A glass of milk

Milk most often means the nutrient fluid produced by the mammary glands of female mammals. It provides the primary source of nutrition for newborns before they are able to digest more diverse foods. It is also processed into dairy products such as cream, butter, yoghurt, ice-cream, gelato, cheese, casein, whey protein, lactose, dried milk, and many other food-additive and industrial products. Download high resolution version (600x800, 23 KB)Milk from WP-De - large (really) version This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Download high resolution version (600x800, 23 KB)Milk from WP-De - large (really) version This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Mammary glands are milk-secreting adaptations of sweat glands and are the characteristic of mammals which gave the class its name. ... Orders Subclass Monotremata Monotremata Subclass Marsupialia Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Subclass Placentalia Xenarthra Dermoptera Desmostylia Scandentia Primates Rodentia Lagomorpha Insectivora Chiroptera Pholidota Carnivora Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Cetacea Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Proboscidea Sirenia The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals primarily characterized by the presence of mammary... A human infant The word Infant derives from the Latin in-fans, meaning unable to speak. ... Dairy products are generally defined as foodstuffs produced from milk. ... This article is about cream, the food item. ... balls of butter on a plate Butter is a dairy product made by churning fresh cream. ... Yoghurt Yoghurt or yogurt, less commonly yoghourt, is a dairy product produced by bacterial fermentation of milk. ... Missing image Ice cream is often served on a stick Boxes of ice cream are often found in stores in a display freezer. ... Roman Gelato Gelato is a frozen dessert made from water, milk and/or soy milk, combined with flavourings, sweeteners, and a stabilizing agent. ... Cheese is a solid food made from the curdled milk of various animals—most commonly cows but sometimes goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. ... See Casein paint for information about casein usage in artistic painting. ... Lactose is the sugar making up around 2-8% of the solids in milk. ...

It can also be used to mean

• the white juice and the processed meat of the coconut in, more or less, liquid form, used especially in Thai, Indian (Kerala), and Polynesian cuisine.
• a non-animal substitute such as soya milk, rice milk, and almond milk.

Human milk is often fed to infants through breastfeeding, either directly or by the female expressing her milk to be saved and fed later. As colostrum, it carries the mother's antibodies and intestinal bacteria to the baby. Binomial name Cocos nucifera L. The Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera), is a member of the family Arecaceae (palm family). ... Thai seafood curry Thai cuisine is known for its blend of fundamental flavors in each dish -- hot (spicy), sour, sweet, salty and bitter. ... Regional cuisines Indian cuisine can be broken down into three distinct regional styles: North Indian Rajasthan/Gujarat Punjab Kashmir Benaras Mughlai/durbar South Indian Kerala Andhra Kannada/Mysore Tamil cuisine Maharashtrian Eastern Bengali Assamese Thanks to Indias geography, wheat is a staple of North Indian foods, while rice is... Kerala (or Keralam) is a state in South India, occupying a narrow strip of Indias southwestern coast. ... Polynesia (from Greek, poly = many and nesi = island) is a large grouping of over 1,000 islands in the central and southern Pacific Ocean. ... Soy milk or soya milk (Chinese: 豆浆 or 豆奶, Japanese:豆乳) is the liquid extraction processed from soy beans after soaking, grinding, cooking and straining. ... Rice milk is a milk-like drink processed from rice. ... Almond milk is a milk substitute made from processed almonds. ... Breast milk usually refers to the milk produced by a human female which is usually fed to infants by breastfeeding. ... A human infant The word Infant derives from the Latin in-fans, meaning unable to speak. ... A breastfeeding infant Breastfeeding is the practice of a woman feeding an infant (or sometimes a toddler or a young child) with milk produced from her mammary glands, usually directly from the nipples. ... Colostrum (occasionally known as beestings) is a form of milk produced by the mammary glands in late pregnancy and the first hours after giving birth. ... Schematic of antibody binding to an antigen An antibody is a protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. ...

Composition and nutrition

The composition of milk varies greatly among different mammals.

