Indian Territory. ... The Official Seal of The Kaw Nation of Oklahoma The Kaw are an American Indian people of the central Midwest. ... The Osage are American Indian People of the central Midwest. ... The Quapaw people are a tribe of Native Americans who historically resided on the west side of the Mississippi River. ...

A. Virginia Siouan

12. Tutelo

13. Saponi (a.k.a. Saponey) (†)

14. Moniton

15. Occaneechi

B. Mississippi Siouan (a.k.a. Ofo-Biloxi) (†)

16. Biloxi (†)

17. Ofo (a.k.a. Ofogoula) (†)

(†) - Extinct language Saponi was one of the eastern Siouan tribes, formerly living in North Carolina and Virginia, but now extinct. ... An extinct language (also called a dead language) is a language which no longer has any native speakers. ...

Another view of both the Dakotan and Mississippi Valley branches is to represent them as dialect continuums. A dialect continuum is a range of dialects spoken across a large geographical area, differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close, and gradually decreasing in mutual intelligibility as the distances become greater. ...

Genetic relations

Some linguists associate Siouan languages with Caddoan and Iroquoian languages in a Macro-Siouan language family. The Caddo are a nation, or group of tribes, of Native Americans who, in the 16th century, inhabited much of what is now East Texas, Western Louisiana and portions of southern Arkansas and Oklahoma. ... The Iroquoian languages are a Native American language family. ... The Macro-Siouan languages are a proposed language family that includes the Siouan, Iroquoian, and Caddoan languages. ...

See also

• Siouan-Catawban languages

Siouan-Catawban is a language family of North America. ...

Bibliography

• Parks, Douglas R.; & Rankin, Robert L. (2001). The Siouan languages. In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 94-114). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-050400-7.

External links

• The Siouan Languages Bibliography
• Siouan languages FAQ
• Siouan languages mailing list archive
• Siouan family (Ethnologue)