• Human breast milk is thin and high in lactose, its primary sugar.
• Cow's milk, in contrast, is lower in sugar and higher in protein, and is composed of about 3.5% to 6.5% milkfat, 4% to 8.5% milk solids and about 88% water. Its main protein (80%) is casein, while whey proteins make up most of the rest.

Lactose in milk is digested with the help of the enzyme lactase produced by the bodies of infants. In humans, production of lactase falls off towards adulthood (depending on the person's ethnic origin), in many cases to the point where lactose becomes indigestible, leading to lactose intolerance a gastrointestinal condition that afflicts many. Lactose is the sugar making up around 2-8% of the solids in milk. ... This article deals with sugar as food and as an important, widely traded commodity; the word also has other uses; see Sugar (disambiguation) A sugar is a form of carbohydrate; the most commonly used sugar is a white crystalline solid, sucrose; used to alter the flavor and properties (mouthfeel, perservation... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... See Casein paint for information about casein usage in artistic painting. ... Neuraminidase ribbon diagram An enzyme (in Greek en = in and zyme = leaven) is a protein, or protein complex, that catalyzes a chemical reaction and also controls the 3D orientation of the catalyzed substrates. ... Lactase (or β-galactosidase) is the enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of lactose to galactose and glucose. ... Lactose intolerance is the name given to the condition (found in the majority of humans) in which lactase, an enzyme needed for proper metabolization of lactose, is not produced in adulthood. ... For the Physics term GUT, please refer to Grand unification theory The gastrointestinal or digestive tract, also referred to as the GI tract or the alimentary canal or the gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and...

There is some controversy over whether consumption of cow's milk is good for adult humans. While milk is often touted as healthy for its significant amount of calcium, required for healthy bone growth and nerve function, there is some disputed research to suggest that proteins in milk interfere with the use of its calcium to form bones by increasing the acidity level of the blood and triggering a response which balances that acidity level by leeching calcium that is presently in bones. However, the composition of milk differs widely from species to species; cow's milk is a completely different substance than goat's milk for instance, which any person who tastes both will recognize. Such factors as the lactose content, the proportion of and size of the butterfat globule and the strength of the curd, formed by the human enzymes digesting the milk, can differ from breed to breed and mammal to mammal. General Name, Symbol, Number calcium, Ca, 20 Series alkaline earth metal Group, Period, Block 2 (IIA), 4, s Density, Hardness 1550 kg/m3, 1. ... Grays illustration of a human femur, a typically recognized bone. ... A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of nerve fibers or axons, which includes the glia that ensheath the axons in myelin. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ...

Butterfat

c.f. Stephen Moulton Babcock as in the Badcock test. Stephen Moulton Babcock (1843 - 1931) was a U.S. agricultural chemist. ...

Cow's milk

Cow's milk is most often produced on an industrial scale for human consumption. It is the most commonly consumed form of milk. Dairy farming has become such a large business that in many countries the process is highly automated. Farmers even use machines which attach to the udder of the cow and milk it automatically. Dairy farming is a class of agricultural enterprise, raising female cattle for long-term production of milk, which may be either processed on-site or transported to a dairy for processing and eventual retail sale. ... Categories: Stub | Anatomy ... Milking is the term given to the act of removing milk from the mammary glands of an animal, typically cows (cattle) and sometimes goats. ...

Varieties and brands

Cow's milk is generally available in several varieties. In some countries these are:

• full cream (or "whole" in North America)
• semi-skimmed ("reduced fat" or "low fat", about 1.5-1.8% fat)
• skimmed (about 0.1% fat)

Milk in the U.S. and Canada is sold as

• "whole" varieties
• "2 percent" (reduced fat)
• "1 percent" (low fat)
• "1/2 percent" (low fat)
• "skim" (very low fat)

Full cream, or whole milk, has the full milk fat content (about 3-4% if Friesian- or Holstein-breed are the source). For skimmed or semi-skimmed milk, all of the fat content is removed and then some (in the case of semi-skimmed milk) is returned. The best-selling variety of milk is semi-skimmed; in some countries full-cream (whole) milk is generally seen as less healthy and skimmed milk is often thought to lack taste. Whole milk is recommended to provide sufficient fat for developing toddlers who have graduated from breast milk or infant formula. Friesian (alternate spelling: Frisian) can refer to: An inhabitant of Frisia (consisting of the province of Friesland in the Netherlands, and portions of the states of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein in Germany) - see Frisians The language spoken in Frisia - see Frisian language A breed of horse from Frisia, see... The Holstein, or Friesian as it is known in the UK, is a cattle breed used in dairy farming. ... Breast milk usually refers to the milk produced by a human female which is usually fed to infants by breastfeeding. ... An infant being fed by bottle. ...

There are many brands of milk currently; most milk brands vary little from each other. These brands include:

• Alpenrose
• Anchor (a brand from Fonterra)
• Dairy Farmers
• H.P. Hood
• Leche Caparra
• Leche Suiza
• Lucerne
• Parmalat
• Pauls (a subsidiary of Parmalat in Australia)
• Pura
• Shamrock Milks
• Tenuvah
• Vinamilk

Milk is the state drink of Minnesota, Pennsylvania,Maryland and South Carolina. Alpenrose Dairy is a dairy company located in southwest Portland, Oregon since 1916. ... Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd (generally referred to simply as Fonterra) is a large New Zealand dairy company. ... Parmalat SpA, an Italian dairy and food company and Europes biggest dairy company, was declared bankrupt in late 2003. ... Parmalat SpA, an Italian dairy and food company and Europes biggest dairy company, was declared bankrupt in late 2003. ... Shamrock Milk is a well known milk brand that is distributed by Shamrock Farms Foods in Southwestern United States. ... State nickname: North Star State Other U.S. States Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Governor Tim Pawlenty Official languages None Area 225,365 km² (12th)  - Land 206,375 km²  - Water 18,990 km² (8. ... State nickname: The Keystone State Other U.S. States Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Governor Ed Rendell Official languages None Area 119,283 km² (33rd)  - Land 116,074 km²  - Water 3,208 km² (2. ... State nickname: Old Line State; Free State Other U.S. States Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Governor Robert L. Ehrlich Official languages English Area 32,160 km² (42nd)  - Land 25,338 km²  - Water 6,968 km² (21%) Population (2000)  - Population 5,296,486 (19th)  - Density 165 /km² (5th) Admittance into... State nickname: Palmetto State Other U.S. States Capital Columbia Largest city Columbia Governor Mark Sanford Official languages English Area 82,965 km² (40th)  - Land 78,051 km²  - Water 4,915 km² (6%) Population (2000)  - Population 4,012,012 (26th)  - Density 51. ...

Other milk animals

In addition to cows, the following animals provide milk for dairy products:

• Sheep
• Goats
• Horses
• Asses (donkeys)
• Camels (including the South American camelids)
• Yaks
• Water buffalo
• Reindeer

In Russia and Sweden, small moose dairies exist [1] (http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/06/23/sweden.moosecheese.ap/index.html). Donkey and horse milk have the lowest fat content, while the milk of seals contains more than 50% fat. [2]  (http://www.havemilk.com/content/contentid/1706#contentbyspecies) This article is about the animal, sheep; for other meanings of Sheep, see Sheep (disambiguation). ... Categories: Animal stubs ... Binomial name Equus caballus The Horse (Equus caballus) is a large ungulate mammal, one of the seven modern species of the genus Equus. ... Binomial name Equus asinus The donkey or ass (Equus asinus) is a domesticated animal of the horse family, Equidae. ... Binomial name Equus asinus The donkey or ass (Equus asinus) is a domesticated animal of the horse family, Equidae. ... For other uses, see Camel (disambiguation). ... This article is about the animal. ... Water Buffalo in Indonesia Binomial name Bubalus arnee (Kerr, 1792) The Water Buffalo is a very large ungulate. ... Binomial name Rangifer tarandus The reindeer, known as caribou in North America, is an Arctic-dwelling deer (Rangifer tarandus). ... This article is about the land mammal. ... subfamilies Otariidae Phocidae Odobenidae Pinnipeds are large marine mammals belonging to the Pinnipedia, a family (sometimes a suborder or superfamily, depending on the classification scheme) of the order Carnivora. ...

Curdling

When raw milk is left standing for a while, it turns sour. This is the result of fermentation: lactic acid bacteria turning the milk sugar into lactic acid. This fermentation process is exploited in the production of various dairy products such as cheese and yogurt. Raw milk is milk that has not been processed via pasteurization (heating) or homogenization before consumption by humans. ... In its strictest sense fermentation (scientifically called zymosis) is the energy-yielding anaerobic metabolic breakdown of a nutrient molecule, such as glucose, without net oxidation. ... Species L. acidophilus L. bulgaricus L. plantarum L.reuteri etc. ... Lactic acid is a chemical compound that plays a role in several biochemical processes. ... Cheese is a solid food made from the curdled milk of various animals—most commonly cows but sometimes goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. ... Yoghurt Yoghurt (from Turkish: yoğurt), or yogurt, less commonly yoghourt, or yogourt, is a dairy product produced by bacterial fermentation of milk. ...

Pasteurized cow's milk, on the other hand, spoils in a way that makes it unsuitable for consumption, causing it to assume an unpleasant odor and pose a high danger of food poisoning if ingested. The naturally-occurring lactic acid bacteria in raw milk, under suitable conditions, quickly produce large amounts of lactic acid. The ensuing acidity in turn prevents other germs from growing, or slows their growth significantly. Through pasteurization, however, these lactic acid bacteria are mostly destroyed, which means that other germs can grow unfettered and thus cause decomposition. Pasteurization is the process of heating food for the purpose of killing harmful organisms such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, molds, and yeasts. ... Foodborne illness or food poisoning is caused by consuming food contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, toxins, viruses, prions or parasites. ... Lactic acid is a chemical compound that plays a role in several biochemical processes. ... For alternative meanings see acid (disambiguation). ... This article is about disease-causing organisms. ...

In order to prevent spoilage, milk can be kept refrigerated and stored between 1 and 4 degrees Celsius. Most milk is Pasteurized by heating briefly and then refrigerated to allow transport from Factory Farms to local markets. The spoilage of milk can be forestalled by using ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatment; milk so treated can be stored unrefrigerated for several months until opened. Sterilized milk, which is heated for a much longer period of time, will last even longer, but also lose more nutrients and assume a still different taste. Condensed Milk, made by removing most of the water, can be stored for many months, unrefrigerated. The most durable form of milk is milk powder which is produced from milk by removing almost all water. Domestic refrigerators (usually shortened to fridge) are amongst the most common electric applicances in the world, for instance being present in 99. ... link title Headline text Bold textItalic textItalic textInsert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text here--220. ... Pasteurization is the process of heating food for the purpose of killing harmful organisms such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, molds, and yeasts. ... Domestic refrigerators (usually shortened to fridge) are amongst the most common electric applicances in the world, for instance being present in 99. ... Ultra-high temperature, or UHT, processing is the partial sterilization of food by heating it for a short time at a temperature significantly above 100°C, typically 135-140°C. The high temperature reduces the processing time, which reduces the danger of spoiling. ... Condensed milk is milk from which water has been removed and to which sugar has been added, yielding a very thick, sweet product that can last on the shelf for years. ... Powdered milk is a powder of a substance that when mixed with water creates a milk drink. ... A falling water droplet Water (from the Anglo-Saxon and Low German wæter) is a colourless, tasteless, and odourless substance that is essential to all known forms of life and is the most universal solvent. ...

UHT milk is very popular in Europe, whereas in North America, most of the milk sold is pasteurized.

Distribution

Glass milk bottles used for home delivery service

Prior to the widespread use of plastics, milk was usually commercially distributed to consumers in glass bottles. In the UK, milk can be delivered daily by a milk man who travels his local milk round (route) on an electric milk float, although this is becoming less popular as a result of supermarkets selling milk at cheaper prices. In New Zealand in some urban areas milk is still delivered to customers' homes. Download high resolution version (500x610, 37 KB)Reusable glass milk bottles used for home delivery service. ... Download high resolution version (500x610, 37 KB)Reusable glass milk bottles used for home delivery service. ... The term plastics covers a range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic condensation or polymerization products that can be molded or extruded into objects or films or fibers. ... The physics definition of a glass is a uniform amorphous solid material, usually produced when a suitably viscous molten material cools very rapidly, thereby not giving enough time for a regular crystal lattice to form. ... Milkman is a man who delivers milk early in the morning. ... A milk float is a small electric vehicle, specifically designed for the delivery of fresh milk. ... New Zealand is an independent sovereign state in the south-western Pacific Ocean. ...

Glass containers are rare these days. Most people purchase milk in plastic jugs or bags or in waxed-paper cartons. Ultraviolet light from fluorescent lighting can destroy some of the proteins in milk, so many companies that once distributed milk in transparent or highly translucent vessels are starting to use thicker materials that block the harmful rays. Many people feel that such "UV protected" milk tastes better. (However, few people have ever tasted fresh, unprocessed, milk straight from the cow.) Note: Ultraviolet is also the name of a 1998 UK television miniseries about vampires. ... A compact fluorescent lamp A fluorescent lamp is a type of electric lamp that excites argon and mercury vapor to create luminescence. ... See: transparency (optics) alpha compositing GIF#Transparency transparency (overhead projector) market transparency transparency (telecommunication) transparency (computing) For X11 pseudo-transparency, see pseudo-transparency. ... In optics, transparency is the property of being transparent, or allowing light to pass. ...

In the United States, milk is commonly sold in gallon, half-gallon and quart containers (U.S. customary units) of rigid plastic or waxed cardboard. The U.S. single serving size is usually the half-pint. In much of Canada, a 1 1/3 litre plastic bag (sold as 4 litres in 3 bags) is the most common, while 2 litre, 1 litre and 500 millilitre cartons are also available. In Europe, metric sizes of 500 millilitres, 1 litre (the most common), 2 litres and 3 litres are commonplace (in the UK, some stores instead still stock the equivalents of old Imperial sizes: 568 ml (1 pint), 1.136 l (2 pints), 2.273 l (4 pints)). The gallon is a unit of volume used for measuring liquids (as well as dry matter). ... A quart is a unit of measurement for volume. ... The U.S. customary units (more commonly known in the US as English units or standard units) are the non-metric units of measurement that are presently used in the United States, in some cases alongside the metric system of units. ... Canada is a sovereign state in northern North America, the northern-most country in the world, and the second largest in total area. ... The millilitre (ml or mL, also spelt milliliter) is a metric unit of volume that is equal to one thousandth of a litre. ... The Imperial units are an irregularly standardized system of units that have been used in the United Kingdom and its former colonies, including the Commonwealth countries. ...

Condensed milk is distributed in metal cans and powdered milk is distributed in boxes or bags. Condensed milk is milk from which water has been removed and to which sugar has been added, yielding a very thick, sweet product that can last on the shelf for years. ... Powdered milk is a powder of a substance that when mixed with water creates a milk drink. ...

Criticism

Some nutritionists, animal-rights activists, and others criticize the widespread consumption of cow's milk by humans. They generally challenge the nutritional benefits of milk or raise ethical issues associated with its consumption.

Nutritional issues

Critics of milk claim that it can have adverse health effects that outweigh any benefits. They point to scientific studies suggesting links between milk and some health problems:

• Two studies suggested that galactose, which is produced in the digestion of lactose in milk, can be a cause of ovarian cancer. [3] (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2510499) [4] (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2567871) Other studies failed to show such a link, however.
• One study suggests an association between high calcium intake and prostate cancer. [5] (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9458087) There is no evidence that any such problem is specific to milk.
• Some milk is rich in saturated fat, which studies have linked to increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Low-fat and non-fat forms of milk may mitigate any such risk.
• As many as 70% of humans may suffer from some degree of lactose intolerance. For those individuals, milk may induce symptoms such as cramping, bloating, gas, and diarrhea.
• Critics question the claim that drinking large amounts of milk can reduce the risk of bone fractures, especially in the elderly. Some studies have failed to associate high calcium intakes with lower risk of hip and forearm fractures in men [6] (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9278560) or women [7] (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9224182).
• Recent studies show that milk may cause acne [8] (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15692464).
• Some critics of milk claim that plant-based sources of calcium are preferable because, they claim, animal proteins in milk may "leach" calcium from bones. [9] (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8198060) Such critics challenge the mainstream belief that milk lowers the risk of osteoporosis.

Milk supporters point out that studies show possible links between low-fat milk consumption and reduced risk of arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, and obesity. Overweight individuals may benefit from decreased risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. [10] (http://www.nationaldairycouncil.org/NationalDairyCouncil/Nutrition/Reducing/DairysRoleManagingBP.htm) Galactose is a type of sugar found in milk products and sugar beets. ... Ovarian cancer is a malignant ovarian neoplasm (an abnormal growth located on the ovaries). ... Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men in the United States. ... A saturated fat is a fat or fatty acid in which there are no double bonds between the carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain. ... Atherosclerosis is a disease of arterial blood vessels. ... Coronary heart disease (CHD), also called coronary artery disease (CAD) and atherosclerotic heart disease, is the end result of the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls of the arteries that supply the myocardium (the muscle of the heart). ... Osteoporosis is a disease of bone in which the amount of bone is decreased and the strength of trabecular bone is reduced, cortical bone becomes thin and bones are susceptible to fracture. ... Arterial hypertension, or high blood pressure is a medical condition where the blood pressure is chronically elevated. ... Coronary heart disease (CHD), also called coronary artery disease (CAD) and atherosclerotic heart disease, is the end result of the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls of the arteries that supply the myocardium (the muscle of the heart). ... Obesity is an excess storage of fat and can affect any mammal, such as the mouse on the left. ... In medicine, insulin resistance denotes a decompensation of glucose homeostasis where the tissues appear to be less responsive to insulin. ... Diabetes mellitus is a medical disorder characterized by varying or persistent hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar levels), especially after eating. ...

See also

• bovine somatotropin
• Milk fetishism

Bovine somatotropin (bST), or bovine growth hormone (BGH), is a protein hormone that occurs naturally in the pituitary gland of cattle. ... Milk fetishism, sometimes known as lactophilia (properly galactophilia), is a paraphilia in which sexual pleasure is derived from human milk or human lactation. ... File links The following pages link to this file: Amphibian Animal Abstract algebra Ada programming language Applied mathematics Algebra A Plus Cuisine of the United States Arthropod Active Server Pages Biology Bird Biochemistry Bicycle Bubble tea Botany Battery (electricity) Cell (biology) Bear Bubble and squeak Bash Bat Chordate Chess Cryptography...

External links

• Milking in the early days (http://www.pukeariki.com/en/stories/farming/milkingintheearlydays.asp)
• Advances in processing milk (http://www.pukeariki.com/en/stories/farming/elthamfirsts.asp)
• Year-round grazing of dairy cows in the United States (http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/gbdairy.html)
• Boning Up on Osteoporosis (http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/mar03/osteo0303.htm)
• Horse milk (http://www.drafthorsejournal.com/features/horsemilk/horsemilk.htm)
• Anti-milk web site by Robert Cohen (http://www.notmilk.com/)
• Harvard School of Public Health: Calcium and Milk (http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/calcium.html): describes claims of milk supporters and critics